伊拉克、土耳其和伊朗(2天)

播放段落

Student Learning Objectives
::学生学习目标

播放段落

Iraq, Turkey, and Iran
::伊拉克、土耳其和伊朗

播放段落

Iraq
::伊拉克 伊拉克 伊拉克 伊拉克 伊拉克 伊拉克

---

 

 

---

播放段落

lies in the Fertile Crescent between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, where the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia were established. Ancient cities such as Nineveh, Ur, and Babylon were located here. Present-day Iraq and Kuwait were established out of the British Mandate territory gained following Britain’s defeat of the Turkish   Ottoman Empire. Britain established straight-line political boundaries between Iraq and Jordan, Syria, and Saudi Arabia.
::位于底格里斯河和幼发拉底河之间的费尔蒂尔新月中,建立了美索不达米亚的古老文明。 尼尼微、乌尔和巴比伦等古代城市就在这里。 当今的伊拉克和科威特是在英国击败土耳其奥斯曼帝国后获得的英国委任统治领土之外建立的。 英国在伊拉克和约旦、叙利亚和沙特阿拉伯之间建立了直线政治边界。

播放段落

These types of boundaries are called geometric boundaries because they do not follow any physical feature. In 1961, when Britain withdrew from the region, the emir controlling the southern region bordering the Persian Gulf requested that Britain separate his oil-rich kingdom as an independent country. This country became Kuwait, and the rest of the region became Iraq. After a series of governments in Iraq, the Baath party came to power in 1968, paving the way for Saddam Hussein to gain power in 1979.
::这些类型的边界被称为几何边界,因为它们并不遵循任何物理特征。 1961年,当英国从该地区撤出时,控制着波斯湾的南部地区的埃米尔要求英国将其石油丰富的王国分离为一个独立的国家。 这个国家成为科威特,而该地区的其他部分则成为伊拉克。 在伊拉克一系列政府执政之后,复兴党于1968年上台,为萨达姆·侯赛因1979年掌权铺平了道路。

---

---

播放段落

Iran-Iraq War (1980–88)
::伊朗-伊拉克战争(1980-1988年)

播放段落

In 1980, a disagreement arose over the Shatt al-Arab waterway in the Persian Gulf on the border between Iraq and Iran, and the feud led to war between the two countries. The people of Iran are not Arabs; their ethnic background is Persian. Most Iranians are Shia Muslims. Saddam Hussein and his Baath party were Arabs and Sunni Muslims. Ethnic and religious differences thus fueled the conflict.
::1980年,伊拉克和伊朗边界上的波斯湾的阿拉伯河水道发生分歧,争斗导致两国之间的战争,伊朗人民不是阿拉伯人,他们的族裔背景是波斯人,大多数伊朗人是什叶派穆斯林,萨达姆·侯赛因和他的复兴党是阿拉伯人和逊尼派穆斯林,族裔和宗教差异助长了冲突。

播放段落

The Shatt al-Arab waterway was quickly filled with wrecked ships. The local battle escalated into an all-out war, which ended in 1988 without anyone declaring a victory. The Iran-Iraq War was as close to World War III as the world has ever seen, with more than a million casualties and a cost of more than one 100 billion dollars. World powers aligned themselves with one side or the other. Before the war, the Iranian government had been taken over by Islamic fundamentalists who opposed the US intervention in the region. Therefore, in the Iran-Iraq War, the United States supported Hussein and provided him with industrial supplies and materials.
::阿拉伯河水道迅速被拆沉的船舶填满。 当地战役升级为一场全面战争,于1988年结束,没有任何人宣布胜利。 两伊战争与世界所见的第三次世界大战一样接近,伤亡超过100万人,损失超过1000亿美元。 世界强国支持一方或另一方。 战前,伊朗政府被反对美国干预该地区的伊斯兰原教旨主义者所占领。 因此,在两伊战争中,美国支持侯赛因,并向他提供工业用品和材料。

播放段落

The Persian Gulf War (1990–91)
::波斯湾战争(1990-91年)

播放段落

After the Iran-Iraq War, Saddam Hussein looked to Kuwait to gain new oil wealth and expand access to the Persian Gulf. By taking over Kuwait, Iraq would gain an excellent port on the Persian Gulf and earn more income from oil reserves. Hussein accused Kuwait of slant drilling oil wells along the Iraqi border and removing oil that was legally Iraq’s. It was common knowledge that both sides were engaged in this practice, but it was the excuse Hussein needed to invade Kuwait and reclaim it as the 19th province of Iraq.
::在两伊战争之后,萨达姆·侯赛因希望科威特获得新的石油财富并扩大波斯湾的通路。 通过接管科威特,伊拉克将获得波斯湾上一个极好的港口,并从石油储备中赚取更多的收入。 侯赛因指控科威特在伊拉克边界上钻探油井并清除伊拉克合法石油。 众所周知,双方都在这样做,但这是侯赛因入侵科威特并把它作为伊拉克第19个省收回的借口。

播放段落

In 1990, the Iraqi military invaded and occupied Kuwait. Though the world community opposed this action, it was not until Hussein nationalized all the oil assets of the international oil corporations that resistance was organized. Under the leadership of US president George H. W. Bush, the United Nations (UN) organized a military coalition to remove Hussein from Kuwait.
::1990年,伊拉克军队入侵并占领了科威特。 尽管国际社会反对这一行动,但直到侯赛因将国际石油公司的所有石油资产国有化后才组织起来。 在美国总统布什的领导下,联合国(UN)组织了一个军事联盟,将侯赛因从科威特驱逐出去。

播放段落

On January 16, 1991, Operation Desert Storm began. After 45 days of fighting, Iraq was overwhelmingly defeated and its military was ousted from Kuwait. This was a major victory for the coalition. It was during this time that President Bush publicly announced the emergence of the potential New World Order. Kuwait was not a democracy but a monarchy ruled by an emir. 
::1991年1月16日,“沙漠风暴行动”开始。 经过45天的战斗后,伊拉克被压倒性击败,军队被赶出科威特。 这是盟军的重大胜利。 正是在这个时候,布什总统公开宣布了潜在的新世界秩序的出现。 科威特不是一个民主国家,而是由埃米尔统治的君主制。

播放段落

When it became evident that Hussein would lose Kuwait, his forces dynamited all the oil facilities and set all the oil wells in Kuwait on fire. His position was that if he could not have the oil, then nobody would. This was one of the worst environmental catastrophes regarding oil on record. Oil flowed into the Persian Gulf and covered the water’s surface up to three feet thick. Most mammals, birds, and organisms living on the water’s surface died. Oil flowed out onto the desert sand into large petroleum lakes. The air pollution caused by burning oil wells dimmed the sun and caused serious health problems.
::当侯赛因显然将失去科威特时,他的部队就炸毁了科威特的所有石油设施,点燃了科威特的所有油井。他的立场是,如果他不能拥有石油,那么没有人会这样做。 这是有记录的石油方面最严重的环境灾难之一。 石油流入波斯湾,覆盖了水面高达三英尺厚的水面。 生活在水面上的多数哺乳动物、鸟类和生物死亡。 石油流入沙漠沙子进入大石油湖。 燃烧油井造成的空气污染使太阳黯淡,造成严重的健康问题。

播放段落

Ethnic and Cultural Divisions
::民族和文化分部

播放段落

To keep Iraq from breaking apart after Operation Desert Storm, coalition forces allowed Hussein to remain in power. Ethnically and religiously, Iraq is divided into three primary groups that generally do not get along. Sunni Arabs dominate central Iraq in a region often referred to as the Sunni Triangle, which includes the three cities of Baghdad, Tikrit (Hussein’s hometown), and Ramadi.
::为了避免伊拉克在“沙漠风暴”行动之后分裂,联军允许侯赛因继续掌权。 从族裔和宗教上讲,伊拉克被分为三个基本群体,通常不能和睦相处。 逊尼派阿拉伯人控制着伊拉克中部地区,这个地区通常被称为逊尼派三角,包括巴格达、提克里特(侯赛因的家乡 ) 和拉马迪(Ramadi ) 三个城市。

播放段落

Sunnis were the most loyal to the Hussein government. Southeastern Iraq is dominated by Arabs who follow the Shia division of Islam, which is also followed by most of Iran’s population. A group that is ethnically Kurdish and follows the Sunni division dominates northern Iraq. Kurds are not Arabs or Persians; rather, they originated from northern Europe centuries ago with their own religion, language, and customs. Many have converted to Islam.
::逊尼派最忠于侯赛因政府。 伊拉克东南部以阿拉伯人为主,他们追随伊斯兰的什叶派分裂,伊朗的大部分人口也追随这一分裂。 库尔德人和逊尼派分裂的追随者统治伊拉克北部。 库尔德人不是阿拉伯人,也不是波斯人;相反,库尔德人来自几个世纪前的北欧,有自己的宗教、语言和习俗。 许多人已经皈依伊斯兰教。

播放段落

Hussein was a Sunni Muslim, and when he was in power, he kept the other two groups under his power. He used chemical weapons on the Kurds during the Iran-Iraq War. In 1988, he used chemical weapons on the Kurdish town of Halabja and killed about 10 percent of the 80 thousand who lived there. Thousands of Kurds died in other attacks, and thousands more continue to suffer serious health effects.
::侯赛因是逊尼派穆斯林,当他执政时,他把另外两个团体置于他的权力之下,他在两伊战争期间对库尔德人使用了化学武器。 1988年,他用化学武器对库尔德人Halabja镇使用化学武器,并杀害了在那里生活的80 000人中的10%左右。 数千库尔德人在其他袭击中丧生,还有数千人继续遭受严重的健康影响。

播放段落

After Operation Desert Storm, Hussein pushed the Kurds north until the UN and the United States restricted him at the 36th parallel, which became a security zone for the Kurds. The Arab Shia population in the south often clashed with Hussein’s military in an attempt to gain more political power, and Hussein subjected them to similar harsh conditions and treatment.
::在“沙漠风暴行动”之后,侯赛因将库尔德人推向北方,直到联合国和美国将库尔德人推向了北面,直到联合国和美国将他限制在三十六度线,成为库尔德人的安全区。 南部的阿拉伯什叶派人口经常与侯赛因的军队发生冲突,试图获得更多的政治权力,而侯赛因则对他们施加类似的恶劣条件和待遇。

---

 

---

播放段落

The Arab Shia population in the southeast makes up most of the Iraqi people. The two main cities of Karbala and Najaf contain holy sites for Shia followers worldwide. The Shia population is three times larger than the Kurdish population in Iraq. More Kurds live outside Iraq than live in Iraq. The Kurds are the largest nation of people in the world without a country. About 25 million Kurds live in the Middle East, and most—about 14 million—live in Turkey. About eight million Kurds live in Iran, about seven million live in Iraq, and a few others live in neighboring countries. At the 1945 conference of the UN, they petitioned to have their own country called Kurdistan carved out of Iran, Iraq, and Turkey, but they were denied. 
::伊拉克东南部的阿拉伯什叶派人口占伊拉克人口的大多数。卡尔巴拉和纳杰夫这两个主要城市是全世界什叶派信徒的圣地。什叶派人口是伊拉克库尔德人口的三倍。伊拉克境外的库尔德人比居住在伊拉克的库尔德人多。库尔德人是世界上没有一个国家的最大民族。大约2,500万库尔德人生活在中东,大多数——约1,400万生活在土耳其。大约800万库尔德人生活在伊朗,约700万生活在伊拉克,还有少数人生活在邻国。在1945年的联合国会议上,他们请求将自己的国家称为库尔德人,从伊朗、伊拉克和土耳其分割出来,但他们被拒绝。

播放段落

The Iraq War (2003–11)
::伊拉克战争(2003-11)

播放段落

After the September 11, 2001 attack on the United States, there was a renewed interest in weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Knowing that Hussein had used chemical weapons on the Kurds, the Iranians, and the Shia, there was a concern that he would use them again. UN Weapons inspectors in Iraq never could confirm that Hussein retained WMD. They had been destroyed, moved out of Iraq, or hidden. US president George W. Bush decided to invade Iraq in 2003 to remove Hussein from power. In the invasion, Hussein’s two sons were killed and Hussein was captured. One aspect of the invasion plan was to use Iraq’s vast oil reserves to help pay for the cost of the war, which quickly ballooned to more than a billion dollars a week. Fundamentalist Islamic insurgents made the war difficult.
::在2001年9月11日袭击美国之后,人们对大规模毁灭性武器重新产生了兴趣。 知道侯赛因曾经对库尔德人、伊朗人和什叶派使用了化学武器,人们担心他会再次使用这些武器。 联合国在伊拉克的武器检查人员永远无法证实侯赛因保留了大规模毁灭性武器。 这些武器已经被摧毁、迁出伊拉克或隐藏。 美国总统乔治·W·布什决定于2003年入侵伊拉克,将侯赛因从政权手中夺去。 在入侵中,侯赛因的两个儿子被杀,侯赛因被抓获。 入侵计划的一个方面是利用伊拉克庞大的石油储备帮助支付战争费用,战争费用迅速飙升到每周10亿美元以上。 原教旨主义伊斯兰叛乱分子让战争困难重重。

播放段落

The US invasion of Iraq brought about the removal of the Baath Party from power and Iraq came under a military occupation by a multinational coalition. An Iraqi Interim Government was formed that assumed sovereignty in 2004. A new constitution was drafted and approved by vote of the Iraqi people. Elections were held and a new government was formed under the newly drafted constitution.
::美国入侵伊拉克导致复兴党下台,伊拉克受到多国联盟的军事占领。 2004年成立了伊拉克临时政府,行使主权。 新宪法由伊拉克人民投票起草和批准。 选举得以举行,根据新起草的宪法组建了新政府。

播放段落

Occupying troops continued to remain as the country struggled to adapt to the reforms. Insurgencies developed that brought about an increase in violence that peaked in about 2007. By 2010, the combat operations by occupying troops were ending and the country worked to sustain stable political conditions. Under an agreed upon mandate, all combat troops were to withdraw as of the end of 2011. A number of US troops are to remain in Iraq in an advisory capacity.
::随着国家努力适应改革,占领军继续留驻。 叛乱发展导致暴力增加,在2007年左右达到高峰。 到2010年,占领军的战斗行动结束,国家努力维持稳定的政治条件。 根据商定的授权,所有作战部队都将于2011年底撤出。 一些美国军队将继续以咨询身份留在伊拉克。

---

 

播放段落

Resources and Globalization
::资源与全球化

播放段落

In geographic terms, the Persian Gulf War and the Iraq War were wars over resources—namely, oil. Wars have historically been fought over territory and resources. When the United States invaded in 2003, Hussein was contracting billions of dollars worth of projects to oil companies in France, Russia, and China. Other support projects were contracted out to other European countries. When the United States invaded, the contracts with were summarily canceled, and British and US oil contractors took over the projects.
::从地理角度看,波斯湾战争和伊拉克战争是争夺资源 — — 即石油 — — 的战争。历史上,战争是争夺领土和资源的战争。 2003年美国入侵时,侯赛因将价值数十亿美元的项目承包给法国、俄罗斯和中国的石油公司。 其他支助项目被外包给其他欧洲国家。 美国入侵时,合同被立即取消,英国和美国石油承包商接管了项目。

---

 

 

---

 

播放段落

Iraq is an example of the second wave of globalization. Neocolonialism has been the dominant force in Iraq’s economy since before the Persian Gulf War. Industrialization requires high energy demands. Therefore, the industrialized countries of the world consume energy on a massive scale. Iraq is not a core economic country, but it holds vast petroleum reserves, making it vulnerable to exploitation by industrialized core countries.
::伊拉克是第二波全球化的一个例子。 新殖民主义是自波斯湾战争前以来伊拉克经济的主导力量。 工业化需要高能源需求。 因此,世界工业化国家大规模消费能源。 伊拉克不是一个核心经济国家,但它拥有巨大的石油储备,易受工业化核心国家剥削。

播放段落

The Persian Gulf War, initiated in response to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait, can be traced directly to globalism. It was Britain that established the straight-line borders separating Kuwait and Iraq. The war over the control of Kuwait in 1991 was a war over the control of resources, just as the ongoing competition between Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims, for example, is a competition for the control of political power or resources and not a competition related to ethnic principles.
::针对伊拉克入侵科威特而发动的波斯湾战争可以直接追溯到全球化。 英国建立了科威特和伊拉克之间的直线边界。 1991年关于科威特控制权的战争是一场争夺资源控制权的战争,正如逊尼派穆斯林和什叶派穆斯林之间的持续竞争就是争夺政治权力或资源,而不是与种族原则有关的竞争一样。

---

---

 

播放段落

Hussein proved to be a destabilizing force and a potential threat to the established so-called New World Order of global security and trade as outlined by US president George H. W. Bush. The removal of Hussein from power brought to the surface the competition between the trilateral powers of North America, Europe, and East Asia. It remains to be seen who will have control of or access to Iraq’s natural resources.
::侯赛因被证明是破坏稳定的力量,也是对美国总统布什(George H. W. Bush)所描述的所谓全球安全和贸易新世界秩序的潜在威胁。 将侯赛因从权力中夺去,使北美、欧洲和东亚三边势力之间的竞争浮现出来。 究竟谁能控制或获取伊拉克的自然资源还有待观察。

---

播放段落

Turkey
::土耳其 土耳其 土耳其

播放段落

is the only remaining country of the vast Ottoman Empire, which ruled the region for 700 years (1299–1923 C.E.). When the empire was at its peak in the 16th and 17th centuries, it controlled parts of Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and Arabia. Located on the Bosporus—the straits that connect the Black Sea with the Mediterranean Sea—the ancient city of Constantinople was the capital of the Ottoman Empire. Called Istanbul today, this city is the largest in Turkey, but it is not the current capital. Turkey moved its capital to Ankara on the Anatolian Plateau, which is centrally located in Turkey.
::古老的君士坦丁堡城市是奥斯曼帝国的首府。 今天,这个城市被称为伊斯坦布尔,是土耳其最大的城市,但不是目前的首都。 土耳其将首都迁至安卡拉的阿纳托利亚高原,位于位于土耳其中央的阿纳托利亚高原。

播放段落

Turkey has a small portion of its land area on the western side of the Bosporus to claim its connection to Europe. Most of Turkey’s land area is a part of the Asian continent, and Turkey has often been referred to as Asia Minor. Mountains on Turkey’s eastern border with Armenia include Mount Ararat, which is the highest peak in the country at 16,946 feet in elevation. Legend has it that Mount Ararat was the resting place of the legendary Noah’s ark.
::土耳其在博斯波鲁斯西边拥有一小部分土地,以声称与欧洲有联系。 土耳其的大部分陆地面积是亚洲大陆的一部分,土耳其经常被称为亚洲小岛。 土耳其与亚美尼亚东部边界上的山脉包括阿拉拉特山,这是土耳其最高山峰,位于16,946英尺高地。 传说阿拉拉特山是传说中的诺亚方舟的安息地。

播放段落

The people of Turkey are neither Arab nor Persian; they are Turkish and speak the Turkish language. As much as 90 percent of the Turkish population is Sunni Muslim, which is similar to many of the other Muslim countries in the Middle East.
::土耳其人民既不是阿拉伯人,也不是波斯人;他们是土耳其人,讲土耳其语。 多达90%的土耳其人口是逊尼派穆斯林,这与中东其他许多穆斯林国家类似。

---

 

 

 

播放段落

Turkey is an established secular democracy with a democratically elected leadership. To maintain its democracy, it has had to deal with Islamic fundamentalists, who have supported a shift to an Islamic religious state. Turkey has also had to negotiate with its neighbors, Syria and Iraq, over water rights to the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The rivers originate in Turkey but flow through the other countries. Turkey has built dams on these rivers, which restricts the flow of water to their neighbors. This has resulted in many conflicts over water as a shared resource.
::土耳其是一个既有的世俗民主国家,拥有民主选举产生的领导人。 为了保持民主,它不得不与支持向伊斯兰宗教国家转变的伊斯兰原教旨主义者打交道。 土耳其还不得不与邻国叙利亚和伊拉克就底格里斯河和幼发拉底河的用水权进行谈判。 河流起源于土耳其,但流经其他国家。 土耳其在这些河流上建起了水坝,限制水流向邻国。 这导致了许多水作为共享资源的冲突。

播放段落

Turkey borders northern Iraq. In 2017, the estimated population was almost 81 million people of which 70-75 percent were Turkish and 19 percent were Kurds. The Kurdish claim of a homeland in eastern Turkey has not been recognized by the Turkish government. Open rebellion has been expressed by Kurdish groups wishing to become independent of Turkey, but the Turkish government has suppressed any movement toward independence.
::土耳其与伊拉克北部接壤。 2017年,估计人口近8 100万人,其中7-75%为土耳其人,19%为库尔德人。 土耳其政府不承认库尔德人对土耳其东部家园的主张。 希望独立于土耳其的库尔德团体表达了公开叛乱,但土耳其政府压制了任何独立运动。

播放段落

Many Kurds have migrated to Istanbul in search of work. They live and work in Istanbul and send money back to their families in eastern Turkey. The large city of Diyarbakir in eastern Turkey is predominantly Kurdish and is considered by many Kurds as the city that would be their capital if they had their own country of Kurdistan.
::许多库尔德人为寻找工作移民到伊斯坦布尔,他们在伊斯坦布尔生活和工作,并将钱寄回他们在土耳其东部的家人。 土耳其东部的大城市迪亚巴克尔(Diyarbakir)以库尔德人为主,许多库尔德人认为,如果拥有自己的库尔德斯坦国家,这个城市将成为他们的首都。

---

 

---

播放段落

Turkey is a member of the and has been a US ally. The United States has been allowed to have military bases in Turkey, which were helpful in Operation Desert Storm during the First Persian Gulf War. In spite of being allies, Turkey did not allow the US military to use these bases as direct invasion points when the United States invaded Iraq in 2003. The Iraq War is a major concern for Turkey since Turkey has a major stake in the stability of the Middle East.
::土耳其是该基地的成员,并且一直是美国的盟友。 美国被允许在土耳其拥有军事基地,这有助于第一次波斯湾战争期间的沙漠风暴行动。 尽管土耳其是盟国,但2003年美国入侵伊拉克时,土耳其不允许美国军方将这些基地作为直接入侵点。 伊拉克战争是土耳其的主要关切,因为土耳其在中东的稳定方面有着重大利害关系。

播放段落

Possessing a small portion of its land area in Europe and being a member of NATO provides Turkey with an opening to join the . So far it has been denied membership, mainly because of Turkey’s controversial human rights record, conflicts with the Kurds, disagreements with Greece over Cyprus, and low economic indicators. Conditions are improving, and at some future point, Turkey may have an opportunity to join the EU.
::土耳其拥有欧洲的一小部分土地,并且是北约的成员国,因此土耳其拥有加入欧盟的开放条件。 到目前为止,土耳其一直被拒绝加入欧盟,主要原因是土耳其的人权记录备受争议、与库尔德人的冲突、与希腊在塞浦路斯问题上的分歧以及经济指标低。 条件正在改善,土耳其可能有机会加入欧盟。

播放段落

To date, the EU does not have an Islamic country in its membership; Turkey may be the first. The country has various ways of gaining wealth that could help support Europe’s other industrial activities. Turkey grows large quantities of food in the central Anatolian Plateau. Vast fields of grain extend across this central plateau. Turkey also has oil resources in the east and minerals in the mountains bordering Armenia and Georgia.
::到目前为止,欧盟还没有一个伊斯兰国家;土耳其可能是第一个。 土耳其拥有各种财富,可以帮助支持欧洲的其他工业活动。 土耳其在阿纳托利亚高原中部种植大量粮食。 大片粮食田横跨这个中央高原。 土耳其在东部也有石油资源,在与亚美尼亚和格鲁吉亚接壤的山区也有矿产。

---

播放段落

Iran
::伊朗 伊朗 伊朗

播放段落

covers a physical area larger than the US state of Alaska. It is a land of mountains and deserts. Iran’s central and eastern regions are mainly desert with few inhabitants, and the northern and western regions of the country are mountainous. The Elburz Mountains in the north around the Caspian Sea reach as high as 18,000 feet in elevation near the capital city of Tehran.
::伊朗的中部和东部地区主要是沙漠,居民很少,北部和西部地区是山地。 里海以北的埃尔布兹山脉高至首都德黑兰附近的18,000英尺高。

播放段落

The Zagros Mountains run along the border with Iraq and the Persian Gulf for more than 900 miles and can reach elevations greater than 14,000 feet. Similar to the Atlas Mountains in the Maghreb, Iran’s mountains trap moisture, allowing minor agricultural activities in the valleys. Most of Iran’s population lives in cities along the mountain ranges. Qanats—systems of shafts or wells along mountain slopes—bring water from the mountains to the valleys for irrigation and household use.
::扎格罗斯山脉沿伊拉克和波斯湾边界运行了900多英里,可以达到14 000英尺以上的高地。 与马格里布的阿特拉斯山脉一样,伊朗的山脉也吸引了温和,允许在河谷进行小规模的农业活动。 伊朗大部分人口居住在沿山脉的城市里。 山坡沿线的加纳特斯井或水井系统 — — 从山区向河谷输送水,供灌溉和家庭使用。

播放段落

Persian Empire to Islamic Republic
::波斯帝国至伊斯兰共和国

---

 

---

播放段落

Iran was once the center of the Persian Empire, which has its origins as far back as 648 B.C.E. The country was called Persia until 1935. The Ethnic Triangle of the Middle East consists of Persians in Iran, Turks in Turkey, and Arabs in Arabia.  Most of the 70 million people in Iran are Persian. Iran has a long history with the ancient Persian Empire and the various conquering armies that followed it.
::伊朗曾经是波斯帝国的中心,其起源早在公元前648年就已是公元前648年,该国一直被称为波斯人,直到1935年。中东的种族三角由伊朗的波斯人、土耳其的土耳其人和阿拉伯的阿拉伯人组成。伊朗的7000万人口大部分是波斯人。伊朗与古代波斯帝国以及随后的征服军队有着悠久的历史。

播放段落

During the rise of Islam, Iran had major contributions to the arts, mathematics, literature, philosophy, and science. The highly advanced carpet-weaving traditions from centuries past are but one example of the advancements in design and the technical expertise of the people. The country’s Persian identity and culture continued throughout the centuries under different ruling powers. The Persian language remains and is a branch of the Indo-European language family. Arabic is widely used as a second language and a language used in science, which was helpful in reaching a broader audience and reaching out to the community with academic and scientific findings.
::在伊斯兰崛起期间,伊朗对艺术、数学、文学、哲学和科学做出了重大贡献。 几个世纪前高度先进的地毯编织传统只是人民设计和技术专长进步的一个例子。 波斯人的身份和文化在不同的统治权力下持续了几个世纪。波斯语仍然是印度-欧洲语言的分支,也是印度-欧洲语言的分支。阿拉伯语被广泛用作第二语言和科学中使用的语言,有助于向更广泛的受众进行宣传,以学术和科学的发现向社区伸出援手。

---

 

 

---

播放段落

In 1971, Iran celebrated the 2,500th anniversary of Persia’s first monarchy. The monarchy was ruled by a shah, which is a title for the sovereign leader in Iran similar to a king. The shah’s royal family ruled Iran from 1923 to 1979, when Islamic fundamentalists took control of the government. It was during this revolution on November 4, 1979, that Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, who had previously been exiled by the shah, urged Iranians to oppose US activities in Iran. Iranian students stormed the US embassy and took US citizens hostage. Fifty-two Americans were held for 414 days during the US presidency of Jimmy Carter.
::1971年,伊朗庆祝了波斯第一个君主制2500周年。 君主制由沙赫统治,沙赫是伊朗主权领袖的称号,与国王相似。 1923年至1979年,沙赫王室统治伊朗,当时伊斯兰原教旨主义者控制了政府。 1979年11月4日革命期间,曾被沙赫放逐的阿亚图拉·鲁霍拉·霍梅尼敦促伊朗人反对美国在伊朗的活动。 伊朗学生冲进美国大使馆并劫持美国公民。 在吉米·卡特任美国总统期间,52名美国人被关押了414天。

播放段落

The hostages were released the day that US President Ronald Reagan took office. Khomeini indicated he had not been aware of the students’ plan but supported it. This is one reason the United States backed Saddam Hussein in the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s. Khomeini ruled Iran until his death in 1989. Since then, Iran has been an Islamic state with an ayatollah as the Supreme Leader. An ayatollah is a high-ranking Shia cleric that is an expert in the Islamic faith and the Sharia (Muslim code of law based on the Koran). There are cases where women have reached the same status as an ayatollah and known as  Lady Mujtahideh . Approximately 90 percent of Iran’s population follows the Shia division of Islam.
::美国总统罗纳德·里根上任当天人质获释。霍梅尼表示他不知道学生的计划,但支持这一计划。 这是美国在1980年代两伊战争中支持萨达姆·侯赛因的原因之一。 霍梅尼统治伊朗直到1989年去世。 从那以后,伊朗一直是一个伊斯兰国家,以阿亚图拉为最高领袖。 阿亚图拉是一个什叶派高级神职人员,是伊斯兰信仰和伊斯兰教(基于《可兰经》的穆斯林法律准则)的专家。 在一些案例中,妇女已经获得阿亚图拉(Ayatollah)和穆杰塔希迪德(Mujtahideh)夫人的同等地位。 大约90%的伊朗人口追随伊斯兰教的什叶派。

播放段落

Political Challenges
::政治挑战

播放段落

On the international front, Iran’s leadership has indicated a drive to develop nuclear weapons and use them against Israel. This has caused concern in the global community. The government of Iran does not recognize the legitimacy of the nation of Israel. US president George W. Bush included Iran, along with Iraq and North Korea, in his 2002 . The focus of this speech is about the lack of democratic freedoms and the restrictive measures of the Islamic fundamentalist government.
::在国际方面,伊朗领导人已经表明要发展核武器并对以色列使用核武器。 这引起了全球社会的担忧。 伊朗政府不承认以色列民族的合法性。 美国总统乔治·W·布什在2002年将伊朗与伊拉克和北朝鲜一起列入其中。 本次演讲的重点是缺乏民主自由和伊斯兰原教旨主义政府的限制性措施。

播放段落

Iran is similar to Saudi Arabia in its restrictions of civil rights. A number of countries including the United States have placed trade sanctions against Iran regarding any materials associated with nuclear weapons or missiles. The US sanctions extend to an almost total trade embargo against Iran stemming from the 1979 revolution.
::伊朗在限制公民权利方面与沙特阿拉伯相似,包括美国在内的一些国家已经就任何与核武器或导弹有关的材料对伊朗实施贸易制裁。 美国的制裁延伸到1979年革命对伊朗的几乎完全的贸易禁运。

播放段落

Protests demanding change have periodically erupted in the streets of Tehran. Ultimately, protesters are seeking personal freedoms and a more open society. The Arab Spring of 2011 was a phenomenon that spread across North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Middle East. Iran was not immune from the impact of the protests and demonstrations that occurred in their neighboring countries, but Iran was different.
::要求改变的抗议活动定期在德黑兰街头爆发。 最终,抗议者正在寻求个人自由和更加开放的社会。 2011年的阿拉伯之春是一个遍布北非、阿拉伯半岛和中东的现象。 伊朗也未能幸免于邻国的抗议和示威的影响,但伊朗与众不同。

播放段落

First of all, Iranians are not Arab but Persian in their ethnicity. Their history and heritage create a distinct identity that separates them from the rest of the region. Many Iranian citizens want the same outcomes that the protesters and demonstrators want in the countries experiencing the Arab Spring revolutions. The difference is that Iranians have been demonstrating and protesting issues with their government in the years before 2011.
::首先,伊朗人不是阿拉伯人,而是波斯人。 他们的历史和遗产创造了与该地区其他地区隔绝的独特身份。 许多伊朗公民想要与经历阿拉伯之春革命的国家的示威者和示威者想要的结果相同。 区别在于伊朗人在2011年前的几年里一直在与其政府示威和抗议。

播放段落

Political tensions in Iran have been high since the 2009 elections and even earlier. During the 2009 election in Iran, students and other individuals used the Internet, Twitter, and cell phones to organize a massive protest against the current president and in support of opposition candidates. The demonstrations were called the Twitter Revolution.
::伊朗的政治紧张局势自2009年大选以来甚至更早地一直非常严重。 在2009年的伊朗大选中,学生和其他个人利用互联网、推特和手机组织针对现任总统和支持反对派候选人的大规模抗议活动。 示威被称为推特革命。

---

 

---

播放段落

Iran is at a crossroads in the conflict between conservative Islamic fundamentalists and Islamic reformers. The government of the Islamic state is controlled by Muslim clerics who tend to be more conservative in their rulings, but the young people are mainly on the side of the democratic reformers. Young people are becoming more familiar with Western culture. For example, the unofficial holiday of Valentine’s Day has become extremely popular in Iran and is celebrated by a large sector of the population, mainly young people.
::伊朗在保守的伊斯兰原教旨主义者和伊斯兰改革者之间的冲突中处于十字路口。 伊斯兰国政府由穆斯林神职人员控制,他们的裁决往往比较保守,但年轻人主要站在民主改革者一边。 年轻人越来越熟悉西方文化。 比如,在伊朗,非正式的情人节节日已经变得非常受欢迎,并且为大量人口,主要是年轻人所庆祝。

播放段落

In an effort to curb the influence of Western culture, on February 13, 2011, the government of Iran officially banned all symbols or activities associated with Valentine’s Day. One claim was that the day was named after a Christian martyr and therefore was not supportive of Islam.
::为了遏制西方文化的影响,2011年2月13日,伊朗政府正式禁止一切与情人节相关的符号或活动。 其中一个说法是这一天是以基督教烈士的名字命名的,因此不支持伊斯兰教。

播放段落

Economic Resources
::经济资源

播放段落

Iran has abundant oil and natural gas reserves that form the base of its economy. The UN has classified Iran’s economy as semi-developed. The government has taken control of the oil and natural gas industry and implemented a type of central planning over many major businesses. Small-scale agriculture and village trading activities are not usually owned by the government. The Caspian Sea provides for fishing and has oil reserves under the seabed. Oil and gas revenues make up most of the state’s income. However, fluctuations in commodity prices have resulted in a more volatile income stream, and Iran’s manufacturing base has been increasing to support a more diversified economy.
::伊朗拥有构成其经济基础的丰富的石油和天然气储备。 联合国将伊朗经济归类为半发达国家。 政府控制了石油和天然气工业,并对许多大企业实施了某种中央规划。 小规模农业和乡村贸易活动通常不归政府所有。 里海提供渔业,并在海底拥有石油储备。 石油和天然气收入占国家收入的大部分。 然而,商品价格的波动导致收入流更加波动,伊朗的制造业基础不断增长,以支持更加多样化的经济。

---

播放段落

Applying Knowledge

::应用知识

播放段落

Discussion and Study Questions
::讨论和研究问题

播放段落
1. Name three reasons Iraq gave for invading Kuwait in 1990. Why did the United States get involved in this war?
   ::说明伊拉克在1990年入侵科威特时提出的三个理由。 为什么美国卷入这场战争?
播放段落
2. What are the three main geographic regions of Iraq? What groups are the majorities in each region?
   ::伊拉克的三个主要地理区域是什么?每个区域的多数群体是什么?
播放段落
3. Why was Saddam Hussein allowed to stay in power after Operation Desert Storm?
   ::为什么萨达姆·侯赛因在“沙漠风暴行动”之后 被允许继续掌权?
播放段落
4. Why did the United States invade Iraq in 2003? What was one plan to finance the war?
   ::美国为什么在2003年入侵伊拉克?一个资助战争的计划是什么?
播放段落
5. Where are the two main mountain chains located in Iran? How do they support agriculture?
   ::伊朗的两大山链在哪里?它们如何支持农业?
播放段落
6. What three ethnic groups form an Ethnic Triangle that dominates the Middle East?
   ::在中东占主导地位的种族三角地区,有哪个民族组成了三个民族群体?
播放段落
7. Why were protesters demonstrating in the streets of Tehran?
   ::为何抗议群众在德黑兰街头示威?
播放段落
8. Where do Kurds hope to establish the proposed country of Kurdistan? When was the hope of establishing Kurdistan first proposed to the UN?
   ::库尔德人希望在哪里建立拟议的库尔德斯坦国家? 何时首次向联合国提出建立库尔德斯坦的希望?
播放段落
9. What economic group does Turkey want to join? What factors are keeping Turkey from joining this group?
   ::土耳其想加入哪个经济集团?是什么因素阻止土耳其加入这个集团?
播放段落
10. Why are there conflicts in Iran over such things as Valentine’s Day? What was the Twitter Revolution about?
    ::为何伊朗在情人节这样的事上发生冲突? 推特革命是针对什么的?

播放段落

Real-World Geography Exercise
::现实世界地理演习

播放段落
1. Using , complete the following activities:
   播放段落
   1. Locate each place on the bulleted list below.
      ::在下面的子弹名单上 找到每个地方
   播放段落
   2. Find the nearest city with an international airport in proximity to each location on the bulleted list below.
      ::找到最近的城市,在下面子弹清单上每个地点附近有一个国际机场。
   播放段落
   3. Calculate the distance and travel time by plane to each city from the .
      ::乘飞机计算距离和旅行时间,从该城市飞往每个城市。
   
   ::使用以下活动,完成以下活动: 定位以下圆点列表中的每个地点; 找到最近的城市,在下面的圆点列表中的每个地点附近有一个国际机场。 计算从该城市飞往每个城市的飞机的距离和飞行时间 。
播放段落
2. Using , determine the latitude and longitude for each location on the bulleted list below.
   ::使用,确定以下子弹列表中每个位置的纬度和经度。
播放段落
3. Be prepared to share and discuss your answers.
   ::准备分享和讨论你的答案

播放段落
• Anatolian Plateau
  ::安纳托利亚高原
播放段落
• Bosporus
  ::博斯普鲁斯
播放段落
• Caspian Sea
  ::里里海
播放段落
• Cyprus
  ::塞浦路斯 塞浦路斯
播放段落
• Diyarbakir
  ::迪亚巴克尔
播放段落
• Elburz Mountains
  ::Elburz山
播放段落
• Euphrates River
  ::幼发拉底河
播放段落
• Karbala
  ::卡尔巴拉
播放段落
• Kurdistan
  ::库尔德库尔德斯坦
播放段落
• Najaf
  ::纳杰夫
播放段落
• Shatt al-Arab
  ::阿拉伯沙特
播放段落
• Tigris River
  ::底格里斯河
播放段落
• Zagros Mountains
  ::扎格罗斯山

播放段落

Current Events
::当前事件