章节大纲

  • A historical chess score sheet from a 1924 tournament, detailing moves and players.

    How do chess players monitor their moves in a game?
    ::象棋玩家如何监测游戏中的动作 ?

    Suppose you were walking along and noticed a piece of paper on the ground with markings on it.  You pick it up and see the paper in the picture above.
    ::假设你走过去,发现地上有一张纸,上面有标记。你把它捡起来,看到上面照片中的纸。

    To most people, these notes are meaningless (maybe they’re a secret spy code).  But to a chess player, these symbols tell the story of a chess game.  Each abbreviation describes a chess piece or a move during the game. The use of special symbols allows us to “see” the game without having to read a wordy and possibly incomplete description of what happened.
    ::对大多数人来说,这些笔记毫无意义(也许只是秘密间谍代码 ) 。 但对于国际象棋玩家来说,这些符号讲述了国际象棋游戏的故事。 每个缩写都描述了国际象棋或游戏期间的动作。 使用特殊符号让我们可以“看”游戏,而不必读一个字,也不必完整地描述所发生的事情。

    Chemical Symbols and Formulas
    ::国名和方 法

    Chemical Formula
    ::化学公式

    In order to illustrate and the and compounds involved in them, chemists use symbols and formulas.  A chemical symbol is a one-or two-letter designation of an element.  Some examples of chemical symbols are "O" for oxygen, "Zn" for zinc, and "Fe" for iron.  The first letter of a symbol is always capitalized.  If the symbol contains two letters, the second letter is lower case.  The majority of elements have symbols that are based on their English names.  However, some of the elements that have been known since ancient times have maintained symbols that are based on their Latin names, as shown in Table . 
    ::化学家使用符号和公式。化学符号是一个元素的一字母或两字母名称。一些化学符号的例子有氧的“O”、锌的“Zn”和铁的“Fe”。符号的第一个字母总是资本化的。如果符号包含两个字母,第二个字母则比较小。大多数元素的符号都以其英文名称为基础。然而,一些古代已知的元素保持了以拉丁字母命名的符号,如表所示。

    Symbols and Latin Names for Elements
    Chemical Symbol Name Latin Name
    Na sodium natrium
    K potassium kalium
    Fe iron ferrum
    Cu copper cuprum
    Ag silver argentum
    Sn tin stannum
    Sb antimony stibium
    Au gold aurum
    Pb lead plumbum

    Watch the following video to  learn more about  the origin of different element's symbols.
    ::观看以下视频, 以了解更多不同元素符号的起源 。

     

     

    Chemical Formulas
    ::化学公式

    C ompounds are combinations of two or more elements.  A is an expression that shows the elements in a and the relative proportions of those elements.  Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen in a two to one ratio.  The chemical formula for water is H 2 O.  Sulfuric is one of the most widely produced chemicals in the Unites States and is composed of the elements hydrogen, sulfur, and oxygen.  The chemical formula for sulfuric acid is H 2 SO 4 . 
    ::水由氢和氧组成,水的化学公式为H2O。硫磺是美国生产最广泛的化学品之一,由氢、硫和氧组成。硫酸的化学公式为H2SO4。

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • A chemical symbol is a one- or two-letter designation of an element.
      ::化学符号是指元素的单字母或双字母名称。
    • Compounds are combinations of two or more elements.
      ::化合物是两个或两个以上元素的组合。
    • A chemical formula is an expression that shows the elements in a compound and the relative proportions of those elements.
      ::化学公式表示化合物中的元素和这些元素的相对比例。
    • Many elements have symbols that derive from the Latin name for the element.
      ::许多元素的符号来自元素的拉丁字母名称。

     

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is a chemical symbol?
      ::什么是化学符号?
    2. What is a chemical formula?
      ::什么是化学公式?
    3. How many hydrogen atoms are in one molecule of the compound C 12 H 22 O 11 ?
      ::C12H22O11化合物的一个分子中有多少氢原子?
    4. What is the Latin name for the element potassium?
      ::元素钾的拉丁名是什么?