东南亚群岛(1天)

播放段落

Student Learning Objectives
::学生学习目标

播放段落

Islands of Southeast Asia
::东南亚群岛

播放段落

The islands of Southeast Asia includes the countries of Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, East Timor, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Of the Southeast Asian countries, East Timor most recently gained its independence. There are major differences in cultural, economic, and political dynamics, and in the ethnic groups that make up the dominant majorities in each. There is also a high level of linguistic and religious diversity.
::东南亚岛屿包括马来西亚、新加坡、文莱、东帝汶、印度尼西亚和菲律宾等国家,在东南亚国家中,东帝汶最近获得独立,在文化、经济和政治动态方面,以及在构成各自主要多数的族裔群体方面,有很大差异,语言和宗教多样性也很高。

播放段落

The physical geography varies from island to island. Some have high mountain relief and others are low-lying and relatively flat. Active tectonic plate action in the region causes earthquakes and volcanic activity, resulting in the destruction of infrastructure and loss of life. Earthquakes and volcanic activity greatly impacted human life on the islands.
::地理地理情况因岛而异,有些山地松散,有些地势低,相对平坦,区域内的构造板块活动频繁,造成地震和火山活动,造成基础设施破坏和生命损失,地震和火山活动严重影响岛上的人类生活。

播放段落

Economic forces continue to prompt the countries of Southeast Asia to enter into trade relationships that integrate them with global networks based on dependency and reliance. The old colonial powers may no longer control them politically but may impact them economically. The new dynamics of corporate colonialism, with their economic power located in the core economic regions, still seek to exploit the countries of Southeast Asia for their labor and resources.
::经济力量继续促使东南亚国家建立贸易关系,使它们与基于依赖和依赖的全球网络相结合。 旧的殖民国家可能不再在政治上控制它们,但可能对它们产生经济影响。 公司殖民主义的新动态 — — 其经济实力位于核心经济区域 — — 仍在试图利用东南亚国家的劳动力和资源。

播放段落

These Asian nations are working to develop their own economies and use their own labor and resources to gain national wealth and increase the standard of living for their people. Each country has to contend with globalization forces within the international network of economic relationships.
::这些亚洲国家正在努力发展自己的经济,利用自己的劳动和资源获取国家财富和提高人民生活水平。 每个国家都必须在国际经济关系网络中与全球化力量进行斗争。

播放段落

Malaysia
::马来西亚 马来西亚 马来西亚

---

---

播放段落

Malaysia is a country made up of various British colonies that came together as a federation and then became an independent country. Britain started establishing colonies in the region in the late 1700s. The two main areas include the western colonies on the Malay Peninsula and the eastern colonies on the island of Borneo. The western settlements were part of the Malay Peninsula, which included the colonies of Pinang and Singapore.
::马来西亚是一个由各种英国殖民地组成的国家,这些殖民地作为一个联邦走到一起,然后成为一个独立国家。英国于1700年代末开始在该地区建立殖民地。两个主要地区包括马来半岛的西部殖民地和婆罗洲岛的东部殖民地。西部定居点是马来半岛的一部分,其中包括皮南和新加坡的殖民地。

播放段落

Eventually, the British took control of the eastern colonies of Brunei, Sarawak ,  and Sabah on the island of Borneo. In 1957, the western colonies on the mainland peninsula broke from their British colonizers and became an independent country called the Federation of Malaya. In 1963, the British Borneo colonies of Sarawak and Sabah joined the Federation of Malaya to form the current country, which is called Malaysia. In 1965, Singapore broke off from Malaysia and became an independent country. Brunei, which was still a British protectorate, became independent in 1984.
::最后,英国人控制了婆罗洲岛的文莱、沙捞越和沙巴东部殖民地。 1957年,大陆半岛的西方殖民地与英国殖民者决裂,成为一个独立的国家,称为马来亚联邦。1963年,英国的沙捞越和沙巴婆罗殖民地加入马来亚联邦,组成了现今国家,称为马来西亚。1965年,新加坡脱离马来西亚,成为独立国家。 文莱仍然是英国的保护国,1984年独立。

播放段落

Malaysia has two mainland areas separated by the South China Sea. The regions of Sarawak and Sabah, on the island of Borneo, are called East Malaysia. The mainland on the Malay Peninsula is called West Malaysia. These regions have similar physical landscapes, which include coastal plains with nearby densely forested foothills and mountains. The highest mountains, rising 13,436 feet, are in East Malaysia on the island of Borneo. Located near the equator, Malaysia has a tropical Type A climate with monsoons regularly occurring from October to February.
::马来西亚有两个大陆与南中国海隔开的地区:婆罗洲岛的沙捞越和沙巴地区称为东马来西亚;马来半岛的大陆称为西马来西亚;这些地区的自然景观类似,包括沿海平原,附近有森林密集的山丘和山丘;婆罗洲岛的东马来西亚山脉,上升13 436英尺;赤道附近,马来西亚热带A型气候,10月至2月经常出现季风。

播放段落

Diversity of Culture and Ethnicity in Malaysia
::马来西亚文化与族裔多样性

播放段落

Malaysia’s culture is diverse in that several major religions are practiced within its borders. Islam is considered the official religion and is supported by at least 61.3 percent of the population. About 19.8 percent of the people are Buddhists, 9.2 percent Christians, and 6.3 percent Hindu. The remaining percentages of the population include traditional Chinese religions and local tribal beliefs.
::马来西亚的文化是多种多样的,因为若干主要宗教都在其境内信奉。 伊斯兰教被视为官方宗教,至少得到61.3%人口的支持。 大约19.8%的人是佛教徒,9.2%是基督教徒,6.3%是印度教徒。 其余的人口比例包括传统的中国宗教和当地部落信仰。

---

播放段落

In this Islamic country, there are concerns that Muslims get preferential treatment by government programs and policies. There are even special judicial legal courts for Muslims only to work out issues regarding marriage, custody, inheritance, or other conflicting Islamic issues regarding faith and obligation. This court only hears Islamic issues and no other legal matters.
::在这个伊斯兰国家,人们担心穆斯林会得到政府方案和政策的优惠待遇。 甚至穆斯林还设有特别司法法院,只负责解决婚姻、监护、继承或其他与信仰和义务有关的伊斯兰冲突问题。 该法院只审理伊斯兰问题,而没有审理其他法律问题。

播放段落

There have been movements by minority extremist groups that would like to see Malaysia shift toward a true Islamic state, complete with the Sharia Criminal Code as the law of the land. The movement, however, has been put down by the government. Since 9/11 in the United States, there has been more concern about extremist religious views in Malaysia.
::少数极端团体的运动希望马来西亚向一个真正的伊斯兰国家转变,将《伊斯兰教刑法》完全作为国家的法律。 然而,该运动已经被政府镇压。 自美国911事件以来,人们对马来西亚的极端主义宗教观点更加关注。

播放段落

People of Malay ethnic background, also called , make up approximately 67.4 percent of the population. People of Chinese descent are the second-largest group at about 24.6 percent. An additional 7.3 percent of the population is made up of indigenous groups. During British colonialism, a number of people from South Asia were brought to Malaysia. For example, Tamils were brought from India to work the plantations. Their Hindu beliefs were infused into the culture. Some Tamils also converted to Christianity. Sikhs were brought from South Asia to help Britain run the country as police, soldiers, or security officers. The Sikhs who came brought their religion with them, which added to the multi-religious dynamics of the country.
::马来族背景的人,也被称为马来人,约占人口的67.4%;中国后裔是第二大群体,约占24.6%;另有7.3%的人口由土著群体组成;在英国殖民主义期间,一些南亚人被带到马来西亚;例如,泰米尔人从印度被带到种植园工作,他们的印度教信仰被注入了文化之中;一些泰米尔人还皈依基督教;一些锡克人从南亚被带来帮助英国管理国家,成为警察、士兵或安全官员;还有锡克人带回他们的宗教,这增加了该国的多宗教动态。

---

播放段落

Malaysia’s diverse ethnic and cultural mix often results in strong centrifugal forces that push and pull on the societal dynamics of the country. China has been active in the business community and has established strong economic ties with regional countries that have Chinese populations. The single largest minority group in the province of Sarawak on Borneo is Chinese.
::马来西亚的民族和文化多样性往往导致强大的离心力量推动和拉动国家的社会动态。 中国一直活跃于商界,并与拥有中国人口的地区国家建立了强大的经济联系。 婆罗洲沙捞越省最大的少数民族群体是中国。

播放段落

As a minority group, Chinese citizens of Malaysia have felt discrimination. Since the official language is Malay and the official religion is Islam, there have been concerns about discrimination against all minority groups. Working through the cultural and ethnic diversity has been a major challenge for the country. Each minority religious or ethnic group desires to celebrate its own special holidays.
::作为一个少数群体,马来西亚的中国公民受到了歧视,因为官方语言是马来语,而官方宗教是伊斯兰教,因此人们一直关注对所有少数群体的歧视,通过文化和民族多样性开展工作一直是马来西亚面临的一个重大挑战,每个少数群体宗教或族裔群体都希望庆祝自己的特别节日。

播放段落

For example, there is the usual New Year’s celebration on January 1, and then there is the traditional 15-day Chinese New Year celebration celebrated at a different time of the year. Sikhs celebrate the Sikh New Year. Buddhists celebrate a holiday in honor of the life and enlightenment of Buddha. Christians celebrate Christmas and Easter. Many other holidays of significance are respected or honored by various minority groups.
::例如,1月1日通常举行新年庆典,然后在一年的不同时间举行传统的15天中国新年庆典。 锡克教徒庆祝锡克新年。 佛教徒为佛教徒的一生和启蒙庆祝节日。 基督教徒庆祝圣诞节和复活节。 其他许多重要的节日受到不同少数群体的尊重或尊重。

播放段落

Economic Development in Malaysia
::马来西亚经济发展

播放段落

Malaysia has rapidly advanced its economy in recent decades and is modernizing its infrastructure—roads, bridges, highways, and urban facilities. In the capital city, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia built a modern central business district (CBD) with a twin high-rise office building claimed to be the world’s tallest at the time of construction. Before the global economic downturn that started in 2007, Malaysia had developed a fast-growing economy and was industrializing at a rapid rate.
::马来西亚经济近几十年来迅速发展,基础设施 — — 道路、桥梁、高速公路和城市设施 — — 正在现代化。 在首都吉隆坡,马来西亚建造了一个现代中央商业区(CBD ) , 其两座高楼的办公楼在建设时据称是世界上最高的。 在2007年开始的全球经济下滑之前,马来西亚已经发展了快速增长的经济,并且正在快速工业化。

播放段落

Malaysia has taken advantage of its location on a major shipping lane and has shifted to manufacturing as an important sector of its economy. The country has been a leader in the export of natural resources such as tin, rubber, and palm oil, and has developed its agricultural and extractive sectors to gain income. The 1980s and 1990s were prosperous times for the country and it matured its manufacturing base from light textiles into electronics and heavy industries.
::马来西亚利用其在一条主要航道上的位置,转向制造业,成为其经济的一个重要部门,该国在锡、橡胶和棕榈油等自然资源出口方面处于领先地位,并发展了农业和采掘部门以赚取收入,1980年代和1990年代是马来西亚繁荣的时期,其制造业基础从轻纺织品发展到电子和重工业。

播放段落

One aspect of the country that is looming on the horizon and may cause problems is the high population growth rate. In 2017, Malaysia’s population was estimated at more than 31 million, with a doubling time of about 40 years. Though the country is 70 percent urban, family size (fertility rate) is  2.1, which indicates an increasing population growth pattern. One-third of the population is under the age of 15.
::人口高速增长是马来西亚正在逼近并可能引发问题的一个方面。 2017年,马来西亚的人口增长率估计超过3100万,翻了一番,约为40年。 虽然马来西亚70%的城市人口,但家庭规模(生育率)为2.1,这表明人口增长模式在不断增长。 三分之一的人口年龄在15岁以下。

播放段落

Malaysia is one case where the general principle is that if a country urbanizes and industrializes the family size will go down has not taken place fast enough. The fertility rate has dropped from 5.0 to 2.1, but it needs to get below a rate of about 2.0 if the country is going to successfully stabilize its population growth. Unless the country addresses this population growth, the demand for resources might outstrip economic progress in the future.
::马来西亚是一个普遍原则的例子,即如果一个国家城市化和工业化,家庭规模将下降的速度不够快。 生育率从5.0下降到2.1,但如果国家要成功地稳定人口增长,就需要低于2.0。 除非国家解决人口增长问题,否则对资源的需求可能会超过未来的经济进步。

播放段落

Singapore
::新加坡 新加坡 新加坡

---

---

播放段落

Singapore, which is located between Malaysia and Indonesia, has a population of almost 6 billion people, according to the CIA World Factbook 2017 estimate. Most of the population is located along the southern coast with a few dense clusters located in the central areas. English and Mandarin are the most common languages spoken in Singapore, but other languages include Malay, Tamil, and several Chinese dialects. Buddhism is the most prominent religion practiced in Singapore, followed by Christianity and then by people who do not adhere to any religion.
::新加坡位于马来西亚和印度尼西亚之间,根据中央情报局2017年《世界实况手册》的估计,新加坡人口近60亿,大部分人口位于南部海岸,中部地区有几组密集人口,英语和普通话是新加坡最常用的语言,但其他语言包括马来语、泰米尔语和中国方言。 佛教是新加坡最著名的宗教,其次是基督教,其次是不信奉任何宗教的人。

---

Language used most frequently at home
Language		Percent
English		36.9%
Mandarin		34.9%
Malay		10.7%
Tamil		3.3%
Others		14.2%

         

---

Religion in Singapore, 2015
Religion		Percent
Buddhism		33.2%
Christianity		18.8%
No religion		18.5%
Islam		14.0%
Taoism and folk religion		10.0%
Hinduism		5.0%
Other religions		0.6%

---

播放段落

Under British colonial rule, the island of Singapore was included in the Malaysian federation. It broke away and became independent in 1965. It is a small island measuring about 30 miles long at its widest point. Singapore is about 240 square miles in area. Its most valuable resource is its relative location, and it is similar to Hong Kong in its development. With a good port, Singapore is a hub for ships sailing between Europe and China. It serves Southeast Asia as anentrepôt, or break-of-bulk point, where goods are offloaded from large ships and transported to smaller vessels for distribution to the Southeast Asian community.
::在英国殖民统治下,新加坡岛被纳入马来西亚联邦,于1965年解体,独立;新加坡是一个小岛,面积约30英里,最宽,面积约240平方英里;新加坡最宝贵的资源是相对位置,与香港的发展相似;新加坡是一个良好的港口,是欧洲和中国之间航行的船舶的枢纽;它是东南亚的通航点,或舱口破裂点,货物从大型船只卸下,运到较小的船只,分发给东南亚社会。

播放段落

Singapore has made good strategic utilization of its geographic location by serving as a distribution center for goods and materials processed in the region. Crude oil from Indonesia is unloaded and refined here. Raw materials are shipped in, manufactured into finished products, and then shipped out to global markets. Since Singapore is small, it has had to concentrate on manufacturing goods that provide for optimal profits. As an economic tiger, Singapore has transitioned through the same stages as Taiwan, South Korea, and Hong Kong to become an economic power in Southeast Asia.
::新加坡在战略上很好地利用其地理位置,充当了该地区加工货物和材料的销售中心。 印度尼西亚的原油在这里卸载和提炼。 原材料被运入、制造成制成品,然后被运到全球市场。 由于新加坡面积小,它不得不专注于生产能提供最佳利润的制成品。 作为一个经济老虎,新加坡已经经历了与台湾、韩国和香港相同的阶段,成为东南亚的经济强国。

播放段落

To keep labor costs low, initial manufactured products were textiles, clothing, and cheap goods. As incomes and labor skills rose, so did the complexity of the manufactured goods. The government of Singapore has targeted certain types of products to ensure a high-profit margin and a global market need. This has included automation equipment, biotechnology, and high-end information technologies.
::为了保持劳动力成本低廉,初始制成品是纺织品、服装和廉价商品。 随着收入和劳动技能的提高,制成品的复杂性也随之提高。 新加坡政府针对某些类型的产品,以确保高利润幅度和全球市场需求。 这包括自动化设备、生物技术和高端信息技术。

播放段落

Singapore does not manufacture automobiles but it does manufacture automation robotic components that most modern auto manufacturers will purchase and use. Medical technology is expensive and is in high demand the world over. Singapore is targeting this market. The information age has spawned new technologies that are evolving rapidly and, once again, Singapore has been at the center of this industry. Singapore has been a center for the production of computer disc drives for a multitude of global corporations.
::新加坡不制造汽车,但它确实制造了多数现代汽车制造商将购买和使用的自动化机器人组件。 医疗技术成本昂贵,全世界需求也很高。 新加坡正在瞄准这个市场。 信息时代催生了正在迅速发展的新技术,并且再次使新加坡成为这一行业的中心。 新加坡一直是众多全球公司生产计算机磁盘驱动器的中心。

播放段落

Singapore Island is a swampy place with no natural resources. All production components, food goods, construction materials, and energy must be imported. Importing everything has raised the cost of living. To compete with the other Asian economic tigers in the global marketplace, Singapore has implemented severe control measures on its operations. There are harsh penalties for criminal activities and for even misdemeanor offenses. Singapore is a safe place to live because of its strict state rules. It has an authoritarian government, which strives to create an attractive place for international corporations to operate. One of the objectives is to eliminate corruption and establish a business-friendly environment.
::新加坡岛是一个沼泽地,没有自然资源,所有生产部件、食品、建筑材料和能源都必须进口。 进口一切产品都提高了生活成本。 为了在全球市场上与其他亚洲经济老虎竞争,新加坡对其业务采取了严格的控制措施。对犯罪活动甚至轻罪规定了严厉的处罚。新加坡是安全的居住场所,因为它有严格的国家规则。它有一个专制政府,它努力为国际公司创造有吸引力的经营场所。其目标之一是消除腐败,建立有利于企业的环境。

播放段落

The government of Singapore has entered into trade agreements with two of its neighbors to provide raw materials and cheap labor. A trade triangle has been established with Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Malaysia and Indonesia provide Singapore with raw materials and cheap labor; Singapore provides its neighbors with technical know-how and financial support. This arrangement is beneficial to all three countries. 
::新加坡政府与两个邻国签订了提供原材料和廉价劳动力的贸易协定。 新加坡与新加坡、马来西亚和印度尼西亚建立了贸易三角关系。 马来西亚和印度尼西亚为新加坡提供了原材料和廉价劳动力;新加坡为其邻国提供了技术诀窍和财政支持。 这一安排有利于所有三个国家。

播放段落

Singapore is an excellent example of the upper end of the economic spectrum in Southeast Asia. Singapore is already 100 percent urban with high incomes based on high-tech manufacturing and processing of raw materials. Singapore is an economic hub for Southeast Asia, complete with global airline connections and is located on a major shipping lane. Singapore’s world-class port is one of the busiest in Asia. 
::新加坡是东南亚经济领域上端的极好例子。 新加坡已经百分之百地拥有高收入的城市,其高收入基于高科技制造和原材料加工。 新加坡是东南亚的经济枢纽,拥有全球航空连接,位于一条主要航道上。 新加坡的世界级港口是亚洲最繁忙的港口之一。

播放段落

Indonesia
::印度尼西亚 印度尼西亚 印度尼西亚

---

---

播放段落

The country of Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelago state, consisting of more than 17,500 islands, about one-third of which are inhabited. Indonesia is the sixteenth-largest country in the world by area. The combined area of all the islands and regions of Indonesia would equal the size of the country of Mexico. The country shares land borders with the Borneo side of Malaysia, the western half of the island of Timor, and the western portion of the island of New Guinea, which is shared with the country of Papua New Guinea.
::印度尼西亚是世界上最大的群岛国家,由17,500多个岛屿组成,其中约三分之一有人居住,印度尼西亚是世界上第十六大国家,印度尼西亚所有岛屿和地区的总面积相当于墨西哥的面积,与马来西亚婆罗洲一侧、帝汶岛西半部分和巴布亚新几内亚共有的巴布亚新几内亚岛西部分接壤。

播放段落

The country’s location on both sides of the equator provides a tropical Type A climate, complete with a monsoon season. Average rainfall can vary from 70 to 240 inches per year. The highest mountain is in West Papua and rises to about 16,024 feet. Indonesia is located on the Pacific Rim, where tectonic plate activity produces earthquakes and volcanic activity.
::印尼位于赤道两侧,提供了热带A型气候,加上季风季节,年平均降雨量从70至240英寸不等。 最高的山位于西巴布亚,上升至约16 024英尺。 印度尼西亚位于太平洋环带,构造板块活动引发地震和火山活动。

播放段落

The country is home to over one hundred 50 active volcanoes, including two of the most famous ones, Krakatoa and Tambora. Both had devastating eruptions in the past two centuries. One of the most violent volcanic explosions ever recorded in human history came from Krakatoa, which is located between the islands of Java and Sumatra.
::该国有150多个活火山,包括两个最著名的火山,即Krakatoa火山和Tambora火山。 这两座火山在过去两个世纪中都爆发了毁灭性的火山爆发。 人类历史上有史以来最猛烈的火山爆炸之一来自Krakatoa火山,位于爪哇岛和苏门答腊岛之间。

播放段落

A series of eruptions in 1883 was heard as far away as the coast of Africa. Shockwaves reverberated around the globe seven times. Ash erupted into the atmosphere to a height of about 50 miles. The official death toll was 36,417, but estimates from local sources place it as high as 120,000. Global temperatures fell by about two degrees Fahrenheit, and weather patterns were disrupted for the next five years. Krakatoa remains active. Over the past few decades, the volcanic peak has been growing at the average rate of about five inches per week.
::1883年的一系列火山爆发传闻远至非洲海岸,震波震动波震动全球七次。阿什爆发到大气中,达到50英里高。官方死亡人数为36 417人,但据当地消息来源估计,死亡人数高达120 000人。全球气温下降约2摄氏度,未来5年天气模式被打乱。喀拉喀托火山仍然活跃。在过去几十年中,火山峰以每周平均5英寸的速度增长。

播放段落

The tropical climate and the archipelago nature of the country provide for enormous biodiversity within the environment. Second only to Brazil in its biodiversity, Indonesia is home to an enormous number of unique plants and animals. The habitats of many of these creatures are being encroached upon by human activity. The remote islands have more of a chance of escaping habitat devastation and remaining intact, but agricultural and extractive economic activities have converted much of the natural environment into a cultural landscape that is not conducive to environmental sustainability.
::该国的热带气候和群岛性质为环境提供了巨大的生物多样性,其次是巴西的生物多样性,印度尼西亚拥有大量独特的动植物,其中许多生物的栖息地正受到人类活动的侵扰,偏远岛屿更有可能逃离生境破坏并保持原状,但农业和采掘经济活动已将许多自然环境转化为不利于环境可持续性的文化景观。

播放段落

Animals such as orangutans are losing their natural forests and may become extinct if current trends continue. The timber industry has brought about deforestation. Slash and burn agriculture has destroyed forest habitat, and human development patterns such as roads and urbanization have altered the ecosystems of the region. According to recent reports, Indonesia is one of the largest emitters of carbon dioxide in the world because of the high number of forest fires set each year.
::象猩猩这样的动物正在失去其天然森林,如果目前的趋势继续下去,可能会灭绝。木材工业已经导致砍伐森林。砍刀和燃烧的农业破坏了森林生境,公路和城市化等人类发展模式改变了该区域的生态系统。根据最近的报告,印度尼西亚是世界上二氧化碳的最大排放国之一,因为每年的森林火灾量很大。

播放段落

In 2009, the United States brokered a deal with Indonesia to forgive 30 million dollars of its debt if the country would work to protect forests on the island of Sumatra, which is home to endangered indigenous animals such as tigers, elephants, rhinos, and orangutans.
::2009年,美国与印度尼西亚达成了协议,如果该国将努力保护苏门答腊岛的森林,免除3 000万美元的债务。 苏门答腊岛是老虎、大象、犀牛和猩猩等濒危土著动物的家园。

播放段落

In 2017, the population of Indonesia was more than 260 million people . Indonesia has the fourth-largest population of any country in the world, after the United States, India, and China. Indonesia also has more Muslims than any other country in the world. More than one-half of the population of Indonesia lives on Java, the island where Jakarta, the capital city, is located.
::2017年,印度尼西亚人口超过2.6亿。 印度尼西亚人口位居世界第四位,仅次于美国、印度和中国。 印度尼西亚的穆斯林人数也比世界任何其他国家都多。 印度尼西亚一半以上的人口居住在首都雅加达所在的爪哇岛。

播放段落

Java is the most populous island in the world and has a population density of more than 2,400 people per square mile. Java is the size in area of the US state of Louisiana. Java has 143 million people, whereas Louisiana has 4.68 million people. Jakarta is a world-class city that is larger than New York City and encompasses a large metropolitan area, complete with many manufacturing centers, business complexes, and housing districts.
::爪哇是世界上人口最多的岛屿,人口密度超过每平方英里2,400人。 爪哇是美国路易斯安那州面积的面积。 爪哇有1.43亿人,而路易斯安那州有468万人。 雅加达是一个世界级城市,比纽约市还要大,覆盖大都市地区,拥有许多制造中心、商业综合体和住宅区。

---

播放段落

The many islands of Indonesia are home to a large number of diverse ethnic and religious groups that vary as widely as any Southeast Asian nation. There may be as many as 300 distinct ethnic groups in Indonesia. Many of the ethnic groups are further divided by islands or distance. More than 250 separate languages and hundreds of additional dialects are spoken. There are an estimated 750 languages spoken on the island of New Guinea itself, with hundreds of them spoken on the Indonesian side of the island, in a population of less than three million. 
::印度尼西亚的许多岛屿都居住着许多不同的族裔和宗教群体,这些族裔和宗教群体与任何东南亚国家一样差异很大,印度尼西亚可能有多达300个不同的族裔群体,许多族裔群体因岛屿或距离而进一步分裂,使用250多种不同的语言和数百种其他方言,在新几内亚岛本身估计有750种语言,其中数百种在印度尼西亚一方,人口不到300万。

---

播放段落

The most prevalent language group in the country as a whole is Javanese. Javanese includes the official language of Indonesian, which is taught in schools and used in business and politics as the  lingua franca  of the country. Many people speak more than one language or even a number of languages to communicate throughout the country.
::整个国家最流行的语言群体是Javanese, Javanese包括印度尼西亚的官方语言,该语言在学校中教授,在商业和政治中使用,作为该国的法语语言,许多人说一种以上的语言,甚至一些语言,可以在全国传播。

播放段落

Islam was diffused to Indonesia in the 13th century and by the 16th century had become the dominant religion. The Indonesian constitution allows for religious freedom, although more than 85 percent of the population follows Islam. There are at least four other religions that are officially recognized: Christianity (both Protestantism and Roman Catholicism), Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. Since Islam is followed by such a large percentage of the population, the other religions do not carry the same influence.
::伊斯兰教在13世纪传播到印度尼西亚,到16世纪,伊斯兰教已成为占主导地位的宗教。 印度尼西亚宪法允许宗教自由,尽管85%以上的人口信奉伊斯兰教。 至少有四种其他宗教得到官方承认:基督教(新教和罗马天主教 ) 、 印度教、佛教和儒教。 由于伊斯兰教的信徒比例如此之大,其他宗教并不具有同样的影响力。

播放段落

Regional and ethnic differences play a role in the varied religious dynamics. The island of Bali, for example, is home to a majority Hindu population. Most of the Buddhists are ethnically Chinese, and they only make up a small percentage of the population. Christians and Muslims have had conflicts on the island of Sulawesi. It is common to find the practice of these religions less than in the rural communities of the country.
::地区和族裔差异在不同宗教动态中起着一定作用,例如,巴厘岛是印度教徒占多数的岛屿,多数佛教徒是华裔,仅占人口的一小部分,在苏拉威西岛上,基督教徒和穆斯林发生了冲突,这些宗教的实践通常比国内农村社区少。

播放段落

In spite of the diversity within the population, the country of Indonesia has established a high degree of nationalism as a centripetal force that holds the country together. There is stability in spite of the surface tensions or ethnic and religious conflicts that may erupt. An example of the social tensions is demonstrated in the case of Chinese citizens of Indonesia, who only make up about one percent of the population but have influence over the privately owned business sector of the economy. This inequitable relationship has resulted in resentment by other segments of the population, often with violent results. 
::尽管人口的多样性,印度尼西亚还是建立了高度的民族主义,作为将国家凝聚在一起的一连串力量,尽管可能爆发表面的紧张局势或族裔和宗教冲突,但局势仍然稳定,印度尼西亚的中国公民就是一个社会紧张的例子,他们只占人口的1%,但是对私有经济企业部门有影响,这种不公平的关系引起了其他人口阶层的不满,往往带来暴力结果。

播放段落

Some of the islands—or portions of them—have attempted to break away in a devolutionary manner and become independent countries. Just as East Timor became independent, the most western province of Aceh on the island of Sumatra had a similar movement toward independence. West Papua on the island of New Guinea has also had an independence movement. 
::某些岛屿——或其中的一部分——试图以权力下放的方式分裂,成为独立国家,东帝汶独立后,苏门答腊岛最西部的亚齐省也出现了类似的独立运动,巴布亚新几内亚岛西巴布亚也出现了独立运动。

播放段落

Agriculture has been the historic base of the Indonesian economy. In 2010, it accounted for about 13 percent of the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP). Agriculture is the largest employment sector—approximately 42 percent of the workforce. This equates to more than half of the population being rural. Many of the agricultural methods in rural areas are traditional; for example, farmers use water buffalo or oxen for tilling the land. The tropical climate and adequate rainfall provide for multiple crops of rice per year in many areas. Spices, coffee, tea, palm oil, and rubber are also produced in substantial quantities.
::农业是印度尼西亚经济的历史基础。 2010年,农业约占印度尼西亚国内生产总值(GDP)的13%,农业是最大的就业部门,约占劳动力的42%,相当于农村人口的一半以上,农村地区的许多农业方法都是传统的,例如农民使用水牛或牛来耕种土地。 热带气候和充足的降雨量为许多地区每年提供多种稻米作物。 香水、咖啡、茶叶、棕榈油和橡胶也大量生产。

播放段落

Industries are an important building block for how a country gains wealth. In the case of Indonesia, industry accounts for about 40 percent of its GDP and employs about 20 percent of its workforce. Major industries include oil, natural gas, mining, and textiles or clothing manufacturing. Indonesia’s economy has been affected by global markets, but in 2005 still managed to run a trade surplus. Japan has been its main trading partner, and China has also been a major supplier of imported goods. Indonesia has been taking advantage of the trade triangle it has with its neighbors, Singapore and Malaysia, to increase its import and export trade activities.
::工业是一国如何获得财富的重要基石。 就印度尼西亚而言,工业占其GDP的40%左右,雇用了约20%的劳动力。 主要工业包括石油、天然气、采矿、纺织品或服装制造业。 印度尼西亚经济一直受到全球市场的影响,但2005年仍设法保持贸易顺差。 日本一直是其主要贸易伙伴,中国也是进口货物的主要供应国。 印度尼西亚一直在利用其与邻国新加坡和马来西亚的贸易三角关系来增加进出口贸易活动。

播放段落

The political background of Indonesia is similar in dynamics to many of its neighbors. Colonized by Europeans, Indonesia was previously called the Dutch East Indies, which explains why the islands of the Caribbean were called the West Indies. The Dutch colonized Indonesia in the early 17th century but had to relinquish possession of the archipelago to the Japanese in World War II. In 1945, after the Japanese surrendered, Indonesia declared its independence, which was finally granted in 1949. The country’s government quickly moved toward authoritarian rule.
::印尼的政治背景与其许多邻国的动态背景相似。 在欧洲人聚居下,印度尼西亚以前被称为荷属东印度群岛,这解释了为什么加勒比岛屿被称为西印度群岛。 17世纪初,荷兰殖民了印尼,但在第二次世界大战中不得不将群岛的拥有权放弃给日本。 1945年,日本投降后,印度尼西亚宣布独立,1949年终于获得独立。 印尼政府迅速走向专制统治。

播放段落

During a 50-year time period, there were only two authoritarian leaders: Sukarno (1949–68) and Suharto (1968–99). Near the end of Sukarno’s rule, there were violent conflicts between Sukarno’s military and the Communist Party of Indonesia, which resulted in more than 500,000 deaths. Suharto’s regime was credited for substantial economic growth but was also accused of serious corruption and the repression of opposition political voices. Since 1999, Indonesia has conducted free parliamentary elections and is now considered the third-largest democracy, after India and the United States.
::在50年间,只有两名独裁领导人:Sukarno(1949-1968年)和Suharto(1968-99年 ) 。 在Sukarno统治即将结束的时候,Sukarno的军队和印度尼西亚共产党之间发生了暴力冲突,导致50多万人死亡。 Sukarno的政权因经济大幅增长而功不可没,但也被指控为严重的腐败和镇压反对派政治声音。 自1999年以来,印度尼西亚举行了自由的议会选举,现在被认为是继印度和美国之后的第三大民主国家。

播放段落

Brunei
::文莱文莱

---

---

播放段落

There are noticeable similarities between the oil-rich sheikdoms of the Persian Gulf region in the Middle East and the small sultanate of Brunei on the northern coast of Borneo. Bordered by Sarawak, the sultanate is actually two small separate regions along the coast of the South China Sea. The former British protectorate of Brunei is today a major oil and natural gas exporter. It provides a high standard of living for its small population.
::中东波斯湾地区石油丰富的酋长领地与婆罗洲北部海岸的文莱小苏丹之间有明显的相似之处。 与沙捞越相邻的苏丹实际上是中国南海沿岸的两个小地区。 文莱的前英国保护地如今是主要的石油和天然气出口国。 它为少量人口提供了高生活水平。

播放段落

The compact country is about the size of the US state of Delaware. The country’s population for 2017 was 443,593 people. Brunei is attracting immigrants seeking opportunities and advantages. It is called a sultanate because the kingdom has been ruled by sultans (rulers) from the same family for the past six centuries.
::紧凑的国家与美国特拉华州的面积差不多。 2017年,该国人口为443,593人。 文莱正在吸引寻求机会和优势的移民。 文莱被称为苏丹,因为过去六百年来王国一直由来自同一家庭的苏丹(统治者)统治。

播放段落

The main ethnic groups in Brunei are Malay, at 66 percent, and Chinese, at 11 percent. Brunei is an Islamic State with Islam as its state religion. About two-thirds of the population is Muslim. Buddhism is the second-most popular religion. The ruling sultan is not only head of state but also prime minister of the government and leader of the Islamic faith.
::文莱的主要族裔群体是马来族,占66%,中国族,占11%。文莱是一个伊斯兰国,以伊斯兰教为国教。大约三分之二的人口是穆斯林。佛教是第二受欢迎的宗教。执政的苏丹不仅是国家元首,也是政府总理和伊斯兰领袖。

播放段落

Similar to states in the Middle East where Islam is the official religion, alcohol is banned and the public consumption or sale of it is illegal. Prohibition against alcohol has eliminated the establishments of pubs and nightclubs. Non-Muslims and visitors to the country can legally hold small quantities of alcohol for personal consumption.
::在中东,伊斯兰教是官方宗教,禁止酗酒,禁止公众饮酒或销售酒为非法;禁止酗酒已消除了酒吧和夜总会的场所;非穆斯林和访问该国的人可合法持有少量酒精供个人消费。

播放段落

The people of Brunei have a high standard of living, with the availability of modern amenities. The government has been concerned about integrating the country into the global economy. Natural gas and crude oil bring in about 90 percent of exports and just over half of the GDP. Education and medical care are free. Food, housing, and rice farming are subsidized by the state. The state has been working to expand the economy beyond natural gas and oil. Agricultural production has increased and unemployment has been a major focus. The wealthy emirate has also been developing its tourism sector and the financial and banking industry.
::文莱人民生活水平很高,拥有现代设施。政府一直关注国家融入全球经济的问题。天然气和原油占出口的90%,占GDP的一半以上。教育和医疗是免费的。食品、住房和水稻种植由国家补贴。国家一直在努力将经济扩展到天然气和石油之外。农业生产有所增长,失业成为主要焦点。富裕的埃及人也在发展旅游部门以及金融和银行业。

播放段落

Brunei may have to take a lesson from the United Arab Emirates (UAE)—that is, to work to develop a free trade zone to attract international trade—if the country wants to continue to gain wealth once the oil and natural gas run out. It has an excellent location on the South China Sea but would have to compete with the established economic tigers of Singapore and Hong Kong as well as the other rising urban centers in the region, such as Kuala Lumpur and Bangkok.
::文莱也许必须吸取阿拉伯联合酋长国(阿联酋)的教训 — — 即努力发展自由贸易区以吸引国际贸易 — — 如果该国想要在石油和天然气耗尽后继续获得财富的话。 文莱在南中国海拥有极好的位置,但必须与新加坡和香港的既有经济老虎以及该地区其他崛起的城市中心(如吉隆坡和曼谷)竞争。

播放段落

The Philippines
::菲律宾 菲律宾

---

---

播放段落

Located on the eastern side of the Southeast Asian community is the archipelago state of the Philippines. With more than 7,100 islands, many volcanic peaks, and an expanse of coastal waterways, the Philippines is home to more than 90 million people in a combined land area about the size of Arizona. The Philippines was a Spanish colony. The name is taken from Spain’s 16th-century King Philip II.
::东南亚社区东部是菲律宾的群岛国。 菲律宾拥有7,100多个岛屿、许多火山峰和广阔的沿海水道,拥有约9,000多万人口,他们居住在亚利桑那州面积相近的一块土地。 菲律宾是西班牙殖民地。 名字取自西班牙十六世纪的菲利普二世国王。

播放段落

Spain relinquished its claim on the Philippines to the United States in 1898 after its defeat in the . The people of the Philippines wanted independence at that time and fought a bitter war with the United States in which more than one million people died. The United States allowed the Philippines to become a commonwealth in 1935. The independence movement was placed on hold while the Japanese invaded and controlled the Philippines during World War II. After the war was over, the United States granted the Philippines its independence in 1946.
::1898年,在菲律宾被击败之后,西班牙于1898年放弃了对美国对菲律宾的主张。当时,菲律宾人民希望独立,并与美国进行了一场激烈的战争,造成100多万人死亡。美国允许菲律宾在1935年成为一个联邦。独立运动在第二次世界大战期间日本入侵并控制菲律宾时被搁置。战争结束后,美国于1946年给予菲律宾独立。

播放段落

Environmental Forces in the Philippines
::菲律宾环境力量

播放段落

The islands of the Philippines are of volcanic origin. They are mainly mountainous and covered in a tropical rainforest. The highest mountain, at 9,692 feet, is Mount Apo, which is located on the southern island of Mindanao. The Philippines has many active volcanoes. The northern island of Luzon is home to the Taal Volcano, Mount Pinatubo, and Mount Mayon. The Pacific tectonic plate reaches the southern edge of the Philippine plate where it meets up with the Eurasian Plate.
::菲律宾的岛屿是火山的起源地,主要是山区,覆盖在热带雨林中,最高的山是位于棉兰老岛南部的阿波山,位于9 692英尺,位于棉兰老岛南部。菲律宾有许多活火山。北吕宋岛是Taal Volcano、Pinatubo山和Mayon山的家园。太平洋构造板块位于菲律宾板块南端,与欧亚板块相交。

播放段落

The juncture of tectonic plates creates a similar situation to that of Tokyo, which is at the opposite end of the Philippine plate. Active seismic forces result in many earthquakes. As many as 20 earthquakes per day can be registered here, though many are too weak to be noticed. In 1990, an earthquake on the island of Luzon registered at a magnitude of 7.8 and killed more than 1,621 people and caused extensive infrastructure damage.
::地质构造板块的交汇点也造成了与东京类似的情况,东京正好是菲律宾板块的对面。活跃的地震力量导致许多地震。这里每天可以登记多达20次地震,尽管许多地震太弱,无法引起注意。 1990年,卢松岛发生了7.8级的地震,造成超过1,621人死亡,基础设施受到严重破坏。

播放段落

Luzon’s Mount Pinatubo volcano has been active in recent years. Before 1991, the mountain attracted little attention, was heavily forested and was home to tribal indigenous people. The volcano had a colossal eruption in 1991 that was recorded as the second largest in a century, after Alaska’s 1912 Novarupta eruption. Mount Pinatubo began giving signs of an eruption, which were heeded by the government. Thousands of people were evacuated from the area, which saved lives.
::最近几年来,吕宋的皮纳图博山火山一直非常活跃。 1991年以前,该山很少引起注意,森林茂密,是部落土著人的家园。 1991年,该火山爆发巨大,在阿拉斯加1912年新鲁普塔火山爆发后,是上个世纪第二大火山爆发。 皮纳图博山开始出现火山爆发的迹象,政府也注意到了这一点。 数千人被撤离该地区,拯救了生命。

播放段落

The eruption caused billions of dollars in damage. More than 800 people were killed, and more than two million were directly impacted. The eruption destroyed more than 8,000 homes and the overall effects of the volcano were felt around the world.
::火山爆发造成数十亿美元的损失,800多人死亡,200多万人受到直接影响,火山爆发摧毁了8 000多座房屋,世界各地都感受到火山的总体影响。

播放段落

Mount Pinatubo’s eruption forced billions of tons of magma, ash, sulfur dioxide, minerals, and particulates into the atmosphere and onto the earth’s surface. The sun was blocked out, temperatures dropped, and ash piled up in nearby areas, causing extensive damage to roofs, roadways, and agricultural lands. The damage from the eruption was amplified by the fact that a full-scale typhoon hit the country on the same date, bringing torrential rainfall and wind that mixed with the ash in the air to create extremely dangerous environmental conditions. The damage had a massive impact on the entire economy of the Philippines.
::皮纳图博山的火山爆发迫使数十亿吨的岩浆、灰灰、二氧化硫、矿物和微粒进入大气和地球表面。 太阳被封住,温度下降,灰尘堆积在附近地区,对屋顶、道路和农地造成了巨大破坏。 爆发造成的破坏因以下事实而更加严重:在同一天,一场全方位的台风袭击了菲律宾,带来了与空气中的灰尘混合在一起的暴雨和风,造成了极其危险的环境条件。 破坏对菲律宾整个经济造成了巨大影响。

播放段落

The eruption severely damaged civilian infrastructure and US military bases in the region. The Subic Bay Naval Base was 50 miles to the southwest of Mount Pinatubo’s summit, while Clark Air Base was less than 16 miles to the east. Enormous clouds of ash covered everything. As a result of the damage to the operations at the bases, the United States Air Force evacuated and moved all air base personnel and military assets to bases in Guam, Okinawa, or Hawaii. The United States ultimately abandoned Clark Air Base, while Subic Bay reverted to the Philippines.
::火山爆发严重破坏了该地区的民用基础设施和美国军事基地。 苏比克湾海军基地位于皮纳图博山峰西南50英里处,而克拉克空军基地则在东面不到16英里处。 巨大的灰尘云覆盖了一切。 由于基地行动受到破坏,美国空军撤离了所有空军基地人员和军事资产,并将其转移到关岛、冲绳或夏威夷的基地。 美国最终放弃了克拉克空军基地,而苏比克湾又回到了菲律宾。

播放段落

There are 37 volcanoes in the Philippines, of which 18 are still active. Mount Mayon is the most active volcano at the present time. It has had 47 eruptions in recorded history. The eruption in 1993 killed 68 people and caused the evacuation of 60,000 more.
::菲律宾有37座火山,其中18座仍在活动,马扬山是目前最活跃的火山,历史上曾有47次火山爆发,1993年火山爆发导致68人死亡,60 000人撤离。

播放段落

Earthquakes and volcanoes are not the only serious natural concerns of the Philippine Islands. They are also directly in the center of the Western Pacific’s major typhoon belt. As many as 20 typhoons occur yearly in the area of the islands, and as half that amount hit the islands directly. The 1991 typhoon Thelma/Uring killed almost 8,000 people. The 1911 typhoon dumped over 46 inches of rain in a 24-hour period.
::地震和火山并不是菲律宾群岛唯一严重的自然问题。 地震和火山也直接位于西太平洋主要台风带的中心。 岛上每年有多达20台台风,其中一半直接受灾。 1991年的台风Thelma/Uring(Thelma/Uring)造成近8 000人死亡。 1911年的台风在24小时内倾弃了46英寸以上的雨。

播放段落

Flooding is usually the main problem with typhoons and is the number one killer related to typhoon deaths. Typhoon activity also brings precipitation to the islands and the region. The Philippines are in the major path of typhoons in the Pacific and will continue to combat the effects of these powerful forces of nature.
::洪水通常是台风的主要问题,也是与台风死亡相关的头号杀手,台风活动也为岛屿和该地区带来降水,菲律宾处于太平洋主要台风之路上,并将继续消除这些强力自然力量的影响。

播放段落

Philippine Political Geography 
::菲律宾政治地理

播放段落

The Philippines are divided into three main geopolitical regions, which are Luzon, Visayas ,  and Mindanao. The northern island of Luzon is home to the nation’s national capital region with Quezon, the largest city, and Manila, the capital. Both cities are a part of metropolitan Manila, which has a population of more than 20 million. The northern island of Luzon is home to half the population of the country. The central Philippines consists of the Visayas Island group, including the islands between the Sulu Sea and the Philippine Sea. The southern region of the country is anchored by the large island of Mindanao.
::菲律宾分为三个主要地缘政治区域,即卢松、米沙亚和棉兰老,北部的卢松岛是国家首都区域所在地,最大的城市是奎松,首都是马尼拉,这两个城市都是马尼拉大都会的一部分,人口超过2 000万,北部的卢松岛占全国人口的一半,菲律宾中部是伊萨亚斯岛,包括苏卢海和菲律宾海之间的岛屿。

播放段落

The government of the Philippines is a constitutional republic with an elected president. With independence in 1946 came various leaders who have shaped the political landscape of the Philippines. After recovering from the devastation of World War II, the country prospered during the 1960s and showed positive economic gains. The political scene entered a difficult political era with the election of President Ferdinand Marcos   in 1965, which turned into an authoritative dictatorship. During his time in power, the economy became sluggish and social unrest began to arise in opposition to his leadership.
::菲律宾政府是一个由民选总统组成的立宪共和国。 1946年独立后,菲律宾出现了各种领导人,他们塑造了菲律宾的政治格局。 在从第二次世界大战的破坏中恢复之后,菲律宾在1960年代繁荣,并取得了积极的经济收益。 1965年费尔迪南德·马科斯总统当选,成为权威独裁政权,政治舞台进入了困难的政治时代。 在执政期间,经济变得疲软,社会动荡开始出现,反对总统领导。

播放段落

Barred by law from being elected for a third time, Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law in 1972 under the premise that there was too much political conflict with Communist elements and Islamic insurgencies. Marcos ruled with his wife Imelda Marcos until 1986, when conditions worsened and the two were implicated in the assassination of opposition leader Benigno Aquino. Corruption, vote rigging, and the dictatorial actions of President Marcos caught up with him through mass protests, which eventually led to his removal from office.
::1972年,Ferdinand Marcos宣布戒严,其前提是与共产党分子和伊斯兰叛乱组织发生太多政治冲突。 马科斯与妻子Imelda Marcos统治到1986年,当时情况恶化,两人卷入了暗杀反对派领袖Benigno Aquino的事件。 腐败、操纵选票和马科斯总统的独裁行为通过大规模抗议追上他,最终导致他被解职。

播放段落

He left the Philippines for his exile in Hawaii. It was later alleged that during his 20 years in office, Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos had embezzled billions of dollars of public funds and moved them to bank accounts in Switzerland, the United States, other countries, and into fictitious money-laundering corporations. Ferdinand Marcos died of illness in 1989 in Honolulu.
::他离开菲律宾,流亡到夏威夷,后来据称Ferdinand和Imelda Marcos在任职的20年中侵吞了数十亿美元公共资金,并将这些资金转移到瑞士、美国和其他国家的银行账户和假洗钱公司,1989年,Ferdinand Marcos在火奴鲁鲁死于疾病。

播放段落

Imelda Marcos returned to the Philippines to run for public office and even attempted a failed run for the presidency. Imelda was known for her thousands of shoes, which she had acquired while in power. Many of them are in a shoe museum in the Philippines. She was also known for her extravagant spending trips around the world. Several different political leaders have come to power since the Ferdinand Marcos era. Political stability has been difficult to achieve. The national leadership has faced Islamic insurgencies, attempted coups, corruption in the government, and high national debt. These issues continue today but a modest level of stability has encouraged economic growth.
::伊梅尔达·马科斯回到菲律宾竞选公职,甚至试图竞选总统职务。伊梅尔达以她在掌权期间获得的数千双鞋子而闻名于世。其中许多鞋是在菲律宾的鞋博物馆里。她还以在世界各地旅行过量而闻名。自费迪南德·马科斯时代以来,几位不同的政治领导人已经上台执政。政治稳定一直难以实现。国家领导层面临着伊斯兰叛乱、未遂政变、政府腐败和高额国家债务。这些问题今天依然存在,但适度的稳定水平却刺激了经济增长。

播放段落

Philippine Cultural Geography
::菲律宾文化地理

播放段落

The Philippines is a diverse country with hundreds of ethnic groups. Many tribal groups, as well as a large number of immigrants from Asia, Spain, and the United States, have made the Philippines home. Together with Spanish influence, mixed ethnic groups have been created. They are an example of the confluence of cultures that make up the country. The Philippines is the only country in Asia where Roman Catholicism predominates, other than recently independent East Timor.
::菲律宾是一个有数百个族裔群体的多样化国家,许多部落群体以及来自亚洲、西班牙和美国的大量移民使菲律宾成为了家园,除西班牙的影响外,还建立了混合族裔群体,它们是构成该国的各种文化汇合的一个例子,菲律宾是亚洲唯一一个罗马天主教占多数的国家,除了最近独立的东帝汶以外。

播放段落

Christians make up about 90 percent of the population. All but 10 percent identify themselves as Roman Catholic. A modest Muslim population is prominent in the southern island of Mindanao and neighboring islands. Islamic fundamentalism has increased the insurgency in the region, causing political and economic turmoil and conflict. People of Chinese heritage often follow Buddhism, Taoism, or Chinese folk religions. Various tribal groups still follow their cultural animist beliefs and have traditional shaman religious leaders.
::基督徒占总人口的90%左右。除10%外,基督徒都自称罗马天主教。在棉兰老岛南部和邻近岛屿,少数穆斯林人口占显要地位。伊斯兰原教旨主义加剧了该地区的叛乱,造成了政治和经济动荡和冲突。中国遗产人民经常跟随佛教、道教或中国民间宗教。 各种部落群体仍然遵循其文化原教旨主义信仰,并拥有传统的沙曼宗教领袖。

播放段落

The Philippines is home to more than 180 native languages and dialects. English and Filipino were declared the official languages of the Philippines in 1987. Tagalog is the main language spoken. Filipino is a version of Tagalog that is used in many of the urban areas. English and Tagalog are used in different parts of the country.
::菲律宾拥有180多种本族语言和方言,1987年宣布英语和菲律宾语为菲律宾官方语言,Tagalog语为主要语言,菲律宾语是许多城市地区使用的Tagalog语的版本,英语和Tagalog语在全国不同地区使用。

---

 

Population by Language (2010)

Language	Speakers
Tagalog	24.44 %		22,512,089
Cebuano	21.35 %		19,665,453
Ilokano	8.77 %		8,074,536
Hiligaynon	8.44 %		7,773,655
Waray	3.97 %		3,660,645
Other local languages/dialects	26.09 %		24,027,005
Other foreign languages/dialects	0.09 %		78,862
Not reported/not stated	0.01 %		6,450
TOTAL	92,097,978
Source:

---

播放段落

The population growth rate is considerable. According to the CIA World Factbook, the population is currently above 104 million people. The average family size is 3.02, which will continue to influence the economic situation of the country. 
::人口增长率相当高,根据中央情报局《世界概况》,人口目前超过1.04亿,平均家庭人口为3.02人,这将继续影响国家的经济状况。

播放段落

The Global Economy and Outsourcing in the Philippines
::菲律宾的全球经济和外部承包

播放段落

The modest level of political stability has caused the Philippines to become an attractive destination for global corporations who seek to outsource their information and technology service jobs. Any work that can be conducted over the Internet or telephone can be outsourced to anywhere in the world with high-speed communication links. Countries that are attractive to business process outsourcing (BPO) are countries where the English language is prominent, where employment costs are low, and where there is an adequate labor base of skilled or educated workers that can be trained in the services required.
::政治稳定水平不高,导致菲律宾成为全球公司吸引的目的地,这些公司试图外包其信息和技术服务工作。 可以通过互联网或电话进行的任何工作都可以外包给世界上任何拥有高速通信链路的任何地方。 对业务流程外包有吸引力的国家是英语突出的国家,就业成本低,拥有足够的熟练或受过教育的工人的劳动基础,他们可以接受所需服务的培训。

播放段落

All three of these requirements are met by the labor force of the Philippines. The historical influence of the United States has provided a base of English language speakers. The country also has an adequate population base with the education or professional skills necessary to meet these demands. Corporate colonialism has the Philippines in its business focus and is finding a good source of available labor.
::所有这些要求都得到了菲律宾劳动力的满足。 美国的历史影响提供了讲英语的基地。 这个国家还有充足的人口基础,拥有满足这些要求所需的教育或专业技能。 公司殖民主义将菲律宾作为其商业重点,并正在找到良好的劳动力来源。

播放段落

In 2005, information technology and BPO amounted to about 34 billion dollars globally. Since 2005, that amount has increased dramatically, doubling and tripling in some countries by 2009. India has been a major destination for BPO, but the Philippines is gaining ground and increasing its infrastructure in an attempt to gain a larger share of the market. Other countries around the world are a part of this outsourcing market. This type of business activity shifts jobs from one country to another. A country might lose these types of jobs, but its corporations can remain competitive in the global marketplace if they can cut costs of operation by outsourcing their service work to a low-cost country.
::2005年,信息技术和BPO在全球达到约340亿美元,自2005年以来,这一数额大幅增加,在某些国家翻了一番,到2009年翻了三倍。印度是BPO的主要目的地,但菲律宾正在扩大基础设施,以扩大市场份额。世界其他国家也是这一外包市场的一部分。这种类型的商业活动将就业机会从一个国家转移到另一个国家。一个国家可能会失去这些类型的工作,但如果公司能够通过将服务工作外包给一个低成本国家来降低经营成本,它们就可以在全球市场上保持竞争力。

播放段落

Jeepneys
::吉普车

播放段落

The term jeepney is derived from the use of early US army jeeps left over from World War II that were used as base vehicles transformed into a type of taxi. These transformed vehicles took on a cultural identity as jeepneys with their flamboyant colors and extended seating. Jeepneys are now produced for this purpose and are the most widely used public transportation mode in the Philippines. An electric version of the jeepney is being developed for a number of Asian countries.
::吉普尼一词源于使用二战遗留下来的早期美国陆军吉普车,这些吉普车被用作改装成出租车的基地车辆,这些改装的车辆具有文化特性,具有闪亮的颜色和延长座位的吉普车,现在为此目的生产吉普车,是菲律宾最常用的公共交通模式,目前正在为一些亚洲国家开发吉普车的电动版本。

---

播放段落

Corporate giants in the United States like America Online, Texas Instruments, Citibank, Hewlett Packard, J.P. Morgan Chase & Co., and the McClatchy Company (third-largest US newspaper company) have been shifting call centers and other back-office functions to the Philippines. Other European companies like Germany’s global Siemens Corporation, Royal Dutch Shell, Swedish Telecom provider Ericsson Telecommunications, and Danish shipping giant Maersk are examples of corporations that have established outsourcing centers in the Philippines.
::美国的公司巨头,如美国在线公司、德克萨斯证券公司、花旗银行、花旗银行、惠普公司、摩根大通公司(J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. )和麦克拉奇公司(美国第三大报社公司)一直在将呼叫中心和其他后台功能转移到菲律宾。 其他欧洲公司,如德国全球西门子公司、荷兰皇家壳牌公司、瑞典电信供应商Ericsson电信公司和丹麦航运巨头Maersk公司,就是在菲律宾建立外包中心的例子。

播放段落

The economic savings can be considerable. BPO wages in the Philippines are one-fifth of the wages paid for the same jobs in the United States. Those same wages are double the national average wages for Philippine employees. A rise in the number of outsourced jobs is welcome news for the Philippines, whose economy is in need of a boost.
::经济储蓄可能相当可观。 菲律宾的BPO工资是美国为相同工作支付的工资的五分之一。 同样的工资是菲律宾雇员全国平均工资的两倍。 外包工作数量的增加对菲律宾来说是好消息,因为菲律宾的经济需要刺激。

播放段落

Timor-Leste
::东帝汶

---

---

播放段落

Timor-Leste is an island of southern Indonesia not far from Australia. The island is divided by its colonial history. The eastern half was a Portuguese colony beginning in the 16th century. Portuguese colonizers introduced Christianity in the form of Roman Catholicism. The western half was associated with Indonesia, which was a Dutch colony during the colonial era.
::东帝汶是印度尼西亚南部的岛屿,离澳大利亚不远,该岛被殖民历史分割开来,东半是16世纪开始的葡萄牙殖民地,葡萄牙殖民者以罗马天主教的形式引入了基督教,西半与印度尼西亚有关,在殖民时代,印度尼西亚是荷兰殖民地。

播放段落

The Japanese occupied the Dutch colony during World War II but had to give it up after they surrendered in 1945. Indonesia received its independence in 1949 and laid claim to the whole island of Timor. Timor-Leste made a declaration of independence in 1975 but was occupied by Indonesia. A bitter civil war erupted. A year later, Indonesia declared it its 27th province.
::第二次世界大战期间,日本占领了荷兰殖民地,但在1945年投降后不得不放弃。 印度尼西亚于1949年获得独立,并向整个帝汶岛提出主张。东帝汶于1975年宣布独立,但被印度尼西亚占领。一场激烈的内战爆发。一年之后,印度尼西亚宣布它为第27个省。

播放段落

The civil war resulted in the deaths of as many as 250,000 people. It was not until 1999 that Indonesia finally ceded its political control over Timor-Leste. The Australian military has been instrumental in securing Timor-Leste for independence and has been serving as a peacekeeping force for internal security for the past decade. The United Nations (UN) recognized Timor-Leste as a sovereign independent country in 2002.
::直至1999年,印度尼西亚才最终放弃对东帝汶的政治控制,澳大利亚军队在确保东帝汶独立方面发挥了作用,并在过去十年中一直充当维护国内安全的维持和平部队,联合国(联合国)于2002年承认东帝汶为主权独立国家。

播放段落

Timor-Leste has a population of about 1.291 million. About 98 percent of the population is Roman Catholic. The only other predominant Catholic country in Asia is the Philippines. About 90 percent of the population still works in agriculture. The country has had a difficult time establishing a stable government and reducing conflict. Almost all its infrastructure was damaged in the civil war and rebuilding has been slow. Poor and impoverished due to the civil war over independence, the country does have some opportunity derived from the large natural gas field in the vicinity. Timor-Leste has been working to gain control of its maritime boundaries to benefit from the offshore natural resources.
::东帝汶约有129 100万人口,约98%的人口是罗马天主教徒,亚洲唯一一个主要的天主教国家是菲律宾,约90%的人口仍然从事农业,该国在建立稳定政府、减少冲突方面经历了困难时期,几乎所有基础设施在内战和重建中都受到破坏,几乎所有基础设施都受到缓慢的破坏,独立后内战造成的贫困和贫困,该国确实有一些来自附近天然气大田的机会,东帝汶一直在努力控制其海洋边界,以便从近海自然资源中获益。

播放段落

Vocabulary Terms
::词汇术语术语

播放段落

Applying Knowledge
::应用知识

播放段落

Discussion and Study Questions
::讨论和研究问题

播放段落
1. Which European country colonized each of the Southeast Asian nations discussed in this lesson?
   ::在这一教训中讨论的每个东南亚国家,哪个欧洲国家殖民?
播放段落
2. What is the dominant religion in each country? Name the two Roman Catholic countries in Asia.
   ::每个国家的主要宗教是什么? 说出亚洲两个罗马天主教国家的名字。
播放段落
3. What cultural and ethnic issues does Malaysia need to address?
   ::马来西亚需要解决哪些文化和族裔问题?
播放段落
4. What type of economic activity has Singapore engaged in to gain wealth?
   ::新加坡为获取财富从事了何种经济活动?
播放段落
5. How does the growth triangle that Singapore is engaged in work? How does each partner benefit?
   ::新加坡从事工作的增长三角关系如何?每个伙伴如何受益?
播放段落
6. How does an entrepôt fit into the core-periphery spatial relationship in Southeast Asia?
   ::如何适应东南亚核心-周边空间关系?
播放段落
7. What environmental problems exist in Indonesia and the Philippines? Which are natural phenomena?
   ::印度尼西亚和菲律宾存在哪些环境问题?哪些是自然现象?
播放段落
8. Where are devolutionary forces active in Indonesia? How could the government address them?
   ::印度尼西亚的权力下放部队在哪里?政府如何解决这些问题?
播放段落
9. What are the three main regions of the Philippines? Which region has the largest population?
   ::菲律宾的三个主要区域是什么?哪个区域的人口最多?
播放段落
10. What qualities or conditions are necessary for BPO?
    ::BPO需要什么素质或条件?

播放段落

Real-World Geography Exercise
::现实世界地理演习

播放段落
1. Using , complete the following activities:
   播放段落
   1. Locate each place on the bulleted list below.
      ::在下面的子弹名单上 找到每个地方
   播放段落
   2. Find the nearest city with an international airport in proximity to each location on the bulleted list below.
      ::找到最近的城市,在下面子弹清单上每个地点附近有一个国际机场。
   播放段落
   3. Calculate the distance and travel time by plane to each city from the in Newark, New Jersey.
      ::计算从新泽西纽瓦克到每个城市的 飞机距离和旅行时间
   
   ::使用,完成以下活动: 定位以下圆点列表中的每个地点; 找到最近的城市, 在下面圆点列表中的每个地点附近有一个国际机场。 计算从新泽西纽瓦克飞往每个城市的飞机距离和飞行时间。
播放段落
2. Using , determine the latitude and longitude for each location on the bulleted list below.
   ::使用,确定以下子弹列表中每个位置的纬度和经度。
播放段落
3. Be prepared to share and discuss your answers.
   ::准备分享和讨论你的答案

播放段落
• Aceh
  ::亚齐
播放段落
• Bali
  ::巴厘岛
播放段落
• Borneo
  ::婆 婆 婆 婆
播放段落
• East Malaysia
  ::东马来西亚
播放段落
• Java
  ::爪哇
播放段落
• Luzon
  ::吕宋
播放段落
• Mindanao
  ::棉棉兰老
播放段落
• Pinang
  ::皮南
播放段落
• Quezon
  ::奎松
播放段落
• Sarawak
  ::沙捞越
播放段落
• Sabah
  ::沙巴
播放段落
• Sumatra
  ::苏门答拉
播放段落
• Visayas
  ::维沙耶斯群岛
播放段落
• West Papua
  ::西巴布亚

播放段落

Current Events
::当前事件