哲学起源:希腊人和我们

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The Origins of Philosophy: The Greeks and Us
::哲学起源:希腊人和我们

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The Greeks
::希腊人

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At the time of Socrates (472-399 BC) many Greeks were no longer believers in the stories of the gods and goddesses. Those stories had provided them with guidance for their lives. They had believed that they could not go against the decrees of the deities and that they should follow the examples of the gods and goddesses which they knew of through the stories they all heard and memorized and repeated. They accepted ideas such a fate and destiny . Now they were hearing the stories being challenged and some declared their disbelief. The playwrights were raising questions on the stages. Some thought they could choose from among the tales those stories that supported whatever courses of conduct they choose. They believed that they could show that some god or other approved of the conduct because the god had done something similar. There were many who believed that morality was individual and relative .
::在苏格拉底时代(公元前472-399年),许多希腊人不再相信众神和女神的故事,那些故事指引了他们的生活,他们相信自己不能违背众神的律例,他们应该效法众神和女神的榜样,他们从所听到的故事中知道这些神和女神的榜样,他们都听过这些故事,记忆和重复这些故事,他们接受这样的命运和命运的观念,现在他们正在听到那些被挑战的故事,有人宣布他们不信这些故事。戏剧在各阶段提出问题,有些人认为他们可以从故事中选择那些支持他们所选择的任何行为方式的故事。他们认为他们可以证明某些神或其他神因神做了类似的事情而赞同这些行为。许多人认为道德是个人和相对的。

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Greek culture was undergoing a major revolution during this time. They were transforming from an oral culture to a literate culture. They were acquiring paper and so they could write down the stories and the plays and important ideas. They no longer needed to memorize what they heard and repeat it as exactly as possible in order to transmit ideas. Plato could write down ideas and examine them. He could write questions and reasoned arguments for readers to reflect upon.
::希腊文化在这一时期正在经历一场重大革命。 他们正在从口述文化向识字文化转变。 他们正在获取纸张,这样他们就可以写下来故事、剧本和重要想法。 他们不再需要记住他们所听到的,并尽可能地重复这些想法来传递思想。 柏拉图可以写下来思想并加以研究。 他可以写问题和理由,让读者思考。

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Today, there are many people who no longer effectively believe in the stories of the one God. There are many who are convinced that there are no universal moral codes and people need to determine their own morality. Further, the world is being transformed from a literate culture to an electronic culture. We are at the beginning of a period in which we are attempting to develop a morality for the new age.  
::今天,许多人不再相信同一个上帝的故事,许多人相信没有普遍的道德准则,人们需要决定自己的道德准则。此外,世界正在从识字文化转变为电子文化。 我们正处于我们试图为新时代发展道德的时期的开始。

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Many no longer accept the idea of universal truth . We shall be examining how we arrived at this point starting back with the Greeks at the time of Socrates. What Philosophy became then and offered to people, is still true today and could offer to all of us if we were to pursue the philosophical approach to handling the issues and key questions. All of the key issues in Philosophy were quite apparent in the works of Plato and Aristotle . We shall take a rather brief look at the Greeks in order to understand how Philosophy arises within a culture and at the key issues. We shall also make comparisons to the present time in order to appreciate the relevance of all of this for each of us today.
::许多人不再接受普世真理的理念。 我们将审视我们是如何从苏格拉底时代希腊人开始的。当时的哲学和提供给人们的哲学今天仍然是真实的,如果我们想以哲学方法处理各种问题和关键问题,我们也可以向我们所有人提供。普拉托和亚里士多德的著作中,哲学中的所有关键问题都非常明显。我们将对希腊人进行相当简短的观察,以便了解哲学是如何在文化和关键问题中产生的。我们还将对当前时间进行比较,以便了解所有这些问题对我们今天每个人的意义。

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This text shall make use of a theory about education that pushes the belief that  learning moves through stages. These stages are:
::本案文应利用教育理论,这种理论促使人们相信,学习将贯穿各个阶段。

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• Romance
  ::罗姆
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• Precision
  ::精精度
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• Generalization
  ::普遍化

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It starts with
::开始于

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• curiosity
  ::好奇心
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• a story, and
  ::一个故事,一个故事,
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• a problem.
  ::问题。

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There is not much critical thinking at all. In the second stage there is a great deal of critical thinking focusing on the problem and paying attention to
::根本就没有太多的批判性思维。 在第二阶段,有大量的批判性思维侧重于这一问题,并关注

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• consistency
  ::一致性
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• coherency, and
  ::一致性,以及
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• non-contradiction.
  ::非相互抵触。

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In the last stage there is a return to the flights of imagination again as the mind applies what is developed in the second stage and then apply it further.
::在最后阶段,人们又恢复了想象力的飞跃,因为思想运用了第二阶段所形成的东西,然后又进一步运用了它。

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There will be a good deal of storytelling in the next chapter. You may find it very interesting and even a bit entertaining. In the remaining chapters the thinking will become more focused, intense, and demanding.
::下一章将有很多故事讲。 你可能会发现它非常有趣,甚至有些娱乐。 在其余各章中,思考将变得更加集中、紧张和苛刻。

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Belief Systems, Post Modernism, and Uncritical Thinking
::信仰系统、后现代主义和无批评思想

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As people grow and mature and learn they acquire beliefs and an entire belief system. They do so through receiving and accepting as true stories about how things are in this world and in a realm beyond this one and through the beliefs implicit in ordinary language and its usages. Thus are acquired assumptions and presuppositions for the thought processes entered into through life. In the beginning those acquiring such beliefs want to be accepted and even valued by the various groups of which they are or desire to be members, so there is an emphasis on acceptance of the beliefs shared by members of those groups and not on review or criticism of them. There is little, if any, reflective thought or critical thinking taking place. Little is needed if the majority of group members are operating with the beliefs without questioning of them.
::随着人们成长、成熟和学习,他们获得信仰和整个信仰体系,通过接受和接受关于这个世界和这个世界以外的一个领域的情况的真实故事,并通过普通语言及其用法所隐含的信念这样做,从而获得人生思想过程的假设和预言,获得这种信仰的人在开始时希望被他们所加入或希望加入的不同群体所接受甚至珍视,因此强调接受这些群体成员共有的信仰,而不是审查或批评这些信仰。几乎没有什么反映性思维或批判性思维发生,如果大多数群体成员是在不质疑其信仰的情况下运作,则不需要多少。

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Once acquired the belief systems function as a basis for the acquisition of additional beliefs. As another idea is presented it is placed within the context of the previously acquired beliefs and if the new candidate for inclusion is consistent with or coherent with the prior beliefs and ideas it is accepted as also being true. This is the C oherentist T heory of T ruth. The problem with that approach to truth is that there needs to be some other method for the establishment of the fundamental beliefs or else the entire structure of beliefs while internally coherent might not be supported by any evidence external to the beliefs themselves.
::一旦获得信仰,信仰体系就成为获取其他信仰的基础,另一个观点则被放在先前获得的信仰的背景下,如果新候选人被接纳为符合或符合先前信仰和思想,则被接受为事实,这就是 " 共性真理理论 " ,而这种了解真相的方法的问题是,需要用其他方法来确立基本信仰,或者整个信仰结构,而内部一致性则可能得不到信仰本身以外的任何证据的支持。

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As belief systems expand they can reach a point where beliefs and ideas have been accepted too hastily and when a culture or individual reach a point where reflective thought can be afforded inconsistencies and perhaps even outright contradictions may appear upon reflection. Upon the first realization of problems, the belief systems will not be abandoned altogether and will not even be thrown into serious doubt.  Rather there will be attempts to preserve the belief system through the introduction of qualifiers and alternate interpretations designed to account for what are to be termed “ apparent ” discrepancies. This process will continue until the introduction of the qualifiers and alternative interpretations reaches a point where they generate the need for even further such qualifiers and the process then becomes so burdensome that the fundamental belief s and ideas may then come under the most careful scrutiny and there is an acceptance of a need for an alternate set of beliefs that are more internally coherent and satisfying to demands of reason and the desire for external grounding. 
::随着信仰体系的扩大,信仰体系可以发展到这样一种地步,即信仰和思想被过于仓促地接受,当一种文化或个人达到一个点,反思的思想可以产生不一致之处,或许甚至可能出现彻底的矛盾,反之,反之可能出现反射;在第一次意识到问题之后,信仰体系不会完全被抛弃,甚至不会被严重怀疑;相反,人们会试图通过引入限定词和替代解释来维护信仰体系,以说明所谓的“明显”差异;这一进程将继续下去,直到引入限定词和替代解释达到一个点,从而产生甚至进一步需要这种限定词和过程的难度,从而使得基本信仰和思想随后可能受到最仔细的审视,人们也接受需要一套替代的信仰,这些信仰在内部更加一致,更能满足理性的要求和外部基础的愿望。

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This occurred in the time of Socrates when the many stories about the gods and goddesses were seen through the eyes of critical reasoning to be inconsistent and incoherent. For Socrates a basis for the grounding of morality and the social order was needed other than that provided by the stories of the Greek deities. In addition to sharing this realization with Socrates , Plato saw that the ideas and theories of the Pre-Socratics were inconsistent and there was needed an alternate view of what made anything real and how one could know anything.
::这发生在苏格拉底时代,当时许多关于神和女神的故事在批判性推理的眼中被看成前后不一致和不一致。因为苏格拉底是道德和社会秩序的基础,而不是希腊神的故事所提供的基础。除了与苏格拉底分享这一认识外,柏拉图还看到最高独裁者的思想和理论不一致,需要从另一个角度看待什么使一切成为现实,人们如何知道任何事情。

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Now for Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle the idea of the Greek deities came to make little sense in the light of reason and so the idea of a more abstract entity emerges with them as more satisfying as an explanation of origins and order. Their ideas satisfy the dictates of reason for which they abandoned the blind adherence  to the stories of their ancestors. These are developments that mark the origins of philosophical thought in the West.
::现在对于苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德来说,希腊神的理念在理性方面变得毫无意义,因此,一个更抽象的实体的概念随着它们的出现而更加令人满意,就像对起源和秩序的解释一样。 他们的思想满足了他们放弃盲目信奉其祖先故事的理由。 这些是西方哲学思想起源的发展。

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With other western religious belief systems there were also prompts to the development of a critical thought tradition. The early Hebrew Deity is one that has apparent weaknesses and is not at all perfect in every way. It is jealous and vindictive and unjust.  For the Christians the idea of the Hebrew D eity was not going to be acceptable to those who had come under the influence of the Greek manner of thought. The Christians take the idea of the all perfect being, the source of all that is true, good and beautiful, from the Greeks and layer it over the idea of the single deity of the Hebrews.  The ideas about the qualities of the early Hebrew god when combined ideas about the Greek ideal deity have made for many problems. The Western traditions treat the Scriptures as being in some sense divinely inspired or authored and thus, for many in those traditions who are conservative and literalist s, they carry the ideas of the early Hebrew deity along with them leading to complications as there arises the need to explain how an all good deity and an all merciful deity can be so cruel and vindictive as in some of the stories in the early books or chapters of the scriptures. The Problem of Evil arises as an attempt to give an account that makes sense as to how an all perfect being could exist at the same time that there exists moral evil .  Troubles with a simple belief prompt critical reflection and the desire to use reason to support the belief system.  Consideration of the troublesome issues led to Augustine and Aquinas moving beyond the traditions of faith and into philosophical thought and a reliance on reason to interpret and defend key beliefs in the Christian tradition.
::早期的希伯来神神是一种明显的弱点,并非完全完美的方式。它是嫉妒和报复性的,也是不公正的。对于基督徒来说,希伯来神的概念不会被那些受希腊思想影响的人所接受。基督教徒认为所有完美的想法,这是所有真实、良好和美丽的事物的来源,来自希腊人,并且将它与希伯来人单一神性的思想相交。早期希伯来神灵的品质,当关于希腊理想神灵的观念结合在一起时,它就是一个明显的弱点,并非完全完美。它是嫉妒和报复性的,这是很多问题的。西方传统认为希伯来神神神灵的概念在某种意义上是神圣的,或是虚构的,因此,对于那些受希腊思想影响的人来说,它们不会接受希伯来神神灵的观念。 早期希伯来神灵的思想是完美的,是所有这一切的源泉,从希腊人和所有善良的神灵的观念的起源,它是如何残酷和坚定的信仰的品质,正如某些故事一样,在早期的理论或圣经的章节中将圣经的信念变成一种正统的信念的信念。

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In recent times people acquire beliefs and ideas that are originating from several different belief systems and periods: the classical , modern , and postmodern . Unfortunately, most start out by an unconscious acceptance that has them holding beliefs without question despite the many inconsistencies and incoherent features of the resultant collection. They accept the ideas as true as they originate from authorities and as they are shared in by peers . They accept out of a desire to be accepted and to please. The general postmodern culture promotes uncritical thought patterns and so there are no prompts for reflective or critical thought.
::近些年来,人们获得来自不同信仰体系和时期的信仰和思想:古典、现代和后现代。 不幸的是,大多数人一开始是无意识地接受信仰,尽管由此而来的集合有许多不一致和不一致的特点,但他们毫无疑义地持有信仰。他们接受来自当局和同龄人共享的真实思想。他们出于接受和取悦的愿望而接受。一般的后现代文化提倡不批评的思想模式,因此没有反映或批评思想的动力。

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Among the contradictory beliefs are the ideas that are held simultaneously of relativism and absolutism , empiricism and idealis m, free will  and determinism, materialism and a dualism. Among the many odd combinations of beliefs are:
::互相矛盾的信仰包括相对主义和绝对主义、经验主义和理想主义、自由意志和确定主义、物质主义和二元主义。

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• A single deity must exist and everyone is entitled to believe in whatever they wish concerning the deity and it will be true.
  ::必须存在一个单一的神,每个人都有权相信他们对神的任何愿望,这将是真实的。
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• Reality consists of physical and spiritual entities and reality is whatever any group agrees that it is.
  ::现实由物质和精神实体组成,现实是任何群体都同意的现实。
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• There are moral wrong or evil acts and whatever people think is morally correct is morally correct for them.
  ::存在着道德上的错误或罪恶的行为,人们认为道德上正确的任何事物在道德上都对他们来说是正确的。
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• There are evil acts and there is no one way to declare anything to be evil.
  ::有邪恶的行为存在,没有一条途径可以宣告任何邪恶。
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• We must make moral judgments for our safety and survival and that no one should make moral judgments about other people and their behaviors.
  ::我们必须为我们的安全和生存作出道德判断,任何人都不应对其他人及其行为作出道德判断。
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• There are true and false claims and truth is not objective.
  ::有真实和虚假的说法,而真相不是客观的。
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• There is knowledge and there is no absolute or objective or certain knowledge.
  ::有知识,没有绝对的、客观的或特定的知识。
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• Science is to be valued and trusted and folklore, mythology, and spiritualism are equally acceptable sources of knowledge.
  ::科学应当受到重视和信任,民俗、神话和精神主义是同样可以接受的知识来源。
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• Human behavior is the result of causal factors and humans are totally free to decide for themselves what they will do.
  ::人类的行为是因果因素造成的,人类完全可以自由决定自己将做什么。

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Philosophy emerges within a culture when the belief systems no longer answer all the important questions and there are realized to be problems with the accepted set of beliefs. One of the many problems with the post-modern belief set is that there are no contradictions or difficulties with belief sets that need to be addressed because contradictions and inconsistencies are acceptable as there are no objective criteria for thought to satisfy and so there is no need for the formal school system to be developing critical thinking concerning them. Instead there is an exaggerated and harmful accenting of the value of tolerance of all beliefs and beliefs systems. Opinions are not to be distinguished from proven claims, there being no objective knowledge, and every claim is merely opinion. The inherite d belief s and beliefs systems are not examined within the formal educational system as it is infused throughout with postmodern relativism. Many of the teachers are themselves possessed of the incoherent belief systems.
::当信仰体系不再回答所有重要问题,而人们意识到接受的信仰体系存在问题时,哲学就出现在一种文化中。后现代信仰体系的许多问题之一是,信仰体系中不存在需要解决的矛盾或困难,因为矛盾和不一致是可以接受的,因为没有客观的思考标准可以满足这些矛盾和不一致,因此,正规学校体系没有必要对它们发展批判性思维。相反,对所有信仰和信仰体系的宽容价值的强调过于夸大和有害。不能将意见与经证实的主张区分开来,没有客观的知识,而每一项主张都只是意见。在正规教育体系中,遗留下来的信仰和信仰体系并不受到审查,因为它在后现代的相对主义中被渗透。许多教师自己也拥有不相容的信仰体系。

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So, many students arrive in high schools and colleges with poor habits of mind and beset with beliefs that are incoherent and contradictory.  Further, they are possessed of beliefs that make the development of their critical thinking skills very difficult. They believe that all claims are opinions and that there is no reason for them to examine ideas and beliefs that they hold as they are entitled to hold whatever beliefs they choose to hold and they choose to remain within their social sets and to do so they believe that they need to continue to hold the belief systems that are popular with those groupings and in some cases define those groups.
::因此,许多学生来到高中和学院时,思想习惯很差,而且充满了不一致和矛盾的信仰。此外,他们持有的信仰使得发展其批判性思维技能非常困难。 他们认为,所有主张都是意见,他们没有理由审查他们认为自己有权持有的理念和信仰,因为他们选择持有的信仰属于自己选择持有的信仰,他们选择留在自己的社会组合中,因此他们认为,他们需要继续维持这些团体所喜爱的信仰体系,在某些情况下,界定这些群体。

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Mental habits and belief systems are not easily disturbed or called into serious question when they perform useful functions for the believer and do so in a powerful manner. If a belief system offers hope and consolation in the face of death of a loved one or anticipated death of one’s own self then there is a very strong impulse to retain those beliefs for fear of the intellectual chaos that is feared would result by the rejection of the familiar belief system. Further, there is the fear that in accepting another belief system one is disloyal to those groups to which one belongs that hold that belief set in common. Perhaps most influential in the decision to retain the beliefs that comfort one is the desire to have a soul that survives the death of the physical body and to have an eternal life in unimaginable pleasure which are thought to be lost if the belief system is rejected for another in which such desires are not guaranteed to be fulfilled.
::精神习惯和信仰体系在为信仰者履行有益职能并强有力地这样做时,不会轻易受到干扰或受到严重质疑。如果信仰体系在面对亲人死亡或预期自己死亡时带来希望和安慰,那么就会有一种非常强烈的动力来保持这些信仰,因为担心由于对熟悉信仰体系的拒绝而可能造成智力混乱。 此外,人们担心,接受另一个信仰体系会与持有共同信仰的所属群体不忠。 也许在决定保持以下信念方面最有影响力:安慰一个人的愿望是让一个在肉体死亡后生存下来的人得到安慰,并在难以想象的快乐中拥有永恒的生命,如果信仰体系被拒绝,而另一个没有保证满足这种愿望的人则被认为将失去这种快乐。

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The ability to have control over one’s beliefs may also be so valued that many would exercise the choice to maintain the old comforting beliefs as a display of that ability thus maintaining the illusion of control rather than to view the choice of examination and possible revision or rejection of the belief system as another experience offering evidence of the ability to control some aspect of one’s life. It is far simpler and economical to conserve beliefs than to consider revisions thereof. Accepting and continuing beliefs that one is presented with is far less taxing in effort than the careful and critical examination of belief systems and the evaluation and decision making involved in the development and maintenance of a belief systems that is coherent and supported by evidence.
::控制一个人的信仰的能力也可能被如此重视,以至于许多人会选择维持旧的安慰信仰,以此来显示这种能力,从而保持控制幻想,而不是将选择检查和可能修改或拒绝信仰体系视为另一种经验,以证明有能力控制一个人生活的某些方面;保存信仰比考虑修改要简单得多,也更经济。 接受和继续表达的信仰比认真和批判地审查信仰体系以及评估与决策有关的发展和维护具有一致性和证据支持的信仰体系要少得多。

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People want to hold whatever beliefs that they choose to hold and give no account for them other than to assert their right to hold whatever beliefs they choose and to insist that they must be tolerated in doing so by all others. One of the accepted beliefs is that of tolerance as a value of the highest social importance. Tolerance is a value expounded upon in a postmodern culture as supportive of the relativism that is an essential component of the postmodern epistemology, metaphysics, and ethics. Tolerance is not to be questioned as a value as it is promoted as a cornerstone to a desirable social arrangement.
::人们希望持有他们选择持有的任何信仰,不给任何他们任何责任,而只是主张他们有权持有他们选择的任何信仰,并坚持所有其他人必须容忍他们这样做。公认的信仰之一是容忍作为最重要的社会价值。容忍是后现代文化中阐述的一种价值观,它支持后现代思想、形体和道德的基本组成部分的相对主义。容忍不应被质疑为一种价值观,因为它被提倡为理想社会安排的基石。

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Yet tolerance itself is a disvalue as post modernists would have promoted it. Tolerance is not respect. To be tolerant is to put up with something. It does not include accepting it or considering it as valuable or worthy. Tolerance of people and beliefs is promoted but it is misguided and harmful whenever to be tolerant of behaviors and ideas would hurt individuals and groups in physical and emotional ways. Those who advocate tolerance cannot possibly be sincere I doing so. This is so because they do not advocate being tolerant of:
::宽容不是尊重,宽容就是容忍,它并不包括接受容忍,也不包括接受容忍,也不认为容忍是有价值的或值得的。 宽容促进人与信仰的宽容,但容忍行为和思想会以肉体和情感的方式伤害个人和群体,而当容忍行为和思想时,容忍是误导和有害的。 主张容忍的人不可能真诚,我这样做是因为他们不提倡容忍:

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• Rapists
  ::排长者
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• Murderers
  ::杀人凶手
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• Child molesters
  ::骚扰儿童者
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• Racists
  ::种族主义者
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• Misogynists
  ::否认女阴主义者
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• Intolerant Groups and Individuals
  ::不容忍群体和个人

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They cannot be tolerant of such people and expect their promotion of tolerance to be accepted by others.  
::他们不能容忍这种人,期望其他人接受他们提倡容忍。

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Postmodern pluralists continue to promote tolerance as if it were unqualified for they do not and expect no one else will subject their promotion to critical examination for such an examination would not be popular or “politically correct”. They continue to promote tolerance as if it were unqualified for they do not hold careful and critical thought as being valuable as they believe that such thought challenges relativism. They also mistakenly believe that critical thinking is somehow intolerant of individuals, groups and behaviors and beliefs they wish to have accepted. The formal educational system promotes an uncritical tolerance and the belief in such and value of such.
::后现代多元主义继续促进容忍,仿佛它没有资格,而且预期没有人会因为这种考试而对其晋升进行批判性审查,因为这种考试既不受欢迎,也不会“政治上正确”,他们继续提倡容忍,好像没有资格,因为他们认为这种思想挑战相对主义是有价值的,认为这种思想是有价值的,他们也错误地认为,批评思想在某种程度上不容忍他们希望接受的个人、团体、行为和信仰,正规教育系统提倡一种不加批评的容忍以及对这种容忍的信念和价值的信念。

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Philosophy, Opinions and Right Answers
::哲学、观点和正确答案

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Most folks think very little about Philosophy. Of those who do many have some erroneous ideas about the discipline and its history. One of the most troublesome, for Philosophers, is the mistaken idea is that it is about opinions. This idea when followed by the ideas that opinions are all humans have with which to think and all opinions are pretty much of equal value, these two ideas run directly opposed to what philosophers are attempting to do. Philosophers quest after wisdom, which for John Dewey is the quest to use what we know to gain what we most value . Philosophers do this by using critical thinking concerning all that humans claim to know and to value. This quickly becomes a quite involved process, examining the meaning of the word "knowledge" and other ideas such as; reality, truth, certainty, and value, among many other basic terms. Philosophers take positions on the questions, issues, and problems faced by the most critical of thinkers examining the most basic concerns that humans can entertain with thoughtful reflection.
::大多数人对哲学的思考很少。 在那些对学科及其历史有错误想法的人中, 哲学家认为,对于哲学家来说,最麻烦的一个是错误的观念是它就是关于观点的。这个想法在后来被所有观点都包含在思想上的想法中,而所有观点都具有相当的同等价值,这两个想法与哲学家试图做的事情直接相反。哲学家追求智慧,而对于约翰·迪威来说,哲学家就是寻求利用我们所知道的东西来获得我们最有价值的东西。哲学家这样做的方式是,用批判性思维来思考人类声称知道和珍视的所有事物。这很快成为一个相当涉及的过程,审查“知识”一词和其他概念的含义,例如:现实、真理、确定性和价值,以及其他许多基本术语。哲学家对问题、问题和问题采取立场,而那些研究人类能够以深思深思的方式思考的最关键思想家们所面临的问题。

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Philosophers use critical thinking and reason and evidence to support the claims that they make and the positions that they hold. This is quite different than merely making a claim, a statement, which is supported by nothing and thus an expression of the speaker's opinion. Philosophers are willing to examine all claims and all positions with their supporting reasoning and evidence. They examine it looking for any flaws or problems. They want the most satisfactory and at times satisfying answers and solutions, to the questions and problems.
::哲学家使用批判性思维、理性和证据来支持他们提出的主张和他们的立场,这与仅仅提出主张和立场完全不同,而只是提出主张和声明,这种声明毫无依据,因而是发言人意见的表达。哲学家愿意用他们支持的推理和证据来审查所有主张和立场。他们研究它,寻找任何缺陷或问题。他们希望得到最令人满意的、有时满足问题的答案和解决办法。

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Philosophy: Looking for the Best Rafts
::哲学:寻找最优秀的拉夫

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With Plato and his mentor Socrates we have a description of what Philosophy is about.Humans are on a journey.   En route they face obstacles to overcome.  Major questions, problems, and issues are like rivers that need to be crossed.  Now along one side of the river there are these rafts. When you reach the river you may select any raft you want to use to get across the river. There are many different types.  There are more than enough for everyone. They differ in color, shape, materials, method of construction and size. You want to select the best possible raft with which to cross the river. No raft is perfect. Each raft has a problem. Each raft takes on water. Some take on a lot and some very little. Some are put together in a very shoddy manner and some are very well constructed.
::柏拉图和他的导师苏格拉底(Socrates) 我们有一个关于哲学的描述。 人类正在旅行中。 人类在路上面临要克服的障碍。 主要问题、 问题和问题就像需要跨越的河流。 现在沿河的一面有这些木筏。 当你们到达河边时, 您可以选择任何您想用来渡河的木筏。 有许多不同的种类。 每个人有足够的钱。 它们有不同的颜色、 形状、 材料、 建筑方法和大小。 您想要选择最好的木筏, 以便渡河。 没有木筏是完美的。 每个木筏都有问题。 每个木筏都坐上水, 有些花了很多, 有些少许。 有些木筏是混在一起的, 有些是建筑精密的。

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Some people select the raft to use based on its color. They like certain colors and have a favorite and that is all they care about. Others select their rafts based on size and they want the biggest one they can find. Each who selects has a reason and a method for the selection. What a reasonable sensible person should want is the best possible raft that will carry its occupants across the river safely.
::有些人根据木筏的颜色选择木筏。他们喜欢某些颜色,喜欢一个最喜爱的木筏,这就是他们关心的。其他人则根据大小选择他们的木筏,他们想要他们能找到的最大木筏。每个选择的木筏都有选择的理由和方法。一个合理明智的人应该希望的是能够安全地将木筏带过河的最好的木筏。

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Philosophy is a method of thinking used to make the best possible selection of the raft which is the answer to the most basic questions that humans have about life, knowledge, truth, goodness, beauty, etc... Philosophers hope to develop the best possible position and hope that it will do well when tested. Over the centuries those positions philosophers thought were the best have been revealed to have problems. New rafts were constructed and tested and found wanting again.
::哲学是一种思维方法,用来尽可能最佳地选择木筏,这是人类对生命、知识、真理、善良、美等最基本的问题的答案。 哲学家希望发展尽可能好的地位,希望测试时能做得好。 几个世纪以来,哲学家认为最优秀的地位暴露了问题。 新木筏的建造、测试和发现再次缺乏。

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So, Philosophy is the quest for the best possible raft, knowing that it is highly probable that there is no perfect raft. As humans advance and progress and gather more experiences and develop more critical analysis and evaluation techniques philosophical positions are examined more closely and tested more thoroughly. Philosophy is a process. It is a method of thinking and as our knowledge grows so too will philosophy take all of it into consideration as the method attempts to produce the best possible  answers to the most important questions.
::因此,哲学是寻求尽可能最好的救生艇,知道没有完美的救生艇的可能性极小。 随着人类的进步和进步以及积累更多的经验和积累更多的经验和开发更批判性分析和评估技术的哲学立场,人们会更加仔细地研究并更彻底地测试。 哲学是一个过程。 哲学是一种思考方法,随着我们的知识增长,哲学也会在试图对最重要的问题提出尽可能最佳的答案时,将所有这一切考虑进去。

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Some folks look for the "correct” answer to a question or the "right" solution to a problem. Philosophers have learned that what they do is look for the best "possible" answers and solutions. So we shall look now at how Socrates developed a better method for finding the best answers and then we shall examine several important questions or issues and look at what philosophers have done with them over time. In all of this the focus should be on the method of thinking that aims to arrive at the best possible, if not perfect, answers, solutions and positions.
::某些人寻找“ 正确” 的答案来回答问题或解决问题的“ 正确” 。 哲学家已经知道,他们所做的就是寻找最佳的“ 可能” 答案和解决方案。 因此,我们现在将研究苏格拉底如何发展出更好的方法来找到最佳答案,然后我们再研究几个重要的问题或问题,看看哲学家在一段时间里做了些什么。 在所有这些方面,重点应该放在旨在找到最佳(如果不是完美的话)答案、解决方案和立场的思维方法上。

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But perhaps some prefer the comforts of beliefs even of blind faith to the effort at reaching positions closer to the truth. For many this choice is a dilemma or choice has been story of Adam and Eve and again represented in the Matrix.
::但或许有些人更喜欢信仰的安慰,即使是盲目的信仰,也更喜欢努力达成接近真理的立场。 对许多人来说,这种选择是一种两难选择,或者选择是亚当和夏娃的故事,并再次出现在矩阵中。

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Dilemma: The Blue Pill or the Red Pill
::困境:蓝药丸或红药丸

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In The Matrix Universe, an authorized member of a Zion crew offers a prospective human in the Matrix a choice of ingesting a red pill. Doing so activates a trace program that allows the crew to locate the human's body in the Matrix power plant. Once the person is found, commands are sent to the pod to awaken the person.
::在母体宇宙中,一个被授权的锡安船员在母体中向未来的人类提供一种服用红色药片的选择。这样做可以启动一个追踪程序,让船员在母体发电厂中找到人体。一旦发现此人,就会向舱中发出命令,唤醒此人。

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The prospective human offered the Red pills appear to have either seen "glitches" from the Matrix (e.g. a book continuously reappearing on a shelf, regardless of attempts to remove the book), or have such a nature and/or awareness as to question their life within the Matrix, and refuse to dismiss the strange events - basically those who have figured out the illusion of the Matrix.
::可能提供红药丸的人似乎要么看到母体的“滑翔石”(例如,一本书在架子上不断出现,而不管试图删除书本),要么具有在母体内质疑其生命的本质和/或意识,拒绝否认奇怪的事件,基本上就是那些了解母体幻觉的人。

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According to the character Morpheus, exiting the Matrix can be traumatic, particularly to those who have lived in it for too long. As a rule, crews normally only offer the red pill to those no older than teenage. After that, the risk of denial and psychotic episodes from the reality of separation could increase. This rule was violated by Morpheus in rescuing Neo, who was approximately 30 years old.
::根据Morpheus的性格,离开母体可能会造成创伤,对那些长期生活在母体中的人来说尤其如此。 一般来说,船员通常只向年龄不到十几岁的人提供红色药丸。 之后,从分离现实中产生否认和精神病的风险会增加。 摩菲斯在拯救Neo时违反了这一规则,Neo大约30岁。

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VIEW: Video 
::VEEW:视频

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The question is asking us whether reality, truth, knowledge are worth pursuing. The blue pill will leave us as we are, in a life consisting of simple belief and blind faith and unexamined habits with what we have been handed and memorize and hold as truth. The blue pill leaves us with the comfort of the many things we believe we will receive if we take part in the everyday world and do not examine much at all. We choose this pill if we believe that we do not need truth to live. The blue pill lets us keep our identities and our allegiances with family and friends undisturbed. 
::问题在于我们是否值得追求现实、真理、知识。蓝药丸将让我们像我们一样生活在一个简单信念、盲目信仰和未受检查的习惯组成的生活中,以我们已掌握的东西来看待我们,并记住和持有的真相。蓝药丸给我们带来了我们认为参与日常生活和不做多少检查会得到的许多事物的安慰。如果我们认为我们不需要真理来生存,我们选择了这种药丸。蓝药丸让我们保持我们的身份以及我们与家人和朋友的忠诚。

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Read
::已读

•  
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• Surveys indicate many people prefer the comfort of the world of the BLUE Pill Click for a survey.
  ::调查表明,许多人更喜欢BLUE Pill点击世界的舒适度来进行调查。

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The Garden of Eden
::常住的乐园--常住的乐园--

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The Blue Pill or the Red Pill question in the story of the Matrix echoes the old story from the Bible of the Western Religious traditions and the choice of the fruit from either the Tree of Knowledge or from the Tree of Belief in Everlasting Life in the Garden of Eden.
::" 母体 " 故事中的蓝药或红药丸问题重复了西方宗教传统圣经中的老故事,以及从知识之树或从伊甸园后世信仰之树中选择水果。

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The “Tree of Knowledge” or the “Tree of Life” (see text below from Genesis).
::" 知识之旅 " 或 " 生命之旅 " (见以下 " 创世纪 " 的案文)。

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In the middle of the Garden of Eden was the tree of life and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. The Tree of knowledge was of knowledge desirable for gaining wisdom of all things and of good and evil. Genesis 3:5 “ For God knows that when you eat of it your eyes will be opened, and you will be like God, knowing good and evil ."
::常住的乐园中,有生命的树,有善恶的树,有知识的树,对于万事是更有益的,有智慧的树,对于万事是更可取的,有善良的,有邪恶的。创世3:5:5:真主知道当你们吃园里的果实的时候,你们将睁开眼睛,你们将象真主一样。你们知道善恶。

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The “Tree of Life” was the tree of “Belief” and the comfort of believing that one will live forever. Those who chose the “Tree of Knowledge” were expelled from Eden and barred from getting back to the fruit of belief in everlasting life by "a flaming sword flashing back and forth to guard the way to the tree of life.” Genesis, 3:21.
::“生命之旅”是“贝利夫”的树,是相信一个人将永生的安慰。 选择“知识之旅”的人被驱逐出伊甸园,并被“一把闪烁的剑来回闪烁,以保卫通往生命之树的道路”阻止回到信仰永生之果。 创世纪,3:21。

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The purpose for offering this reference to Genesis is to raise the comparison of the choices being given: Knowledge and Belief. There is no intent here to suggest that Knowledge is morally incorrect or evil or sinful. The contrast is offered as between an approach to life based on faith motivated by a hope of some positive consequence or result such as everlasting life versus an approach to life guided by knowledge. Some may criticize either choice as being in some way incorrect or offering the lesser of a life. Some may even characterize one choice as being morally incorrect. Such criticism is avoided here as not relevant. The choices are presented here as relevant to what Philosophy is about.
::“创世纪”的提法目的是要提高所作出选择的比较:知识和信仰。这里无意暗示知识在道德上是不正确或邪恶或罪恶。对基于希望产生某种积极后果或结果的信仰的生活方式,如永生与以知识为指南的生活方式,提出了不同的看法。有些人可能批评选择在某种方式上是不正确的,或者提供一种较次要的生活方式。有些人甚至可能认为一种选择在道德上是不正确的。这里避免了这种批评。这里提出的选择与哲学的意义有关。

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Philosophy: The Blue Pill or the Red Pill?
::蓝药丸还是红药丸?

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The Red Pill is the path of philosophy and reasoning and critical thinking and science and testing. The Blue Pill is that of simple and uncritical belief and emotional decision making. Which shall it be? Education and the Liberal Arts and Sciences are about the Red Pill.
::红药丸是哲学、推理、批判性思维、科学与测试的路径。 蓝药丸是简单、无批判的信念和情感决策的路径。 哪种应该呢? 教育和自由艺术与科学是关于红药丸的。

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One of the core themes of The Matrix is the concept that if you want to transform your world, you must first identify how you have been programmed, decide whether the programming is accurate, then decide whether to reprogram yourself. Your ideas will be challenged in a Philosophy class and in many other classes. How will you respond to the challenge that education poses to your beliefs ... to your blue pill world?
::信息总库的核心主题之一是一个概念,即如果你想改变你的世界,你必须首先确定你是如何被编程的,决定编程是否准确,然后决定是否重新编程。你的想法将在哲学课和其他许多课程中受到挑战。你将如何应对教育对你的信仰构成的挑战...你的蓝色药丸世界?

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You already should be aware that things are not always as they appear to be or as we are led to believe. Think of one such thing in your life. This should open up to the possibility that not all beliefs that we hold to be true are actually true and that it might be of some value to question beliefs and to examine them to determine which beliefs have more evidence and reason to support them and distinguish them from others with less support. Philosophy is a method for doing that examination concerning some of the most basic questions and issues human have ever confronted.
::你们应该意识到,事情并不总是像他们看起来那样,或者我们被引导去相信。想想你们生活中的一件事情。这应该有可能,我们所认为的真实信念并非都是真实的,质疑信仰和检查信仰以确定哪些信仰有较多的证据和理由支持信仰,哪些信仰有较多理由支持信仰,哪些信仰与他人区别,哪些信仰没有多少支持。哲学是研究人类所面临的一些最基本问题的一种方法。

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WARNING: The Dangers of the Blue Pill
::蓝药丸的危险

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Thinking that the Blue Pill is the way to go, it will provide you with comfort, security and stability and order will involve great costs to those that use that approach to life. It will imperil a society dominated by this type of uncritical thinking. It exposes those who use it to greater risks of infections and diseases as they will not use the latest scientific findings about the causes of illnesses and the spread of disease. It permits people to hold stereotypical and prejudicial notions of other peoples and to act on false claims. It supports racist and sexist ideas and practices and other forms of irrational discrimination and injustices based on uncritical beliefs. It subjects practitioners of the Blue Pill path to victimization by charlatans and hucksters and those that operate Ponzi schemes based on irrational hope. The Blue Pill path is attractive to those with concern for self over others and for the present over the long term but it too often proves to be quite the opposite of what was hoped for when choosing the Blue Pill.
::认为蓝皮片是前进的道路,它将给那些使用这种生活方式的人带来舒适、安全和稳定及秩序的沉重代价,它会危及一个以这种无批判思维为主的社会,使那些使用它的人面临更大的感染和疾病风险,因为他们不会利用关于疾病和疾病传播原因的最新科学发现,它允许人们持有其他民族的陈规定型和偏见观念,并根据错误的主张采取行动,它支持种族主义和性别歧视观念和做法以及基于非批评信仰的其他形式的非理性歧视和不公正,它让蓝皮条道路的从业人员成为流氓和哈克手以及那些利用庞氏计划的人的牺牲品,而这些人是出于非理性的希望。蓝皮条路径对于那些关心自己而不是其他人的人来说具有吸引力,而且从长远看,它往往证明它与选择蓝皮片时所希望的完全相反。

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Belief and Doubt
::信仰和怀疑与怀疑

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Belief and Doubt are opposing psychological states. They cannot exist with regard to the same idea at the same time. Philosophy rests on a Process of Inquiry using the dialectical method for thought. I nquiry is a process the mind can enter into to get from doubt to belief. For the method and the frame of mind of Philosophy whatever position is arrived at should be subject to continuing process of inquiry and examination. You cannot doubt your doubts. You can subject doubt to inquiry in order to resolve it one way or another and arrive at a belief. You can doubt or question a belief and subject it to critical examination. You cannot believe a doubt. You simply doubt.
::信仰和怀疑是心理状态的对立,不能同时存在同一思想。哲学依靠的是使用辩证思考方法的调查过程。调查是思想从怀疑到相信的过程。无论所处位置如何和思想框架,都应经过不断的调查和检查。你不可怀疑自己的怀疑。你可质疑调查,以便以某种方式解决问题,并达成信念。你可以怀疑或质疑信仰,并接受批判性的检查。你绝不能相信怀疑。你只是怀疑而已。

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So, Philosophy is about thinking about beliefs and settling on a belief using reasoning and evidence wherever possible. It is also about continuing the process of review of beliefs or positions taken using the continuing dialectical method in the midst of a community of inquirers that serve to reinforce the critical element in careful thinking...
::因此,哲学是思考信仰,并尽可能利用推理和证据解决信仰问题。 哲学还涉及继续审查信仰或立场的进程,在调查者群体中采用持续的辩证方法,帮助加强仔细思考的关键因素。

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READ
::读读

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Philosophy Application
::哲学应用

 

 

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1. If you were faced with the Red or Blue pill choice which would you take and why?  Be specific.
::1. 如果面对红色或蓝色药丸的选择,你会选择何种药丸和为什么?

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2. When facing a difficult decision, as suggested by the footprints and arrows, what process do you use to make your choice? Be honest and describe how you work thru to a solution/choice.
::2. 如脚印和箭头所示,在面临困难决定时,你采用什么程序来作出选择?诚实地描述你如何努力找到解决办法/选择。

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3. Compare and contrast the Biblical account of the choice between Tree of Knowledge vs the Tree of Life and The Matrix red vs blue pill. Be specific and account for what differences were brought about by advances in civilization.
::3. 比较和对比《圣经》中关于知识树与生命树和 " 矩阵红与蓝药丸 " 之间选择的描述。 具体说明并解释文明进步带来的差异。

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Vocabulary
::词汇表