Section outline

  • Pre-Socratics
    ::政 治 政 治 前 政 治 士

    The underlying assumptions of the early philosophers, the early scientists of Greek culture were:
    ::早期哲学家和早期希腊文化科学家的基本假设是:

    • There is an intelligible coherence in the phenomenal world
      ::在这个惊人的世界里 存在着一种显而易见的一致性
    • The universe is an intelligible whole
      ::宇宙是一个可以理解的整体
    • There is an order, a cosmos , that underlies the chaos of our perceptions and that
      ::有一个秩序,一个宇宙, 支撑着我们观念的混乱,
    • The Order of the universe is comprehensible to reason
      ::宇宙的秩序是理性理解的

    In the works of the pre-socratics there is obviously the progression from mythopoetic thought to a primitive scientific thinking in the form of speculative inquiry and from that form of thought to philosophy as  rational inquiry .  These thinker were searching for the a rche   or the very first or most fundamental principles or causes.  They wondered about the immanent and lasting ground for existence.  They were critical of the cosmogony they had in the mythopoetic tales.  They were looking for a cosmology (an explanation for the order of the universe) that did not rely on the gods.They did not base their thinking on belief but on reason.
    ::在前独裁者的作品中,显然存在着从神话主义思想向原始科学思想的进化,其形式是投机性调查,从这种思想形式到哲学作为理性调查。这些思想家正在寻找拱门或最根本或最根本的原则或原因。他们想知道生存的永恒和持久的基础。他们对神话主义故事中的宇宙论提出了批评。他们正在寻找一种不依赖神的宇宙学(解释宇宙秩序),他们的思想不是基于信仰,而是基于理性。

    These thinkers were naturalists and materialists as they sought answers to physical questions that were rooted in the physical itself.  They were looking for the stuff out of which the universe was composed and they wanted an answer that was itself made of the same stuff.  The matter of the universe would have its explanation in matter.  They were, for the most part, materialists, rejecting spiritual or religious explanations for the causes and stuff of the universe.  
    ::这些思想家是自然主义者和物质主义者,他们寻求对植根于物理本身的物理问题的答案。他们正在寻找宇宙组成时所要的东西,他们想要的答案本身也是由相同的东西构成的。宇宙的事情有其解释。他们大多是物质主义者,拒绝对宇宙的成因和事物作出精神或宗教解释。

    Introduction to the Presocratics
    ::贵族制介绍

    Thales
    ::赛马车

    Thales was looking for the basic stuff (physis) out of which all else is made.  He expressed his idea concerning the basic stuff in his claim that “All things are made of water ”  Now at first you might think that his idea is pretty silly and definitely wrong, however, that would be the wrong approach. What do you suppose was meant by that claim?  Thales was attempting to express an idea at a time when his language was not developed to the point where he could express an abstraction.  We are accustomed to thinking in abstraction and we are that way in part because we have a language with many words that are linked with abstractions.  The Greeks at this time did not have that to work with.  For example, if someone wanted to call for justice, they would call upon the goddess who in their tales represented what today we consider in the abstract as justice.  So instead of saying” I want justice” or “Give me justice” they might say something of this sort ”May the goddess Themis settle this by sending us a sign” 
    ::泰勒斯正在寻找基本的东西(物理),而其他所有的东西都是如此。他在他的“所有的东西都是用水制造的”的主张中表达了他关于基本的东西的想法。 首先,你可能认为他的想法是相当愚蠢和绝对错误的,然而,这是错误的方法。你认为这个说法意味着什么?泰勒斯试图表达一个想法,当时他的语言没有发展到他能够表达抽象的地步。我们习惯于抽象的思维,而我们正是这种想法的一部分,因为我们的语言有许多与抽象相关的词。当时希腊人并没有这样做。例如,如果有人想呼吁正义,他们就会呼吁那些在他们的故事中代表我们今天在抽象的正义中所认为的事物的女神。因此,与其说“我要正义”或者“给我正义”他们可能说这种话,“愿神神神神给我们一个信号来解决这个问题”。

    Thales claim is most likely the claim that there is “Unity in Difference” In other words, Thales was attempting to claim that there was some basic stuff out of which all things are made.  He selects water perhaps because it has properties which enable all the people of his time and our time to experience water in three different states: Liquid, solid and gas.  Now if one thing such as water can exist in three very different forms then there must be something , like water, that is the basic stuff, physics, of the universe.  Today, scientists make a similar claim.  All reality, all that exists in the universe is made of or composed of or manifests as: energy.  So from Thales comes the idea that no matter how things may appear, all things are made up of the same stuff: Everything is one thing! 
    ::泰勒斯最有可能声称存在“ 差异中的团结 ” , 换句话说, 泰勒斯试图声称存在一些基本的东西,所有的东西都是用这些东西制造的。 他选择水,或许是因为水的属性使得他这个时代和我们这个时代的所有人 都能在三个不同的状态中体验水:液体、固体和气体。如果水等事物能以三种非常不同的形式存在,那么,就必须有某种东西,如水,就是宇宙的基本物质、物理。今天,科学家们提出了类似的主张。所有现实,宇宙中存在的一切都是由能源或由能源构成或表现出来的。因此,泰勒斯认为,无论事物如何出现,所有东西都是由相同的事物组成的:万物都是一回事!

    Anaximander: (ca. 612-545 BC)
    ::Anaximandersad公元前612-545)

    Anaximander rejected Thales basic stuff, water, and speculated that the ultimate reality could not be identified with any one particular element.  He came up with the basic stuff being the boundaries or the infinite  or the unlimited. This basic stuff was infinite and without a beginning.  He also conceived of the theory of species evolving from one another through time in response to the need to adapt.  He thought of the earth as revolving.  He speculated that all life originated in the sea and moved onto the land.  With this thinker abstraction and materialism developed further. 
    ::安娜希曼德拒绝泰勒斯的基本材料、 水, 并猜测最终现实无法与任何特定元素相识别。 他提出基本的东西是边界或无限或无限。 这些基本材料是无限的, 没有开始。 他还设想了物种的理论会随着适应的需要而不断演变。 他认为地球是循环的。 他推测所有生命都起源于海洋,并移到陆地上。 随着这种思想抽象和物质主义的进一步发展。

    Anaximenes (585-528 BC)
    ::类似物(公元前585-528)

    Anaximenes hypothesized that it was not water but AIR that was the fundamental stuff of the universe and that air can be condensed or rarefied to take on the properties of what appear to be other elements.  He sought to simplify and clarify the model of the universe. 
    ::分析者假设,宇宙的基本物质不是水,而是AIR,空气可以凝结或稀有,以吸收其他元素的特性。他试图简化和澄清宇宙的模型。

    Anaxagoras (500-428 BC) 
    ::Anaxagoras(公元前500-428 公元前)

    Anaxagoras appears to have taught that all that is can be explained with a combination of nous and matter .  For him the universe of matter was set into its form and motions by Nous or mind .  This mind is immortal , homogeneous , omnipotent , omniscient and orders all phenomena .  He did not believe in gods and goddesses.  He did not think that the sun was a god and the moon a goddess.  He thought the sun was a ball of fire and the moon  a rock which reflected light from the sun.  He was to be executed for blasphemy by the Athenians but escaped to another land.  Socrates was interested in his theories until Socrates learned that for Anaxagoras the nous  acted at the beginning of the universe, setting all in motion, and was not invoked by Anaxagoras to explain motions including those of humans.  Socrates was to focus on the actions of humans and believed that their minds had a great deal to do with their actions.
    ::Anaxagoras 似乎教导他,一切事物,都是可以混合在一起加以解释的。对于他来说,物质宇宙都是由诺斯或思想排列成形和运动的。这个思想是不朽的,同质的,无能的,无能的,全能的,命令一切现象。他不信诸神和女神。他不认为太阳是神,月亮是女神。他以为太阳是火球,月亮是反映太阳光的岩石。他因亵渎神明而被雅典人处死,却逃到另一块地方。苏格拉底对他理论感兴趣,直到苏格拉底知道,对于阿纳卡戈拉斯来说,诺瓦戈拉斯,在宇宙初行军中行,一切动起来,没有被阿纳克斯戈拉斯用来解释动作,包括人类的动作。苏格拉底要专注于人类的行为,并且相信他们的思想对他们的行为有着重大的关系。

    Introduction to Thales, Anaximenes, and Anaximander
    ::Thales、Anaximenes和Anaximander的介绍

      Empedocles (450 BC)
    :sad公元前450年)

    Empedocles conjectured that there are four basic elements: Earth, Air, Fire  and Water .  They were moved about by the two basic forces: Love  and Strife .   Together these ideas explained everything that was physical. 
    ::Epedocles猜测有四个基本元素:地球、空气、火和水。它们被两个基本力量:爱和斯特里夫(Love and Strifef)所感动。这些想法一起解释了一切物理因素。

    Leucippus (450 BC) and Democritus (460-370 BC)
    ::莱基普斯(公元前450年)和民主(公元前460-370年)

    These men believed that there were an infinite number of ever moving atoms (indivisible-not separable) that composed all that is.  Each was imperc eptib le .  The atoms exist in a void .  They move and interact through necessity and chance.
    ::这些人认为,有无数的原子(不可分的、不可分离的)在移动,这些原子组成了全部的原子。每个原子都是不可察觉的。原子存在于空虚之中,它们通过需要和机会来移动和互动。

    Pythagoras (580-496 BC)
    ::毕达哥拉斯(公元前580-496 公元前580-496 公元前)

    Pythagoras not only quests after the basic stuff of the universe but his works reveal that he explored truth itself and the idea of the good life; questions of ethics.  He was concerned with the nature of reality and of life.  He developed spiritualism in contrast to the materialist schools of his time.  He was a mathematician, spiritualist, mystic, musician and leader of a cult.   His fundamental contribution to the world of thought was that the world is really not material at all but made up of numbers   Numbers are things and in some way constitute the essence of reality.  All things are, despite appearances, made up of numbers.  The original number, the one, being as with fire, is in motion and set all else into being.  He was inspired in this mode of thought by his observations.  The sound made by a string pulled tight and picked will vary with its length. So he thought the amount of a thing leads to its properties and its very being.    His is a naturalistic explanation.  How far off is it from contemporary science which instructs us that all things are made up of energy and take on different properties depending on the amount of energy. Consider that the difference between hydrogen and oxygen is the number of protons in the nucleus of the atoms of each.
    ::毕达哥拉斯不仅追求宇宙的基本东西,而且他的作品显示,他探索的是真理本身和美好生活的理念;伦理问题;他关心现实和生命的性质;他发展了精神与当时的物质主义学校相反的精神主义;他是一个数学家、灵论家、神秘论者、音乐家和邪教领袖。他对思想世界的基本贡献是,世界其实不是物质,数字是事物,以某种方式构成现实的精髓。所有事物都是由数字构成的。尽管有外观,但所有事物都是由数字构成的。最初的数字,一个与火一样,是动态的,并设置了所有其他的东西。他从他当时的观察中汲取了精神主义的灵感。一个绳子拉紧和摘取的声音随时间长度而变化。因此他认为一个东西的大小导致其特性和性质。他是一个自然学解释。从现代科学告诉我们,所有事物都是由能量构成的,根据能量的数量而取不同的属性。想想,每颗核的气体之间的差别是多少。

    The more important contribution made by Pythagoras was in his thinking that is to be in what is reached by REASON over and against what is given to the senses.  Truth is reached through reasoning.  Reasoning reveals that mathematics is in all things.  Numbers relate to shapes and all that exist has or takes on shape.  The individual who develops reason is on the correct path for the truth and the path to realize the proper destiny for the reasoning soul.  Reason is the source of the world itself.  Pythagoras taught that people should surrender to their higher self, the soul, the reasoner.  It is the reasoning part of the person that can contact reason itself, the logos , or universal reason that generates the universe.  The reasoning principle is in all things.  For Pythagoras that principle, god, is the hidden measure in all that is real.
    ::毕达哥拉斯的更重要贡献在于他的思维,就是在理性所达到的目标中,而不是在感官所达到的目标中。真理是通过推理而实现的。理性揭示数学在所有事物中都存在。数字与形状有关,所有存在或正在形成的事物都有关联。理性发展的人走上了真理的正确道路,也走上了实现理性灵魂正确命运的道路。理性是世界本身的源泉。毕达哥拉斯教导人们应该屈服于更高的自我、灵魂和理性。能够接触理性本身、标志或创造宇宙的普遍理性的人的理性部分。推理原理在所有事物中都是如此。对拜塔戈拉斯来说,原则,上帝,是一切事物的隐蔽尺度。

    Heraclitus (535-475 BC)
    ::Heraclitus(公历535-475年)

    Heraclitus believed that all things are in perpetual flux.  Becoming  is the basis for all that is real.   Being  is unreal.   All is changing.  Permanence is an illusion.  All things are one and one-in-many.  That which is the essence of all is FIRE.  The logos  is the universal principle of reason through which there is a law like process in the universe that provides its existence and order. 
    ::Heraclitus 认为所有事物都处于永恒的通量中。 成为一切事物的基础都是真实的。 成为现实是真实的。 成为不真实的。 一切都在变化。 永久性是幻觉。 所有事物都是一成不变的。 万物的精髓就是FIRE。 标志是理性的普遍原则, 通过它,宇宙中有一种法律, 来提供它的存在和秩序。

    Parmenides (540-470 BC) 
    ::Parmenides (540-470 公分)

    Parmenides taught that all that is has always been and always will be.  Reality is that which never changes.  Reality is being   and not becoming.  Changelessness is the nature of all reality.  This is not obvious to our senses.  Parmenides trusted in his reason over his senses.  The appearance of things can be deceiving, so trust in reason.  All change is illusion for Parmenides.  Change cannot be real.  The truth is what is arrived at by thought and the truth is set over and against opinions based upon sense impressions and common beliefs. The REAL is changeless.
    ::帕门迪斯教导说,一切一直是而且将永远是。现实是永不改变的。现实是永不改变的。现实正在发生,而不是演变。无改变是所有现实的本质。这在我们感官看来并不明显。帕门迪斯相信自己的理智。事情的外观是欺骗的,因此信任理性。所有变化都是帕门迪斯的幻觉。改变是不可能真实的。真理是思想和真理所创造的,真理是建立在理智和共同信念基础上的,真理是没有改变的。事实是没有改变的。

    He arrives at his ideas through a process of reasoning.   Consider the following:
    ::他通过推理过程提出他的想法。

    • If something exists, it must come from something.
      ::如果有什么东西存在,它必须来自某物。
    • Something can not come from nothing. If there ever were nothing, there would need to be nothing forever.
      ::万一一一一一无所成,就永远无所事事了。
    • Something can not come from nothing.
      ::东西不能从无到有。
    • There is something now.
      ::现在有事情发生了。
    • The something from which the present something comes must always have been.
      ::现今的景象 一定总是有始有终
    • There must always have been something, because something can not come from nothing. 
      ::一定有东西存在,因为东西不可能从一无所有的地方产生。
    • So that which is has always been and will always be.
      ::因此,过去和将来都是这样。
    • Change is an illusion.
      ::改变是一种幻想。
    • Permanence is real.
      ::着装是真实的。
    • All is one, permanent and at rest.
      ::所有人都是一体的,是永久性的,是休息的。

    Being never comes into existence, nor does it cease to be.  Being always is.  It cannot be added to or divided.  It is whole and complete in itself, one.  It is unmoved and unchangeable.  Being is.  Being does not become.  Becoming is not.  Becoming is unreal.   Being is and is self-identical and uncaused.  
    ::永生不灭,永生不灭,永生不灭,永生不灭,永生不灭,永生不灭,不相加,不相分离,本是完整的,本是完整的,本是完整的,本是不可改变的,本是不可改变的,本是不可变的,本是不可变的,本是不可变的,本是不可变的,本是不可变的,本是不可变的,本是同的,本是无因的。

    ABSOLUTE IDEALISM
    ::巴基斯坦的想象力

    So with Parmenides Philosophy comes to trust in reason  over the senses.  His thought liberates reason from the senses.  There is in his work the recognition of the autonomy of thought and the use of independent criteria for judging thought; namely, coherency & consistency over probability.
    ::因此,随着Parmenides哲学在理性上对感官产生了信任。 他的思维将理性从感官中解放出来。 他在工作中承认思想的自主性,并使用独立标准来判断思想,即一致性和一致性而不是概率。

    Philosophy is born in the recognition of the importance of abstract general principles. Philosophy develops as a rigorous process of inquiry involving insights and deductive reasoning . In Philosophy the human mind comes to recognize its own creation.
    ::哲学起源于对抽象一般原则重要性的承认。 哲学发展成为一个涉及洞察力和推理的严格调查过程。 在哲学中,人类思想开始承认其自身的创造。

    Read
    ::已读

    lesson content

    EPISD Informed Problem Solvers Goals
    ::EPISD 知情解决问题者目标

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    • Classic Persuasion:
      ::经典劝导:

    Socrates 
    ::苏格拉底

    We now will now turn to look at the life and thought of Socrates.  It was he who developed the philosophical process of thought and who focused on matters of great concern to humans.  He was concerned with the question: How do I live a Good Life?  He was concerned with questions of knowledge, truth, beauty and Goodness.  He was executed for his beliefs and virtues.  An interesting story and a life that produced such a great impact on the world that it is true to say that what Socrates did changed the world.  If Socrates had not lived as he did you and I would not be as we are today.  In fact we probably would not exist at all. Socrates led to Plato who led to Aristotle who together produced an impact on how people in the West thought about life and the world and reality and ethics.  The ideas for which they provided the foundation and methodology led to movements and actions and creation of institutions that shaped the history of the world.
    ::我们现在将审视苏格拉底的生活和思想,就是他发展了思想的哲学进程,集中关注人类极为关切的问题,他关心的是:我如何过上美好的生活?他关心的是知识、真理、美丽和善良的问题;他因信仰和美德而被处决;一个有趣的故事和对世界产生如此巨大影响的生活,确实,苏格拉底改变了世界;如果苏格拉底没有像你我那样生活,我也不会像今天这样生活;事实上,我们可能根本不存在。苏格拉底导致普拉托,他带领亚里士多德人一起对西方人民如何看待生活和世界以及现实和道德产生了影响,他们为之提供的基础和方法的思想导致了运动、行动以及决定世界历史的机构的建立。

    Socrates spent most of his life speaking with his fellow Athenians and anyone else who wished to speak with him.  He spoke about matters of great importance to him, he sought after answers to important questions.  He was not a Sophist as he never charged anyone for any lessons concerning anything.  He did not claim to know the answers.  He did not attempt to win contests with prizes. He was seriously interested in learning about truth, beauty, goodness and virtue.  He entered the public spaces of Athens each day to speak with and question his fellows and pursue after wisdom to know the difference between what he knew and what he did not know. 
    ::苏格拉底一生中大部分时间都与他的同伴雅典人和希望与他交谈的其他人交谈,他谈论对他非常重要的事情,他要求回答重要的问题,他不是苏菲主义者,因为他没有为任何教训向任何人收费,他没有声称知道答案,没有企图以奖赏赢得比赛,他非常想了解真理、美貌、善良和美德,他每天进入雅典的公共空间,与他的同伴交谈和质问,并在智慧之后探究他所知道的和所不知道的区别。

    Socrates seeks after the wise to learn what their wisdom is and how one could acquire it.  He questions those who claim to have knowledge.  In the  Ion  Socrates is questioning someone who has won a prize for public speaking ( recitation and who thinks that because he has memorized some lines on a subject that he really understands what it is all about.  Socrates questions show that he doesn't.
    ::苏格拉底追求智慧,学习他们的智慧是什么,如何获得智慧。他质问那些自称有知识的人。在爱昂苏格拉底,他质问那些赢得公开演讲奖的人(引用和自认为自己在某个他真正理解的话题上背了几条线的人)。苏格拉底的问题显示他不知道。

    Socrates left the town limits of Athens only three times in his entire life. All three times was as a soldier to defend Athens!  Socrates acts heroically. Alcibiades is a handsome young man and great warrior, a soldier of fortune, who enjoys himself a great deal.  
    ::苏格拉底一生只离开雅典城区三次,三次都是保卫雅典的士兵!苏格拉底英勇地行动。阿尔西比亚德是一个英俊的年轻人,一个伟大的勇士,一个富有财富的战士,他非常享受。

    Euthyphro
    ::苯并二苯并二苯并酯

    On his way to the trial Socrates comes across a young man named, Euthyphro, who is returning form the courthouse.  Socrates learns that he is returning from posting charges against someone and so Socrates inquires as to the defendant.  He is shocked to learn that the young man has brought charges against his own father!   Socrates inquires as to why he is doing this and does he think that he is correct in doing so.  The young man informs him that he has charged his father with murder for allowing a servant who killed another servant to die while tied up awaiting for the authorities to arrive to arrest him.
    ::苏格拉底在前往审判的路上遇到一个名叫尤蒂弗罗的年轻人,他正在返回法院。苏格拉底得知他正在从对某人的起诉中回来,因此苏格拉底询问被告。他震惊地得知,这名年轻人对他自己的父亲提出了指控!苏格拉底询问他为什么这样做,他是否认为他这样做是正确的。这名年轻人告诉他,他指控他的父亲犯有谋杀罪,罪名是他允许杀死另一名仆人的仆人死在等待当局逮捕他时被捆绑起来逮捕。

    Socrates asks the young man why he thinks it is a good thing to bring charges against his own father.  The young man replies that it is the pious thing to do.  Socrates asks him if he knows what piety is.  Euthyphro responds by saying that he believes that piety is to please the gods.  Socrates asks how we know how to do that and Euthyphro responds that to do as the gods do is to please them.  He cites passages from the epic tales that describe a god taking actions against his own father and provides this as a justification for doing what he is doing.  Socrates presses on with his questions.  For Socrates this is a most important matter.  Socrates is attempting to learn how one knows what is good .  How do you know what the right thing to do would be.  It must be good .  We all want to do good.  We want good answers, good friends, and a good  life. So how do you know what is good.  Euthyphro thinks he knows what is the good.  It is whatever is pleasing to the gods.  The gods are the standard for goodness.  Now Socrates has a major problem with this approach.  There are problems with it.  Socrates asks Euthyphro the key questions.  Which gods are we to please.  Not all the gods agree.  The stories report that they war among themselves.  So what is pleasing to one may be displeasing to another.  There were stories of gods respecting their parent s and stories of the gods killing their own parents.  Likewise there were stories of the gods killing their own children, committing murder, lying, raping and every other horrible act.
    ::苏格拉底问这位年轻男子为什么他认为对自己的父亲提出指控是一件好事。这位年轻男子回答说这是一件虔诚的事。苏格拉底问他是否知道他的虔诚是什么。尤瑟弗罗回答说,他认为虔诚是取悦众神。苏格拉底问我们如何知道如何这样做,尤瑟弗罗回答说这样做是为了让众神取悦他们。他引用了史诗故事的段落,描述一个神对自己的父亲采取行动,并以此为他所做的事情辩护。苏格拉底问他是否知道他的虔诚是什么。苏格拉底问他:他相信虔诚是用来取悦众神的。苏格拉底问我们如何知道该如何这样做,尤瑟弗罗问我们怎么做,犹如众神所喜悦他们一样。我们要得到答案、好友和美好生活。你们知道什么是善事。尤甚么是善事。尤以自知善事,谁知道善事是善事,谁自为善事,谁自喜自喜自喜,谁自喜自喜,谁也自喜自喜自喜,谁的神为善事。

    So what is the basis for the good.  Here is the question that set Socrates apart from all others of his day.  A question that sets Philosophy apart from religion and a question that Socrates could not answer.  He died without an answer.  Plato devised an answer but Socrates had not reached that point at his death.
    ::那么,什么是福利的基础?这是苏格拉底与他当年所有其他人分开的问题。一个将哲学与宗教分开的问题,一个苏格拉底无法回答的问题。他死时没有回答。柏拉图设计了一个答案,但苏格拉底死时没有达到那个点。

    Do we call those acts good because the gods do them or do the gods do them because they are good?   Are acts good just because the gods do them and whatever a god does is good just because the god did it?  Or, are certain acts good and that is why a god does it?
    ::难道我们把这些事称为善,是因为众神做了这些事,或因为众神做了那些事吗?究竟是善呢?还是因为众神做了那些事,而无论神做了那些事,都是善呢?还是因为众神做了那些事,都是善呢?还是因为某些事是善呢?这就是为什么众神这样做呢?

    Euthyphro can’t even understand the question and states that he must be going and thus ends the dialogue.  Most people of Socrates time could not understand the importance of the question.  If the gods do what they do because it is good then there would be a standard for goodness, which even the gods would answer to and it would exist apart from the gods to be held over them for the sake of judgment.  But for the Greeks there was nothing above the gods.  The theory that Euthyphro put forward is called the Divine Command Theory .   Many people who believe in a single deity also hold for such a theory.  Perhaps you think so too.
    ::尤瑟弗罗甚至无法理解这个问题,并且说,他必须去,从而结束对话。 苏格拉底时代的大多数人无法理解问题的重要性。 如果众神做他们做的好事,那么就有了善良的标准,即使诸神也会响应,而且除了为了判断而由诸神控制之外,它也会存在。 但对于希腊人来说,除了众神之外别无他事。 尤瑟弗罗提出的理论被称为神职命令理论。 相信一个神的许多人也支持这种理论。 也许你也这样认为。

    Consider This
    ::考虑这一点

    lesson content

    EPISD Critical Knowledge and Creative Thinkers Goal
    ::EPISD 关键知识和创意思想者目标

    For those who believe in the One God of the Judeo-Christian-Islamic Tradition are the commandments of this God good because God commands them or is there a standard of Goodness which even God must follow? Do all rules come from God? Does everything come from God?
    ::信仰犹太教、基督教、伊斯兰教的独一的神灵者,得享受这个神所降示的善功,因为真主命令他们,或命令他们行善;或真主要遵守什么善功。难道一切律例,都是从真主那里降下的吗?难道万物,都是从真主那里降下的吗?

    • Can God make a square circle? 
      ::上帝能做一个圆圈吗?
    • If God makes a universe with blue in it and with yellow in it can it exist without green in it?
      ::如果上帝造出一个蓝色的宇宙 和黄色的宇宙,它能存在吗? 没有绿色的,它也能存在吗?
    • Can God make 2+3= something other than 5?
      ::上帝能让 2+3 代表5 之外的东西吗?

    If God were to do something horrible would it make it good because God was doing it, say killing an entire town, killing nearly every living being on earth, including innocent beings, ordering a father to kill his son?   These are all in the Bible .  Are these good things?
    ::如果真主做了一件可怕的事情,那它是否因为上帝做了这件事而好呢?说:杀死整座城市,杀死地球上几乎所有的生命,包括无辜的人,命令父亲杀死他的儿子;这些都是圣经中的东西。这些是好事吗?

    •  Are the laws and rules of the physical universe and mathematics rules that even God must follow?
      ::自然宇宙的法则和规则 和数学规则 即使是上帝也必须遵守吗?
    • Do they exist above or before God? 
      ::他们是在真主之上的还是在真主之前的呢?
    • Where would they exist or come from?
      ::它们从何而来或从何而来?

      Consider this :
    ::考虑以下各点:

    You hear a story about a mother who has killed her own daughter.  She claims she heard God order her to do so.  This happens!  Do you think that yes, she heard God say that and so it was good for her to kill her daughter or do you think that there is something wrong with that woman?  Do you think she may be suffering from a chemical imbalance in her brain or some other ailment but that it can not be true that God told her to do it because God would not do such a thing, because it is wrong, even horrible and God just would not do evil things?
    ::你曾听见一个有关一个母亲的故事,她杀了自己的女儿,她曾说:她确已听见真主的命令了。这是常有的事。你曾猜想吗?是的,她确已听见真主的话了,她确已听见了。难道你猜想她杀害自己的女儿,对于她是有益的吗?还是她猜想她有病呢?你猜想她可能患有脑中的化学不平衡或其他疾病,但真主不使她这样做,因为真主不做这件事,因为那确是不义的,(真主才不作恶事)。真主的确不欲作恶事。

    Well when people make judgments about what God would or wouldn’t do, make judgments about actions as to whether or not they are “evil” acts they are thinking that there is a standard for goodness by which they will even judge God!  Well, where does this standard come from?  Where are the rules about what is Good?  If they are from God, God can make them and God can change them.
    ::当人们判决真主所欲或不愿做的事的时候,你们要判决他们的行为是非。他们以为善报是有据的,他们可以判决真主。这个判决是从哪里来的?善报是从哪里来的?善报是真主所降示的,假若他们是真主所降示的,真主能加以创造,而真主能加以变更。

    Socrates and many other Greeks were making judgments about the stories of the gods.  They knew that certain acts of the gods should be followed and others definitely avoided.  Socrates was searching for a basis to affirm the existence of a moral standard or set of rules that even the gods are subject to.  This is known as Ethics in Philosophy.  Socrates was one of the very first humans to pursue the answer to the question, “What is the good?” using reason alone and not belief.
    ::苏格拉底和其他许多希腊人正在对众神的故事做出判断,他们知道众神的某些行为应该被遵循,而其他人应该坚决避免。 苏格拉底正在寻找一个基础来确认存在道德标准或一套规则的存在,即使是诸神也必须遵守这些道德标准或规则。 这被称为哲学伦理。 苏格拉底是最早寻求回答“什么是好”问题的人类之一,它只用理性而不是信仰。

    Socrates and Plato would use reasoning and commend others to do so in the pursuit of the good life, answers to the question “What is the good?”  They moved away from memorizing and repeating as the path to a good life.  The stories of the gods had too many contradictions in them and it became too difficult to believe in them.  As many must eventually give up a belief in Santa Claus, so too did they need to give up their belief in the gods.  But just as a belief in Santa Claus is comforting and brings physical gifts, belief in the gods was comforting for it provided a basis for a moral order.  Once belief in the gods was removed, what would the Greeks put in its place?  What would serve as the basis for the social and moral order?  Socrates was searching for it at the time of his death.  Plato thought he had found it.  More on this later.
    ::苏格拉底和柏拉图在追求美好生活时会使用推理和赞扬他人这样做,并回答“什么是好?” 问题,他们不再回忆和重复作为美好生活的道路。神的故事中有许多矛盾,而且难以相信它们。由于许多人最终必须放弃对圣诞老人的信仰,他们也需要放弃对神的信仰。但是,正如对圣诞老人的信仰正在安慰和带来身体上的礼物一样,信仰神灵为它提供了一种道德秩序的基础。一旦对神灵的信仰被消除,希腊人将如何取代它呢?什么可以作为社会和道德秩序的基础?苏格拉底在死时正在寻找它。普拉托认为他已经找到了它,后来更进一步。

    The Trial of Socrates
    ::苏格拉底的审判

    lesson content

    EPISD Critical Knowledge and Creative Thinkers Goal
    ::EPISD 关键知识和创意思想者目标

    Socrates is just over 70 years of age at the time he is accused of a crime.  He had never before been accused of anything wrong or criminal.  He had served as a justice but never been a defendant.  He was very well known.  He was at least regarded as a great thinker, something of a scientist for his musings on the nature of the universe and as a moralist for all his talk about virtue.  Who were his accusers and why did they charge him?
    ::苏格拉底在被指控犯罪时刚超过70岁,他从未被指控过任何错误或犯罪,他曾经担任过法官,但从未成为被告,他是众所周知的。他至少被视为一个伟大的思想家,一个科学家,一个研究宇宙本质的科学家,以及他所有关于美德的言论的道德主义者。谁是他的原告,他们为什么要控告他?

    The accuser, Meletus , went to the town hall and presented the charge along with a requested penalty. The charge was i mpiety -disbelieving in the gods of the Athenians and corrupting the young, the penalty was death.
    ::控告人梅勒图斯来到市政厅,提出指控和要求的处罚。 指控是对雅典神的不诚信,是对年轻人的腐蚀,惩罚是死刑。

    When the Democratic Party overthrew the tyrants , the “Thirty”, they needed to bring about a harmony within the polis.  They declared an amnesty for any and all crimes that may have been committed during the previous few years that the tyrants had been inducing people into crimes in order to silence their criticisms and gain their support.  No one was to mention anything that had occurred or any one’s relation to the thirty tyrants. Now the democratic order did not rest upon the leaders being noble born.  It did not rest upon the power of the military.  The Athenians had governments run by kings, military commanders and wealthy people.  Now they were ruling themselves -- Democracy.  They rested that form of government on the will of the people and their willingness to accept that whatever the majority wanted would be the correct thing to do.  This democracy did not involve the voting of all Athenians.  The voting in Athens included only: males, born of Athenian mothers, born free, and born legitimate, no bastards.  Those men would vote on all matters and the majority would rule.
    ::当民主党推翻暴君,即“三十国”时,他们需要实现政治内部的和谐。 他们宣布赦免前些年可能犯下的任何和所有罪行,暴君为了压制批评和获得支持而诱使人民犯罪,以压制他们的批评和赢得他们的支持。没有人会提到已经发生的任何事情或任何人与30个暴君的关系。现在,民主秩序并不取决于高尚的领导人的诞生。民主秩序并不依赖于军队的力量。雅典人的政府由国王、军事指挥官和富人管理。现在,他们统治着自己 -- -- 民主。他们把这种政府形式建立在人民的意愿之上,他们愿意接受多数人想做的是正确的事情。这种民主并不涉及所有雅典人的投票。在雅典的投票只包括:男性,出生于雅典的母亲,出生于自由,出生于合法,没有私生之人。这些人将对所有事务进行投票,多数人将统治。

    Socrates presented a threat to the Democratic Party and form of government.  Socrates had for many years been asking questions and he kept asking questions hoping to get the correct, final and truthful answer.  He asked a series of questions that were threatening to the political order because they focused directly on the basic principle underlying the democratic rule.  The answers to the questions below were the same in 399 BC as they are today.  Even today to push this issue would result in someone be criticized for being anti-democratic or anti-American!  Socrates would ask questions such as:
    ::苏格拉底对民主党和政府形式构成了威胁。 苏格拉底多年来一直在问问题,他一直在问问题,希望得到正确、最终和真实的答案。 他问了一系列威胁政治秩序的问题,因为这些问题直接集中于民主统治的基本原则。 下个问题的答案在公元前399年与今天一样。 即便在今天,推动这一问题,也会有人因为反民主或反美国而受到批评!苏格拉底也会问问题,比如:

    Is there any guarantee that whenever a majority of the people votes on something declaring that it is true, that that vote makes it true ?  
    ::是否有任何保证可以保证,每当多数人民投票表决某件事,宣布该票属实时,该票即成实?

    The answer was, NO, there is no such guarantee!
    ::答案是,不,没有这样的保证!

    Is there any guarantee that whenever a majority of the people votes on something declaring that it is beautiful, that that vote makes it beautiful?    
    ::任何保证,每当多数人投票表决某件声称它美丽的东西时,只要投票使它美丽?

    The answer was, NO, there is no such guarantee!
    ::答案是,不,没有这样的保证!

    Is there any guarantee that whenever a majority of the people vote on something declaring that it is good, that that vote makes it good?    
    ::是否有任何保证可以保证,每当多数人民投票表决某事,宣布投票是好事时,该投票将使投票是好事?

    The answer was, NO, there is no such guarantee!
    ::答案是,不,没有这样的保证!

    Is there any guarantee that whenever a majority of the people votes on something declaring that it is justice, that that vote makes it justice?    
    ::是否有任何保证可以保证,每当多数人投票表决某件宣布正义即为正义的东西时,投票即为正义?

    The answer was, NO, there is no such guarantee!
    ::答案是,不,没有这样的保证!

    Now this was a threat to the system of government and Socrates was seen as a danger to the state, a clear and present danger, that needed to be dealt with and removed in a manner that would not injure the state.  Socrates questioning was a threat to national security.
    ::现在,这是对政府制度的威胁,苏格拉底被视为对国家的一种危险,一种明确和现实的危险,需要以不会伤害国家的方式处理和清除。 苏格拉底的质询是对国家安全的威胁。

    What was at stake here was a clash between the way of adventure that had characterized the history of Athens with its open door policy and the way of safety that had characterized the development of the state of Sparta with its rigid discipline and narrow range of variations permitted.  Socrates was the past of Athens and now in a precarious condition, some Athenians wanted to make the state more secure and the questioning of the old man, Socrates, was threatening to the order and security of the people.
    ::在这里,关键在于以开放的门政策为雅典历史特征的冒险方式与以僵硬的纪律和允许的狭隘的变异范围为特征的斯巴达州发展特点的安全方式之间的冲突。 苏格拉底是雅典的过去,现在状况岌岌可危,一些雅典人希望让国家更加安全,对老人苏格拉底的质询威胁到人民的秩序和安全。

    Socrates was not accused of crimes because of his association with the thirty young tyrants.  Although several of the thirty had known Socrates and had listened to him, he did not encourage or teach them to be tyrants.  In fact when they attempted to silence him for his criticisms of them he refused to arrest Leon of Salamis on their orders and he refused to observe their ban against teaching people to speak in public.
    ::苏格拉底没有因为与30名年轻暴君有关系而被指控犯有罪行;虽然三十名暴君中有数人了解苏格拉底并听他的话,但他没有鼓励或教他们暴君,事实上,当他们试图为他批评他们而压制他时,他拒绝根据他们的命令逮捕萨拉姆斯的利昂,并拒绝遵守他们禁止教人公开讲话的禁令。

    So, why was he indicted and why was he found guilty and sentenced to die?  There are a number of factors that probably contributed to a sizable amount of public opinion being set against Socrates.
    ::那么,为什么他被起诉,为什么他被判有罪并被判死刑? 可能有若干因素导致大量公众舆论反对苏格拉底。

    1. Socrates was seen as a dangerous intellectual innovator , on the order of Anaxagoras, who had been driven out of Athens.
      ::苏格拉底被视为一个危险的智力创新者, 依阿纳卡戈拉斯的顺序, 他被赶出雅典。
    2. Socrates speculated about the universe.  He was practicing the “new science” and was suspected of atheistic tendencies.
      ::苏格拉底对宇宙进行了猜测。他正在练习“新科学 ” , 并被怀疑有无神论倾向。
    3. Socrates did question people in a manner similar to the Sophists.  He cross examined many who claimed to have knowledge or wisdom in the hope of gaining what they had.  Socrates used the dialectical method of inquiry.  He, unfortunately,  showed that many people who claimed to know things actually did not.  He embarrassed the poets, statesman, and artisans of his day.  Many people thought of Socrates as they did the Sophists, although he was not one of them.
      ::苏格拉底确实以与苏菲主义者相似的方式向人们提问,他反问了许多自称有知识或智慧的人,希望获得他们所拥有的知识或智慧。苏格拉底使用了辩证式的调查方法。不幸的是,他表明许多自称知道事实的人并没有这样做。他让当年的诗人、政治家和工匠感到尴尬。许多人对苏格拉底的思念犹如他们对苏格拉底的思念一样,尽管他不是其中之一。
    4. Socrates was indiscriminate in his associations.  He would allow anyone to question him and observe him.  He did not care who they were.  Over time, foreigners, mathematicians, the young, the Thirty who later became tyrants, Sophists, politicians all would come to speak with Socrates.  Many Athenians might have harbored suspicions or distrust of Socrates associates and wonder about Socrates’ true plans or role in their actions.
      ::苏格拉底在他的协会中是不分青红皂白的。他允许任何人询问他并观察他。他不关心他们是谁。 随着时间的推移,外国人、数学家、年轻人、三十岁后成为暴君的暴君、索弗主义者、政治家们都会来与苏格拉底交谈。 许多雅典人可能已经隐藏了苏格拉底同伙的猜疑或不信任,并想知道苏格拉底的真正计划或行动的作用。
    5. Socrates questioning process was a threat to the democratic ideal, the foundation of the political and social order.
      ::苏格拉底质询进程是对民主理想的威胁,而民主理想是政治和社会秩序的基础。

    What was really on trial then were the social values to be found in the actions and inquiries of Socrates.
    ::当时实际正在试验的是在苏格拉底的行动和调查中发现的社会价值观。

    Both Plato and Xenophon report on the trial itself.  There is no text indicating that Plato has distorted what occurred at the trial.  The prosecutor presented his charges and then Socrates was given his chance to speak.  He knew that he had until sundown of that day to present whatever he wanted to present.  He has taken an oath, sworn to the gods, to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth.  He has sworn an oath to accept the verdict of the jury and the penalty imposed by the jury.  It is his desire to keep these oaths that will be his undoing.  His desire to be faithful to his oaths make him say things that disturb many of the jurors and make him remain in prison to die when he could have left and gone into exile.
    ::Plato和Xenophon关于审判本身的报告。没有任何文本表明Blato歪曲了审判中发生的事情。检察官提出了他的指控,然后苏格拉底得到了说话的机会。他知道直到当天日落之前,他已经展示了他想展示的任何东西。他向诸神宣誓,发誓要说出真相、全部事实和真相。他发誓要接受陪审团的裁决和陪审团所施加的惩罚。他希望信守这些誓言,这是他所要撤销的。他要忠实于他的誓言的愿望使他说出一些事情,扰乱了许多陪审员,并让他在可能离开和流放时死在狱中。

    Socrates opening points out that it is his duty to speak the truth and it is the duty of the jury to provide for justice.  Socrates will speak in his normal manner and he maintains that he is not a clever speaker (in the fashion of the Sophists).  He is not accustomed to dealing with courts, as he has never been a defendant.  He attempts to deal with the two sets of charges.  He fears that the rumors concerning him are more damaging than the charges.  He can’t deal with them, as he would want because the charges are not made specific.  He thinks he is there due to the suspicions surrounding him that he is involved in strange investigations and that he is associated with sophistry.  There were no witnesses to support these charges and no evidence to show that Socrates ever charged money for instruction as Sophists did.  The god, the oracle at Delphos, has given him his business.  When the oracle said, “There is no one wiser than Socrates”, he took it to be giving him the charge to seek after wisdom.  He began to question all who may have had wisdom in any form only to find that it was not so.  His questioning of the statesmen, poets and artisans did find them guilty of pride (hubris) for thinking that they were wise when they were not.  This also won Socrates their enmity .   Socrates does not believe that he can deal with all the antagonisms by which he was disliked by so many.  He does not believe that he can deal with the prejudices of so many in so short a time allotted.  So he turns to the specific charges.
    ::苏格拉底的开场白指出,他有义务说出真相,陪审团有责任伸张正义。苏格拉底会以正常的方式说话,他坚持认为他不是聪明的演讲者(以苏菲主义者的口吻)。他没有习惯于出庭,因为他从未是被告。他试图处理两套指控。他担心关于他的谣言比指控更具有破坏性。他不能处理这些传闻,因为他想要的不是具体的指控,他无法处理这些传闻。他以为他在那里是因为怀疑他参与了奇怪的调查,他与沙菲有关。他坚持认为他不是一个聪明的演讲者。他没有目击证人支持这些指控,也没有证据表明苏格拉底曾经像索菲主义者那样为教学收取钱财。他试图处理这两套指控。他担心关于他的传闻比指控更具有伤害性。当神灵说,“只有索格拉底特斯才更明智,他相信在智慧之后会给他指控他。他开始质疑谁有智慧,所以他没有智慧,他以任何智慧来质疑它。他这样做,因为他以任何智慧来,他以智慧来,他以智慧来,他只为智慧。

    Corruption of the young
    ::青年腐败

    Socrates questions Meletos concerning this charge.  Apparently, Meletos believes that Socrates is the only guilty of this.  Socrates makes light of that idea.  Socrates inquires as to whether or not the alleged corruption is deliberate or accidental and notes that either option leads to a course of action other than to charges and a death penalty.
    ::苏格拉底质问梅列多斯关于这项指控的问题。 显然,梅莱多斯认为苏格拉底是唯一的罪魁祸首。 苏格拉底也揭示了这一想法。 苏格拉底询问了所指控的腐败是否是蓄意或意外的,并指出除了指控和死刑之外,任何一种选择都会导致一种行动方针。

    Meletos could name no individuals that Socrates had corrupted .  No one in the court room named a single corrupted child.
    ::米列托斯无法说出苏格拉底腐蚀过的任何个人的名字。 在法庭里没有人说出过一个被腐蚀的孩子的名字。

    Impiety
    ::隐隐

    The charge is explained by Meletos to mean that Socrates is an atheist and believes in no gods.  Socrates points out that he is not like Anaxagoras who did not believe in the gods.  Meletos admits under questioning that Socrates teaches about “spiritual” things and when he does so, Socrates forces Meletos to admit that Socrates must then believe in spirits if he teaches about spiritual things and that spirits are gods and so Socrates must believe in the gods.
    ::米列托斯解释指控的意思是苏格拉底是一个无神论者,不相信任何神。 苏格拉底指出,他不像不相信神的阿纳卡戈拉斯。 梅列托斯在质询中承认苏格拉底教“精神”事物,当他这样做时,苏格拉底迫使梅列托斯承认苏格拉底教精神事物时必须相信精神,而精神是神,苏格拉底则必须相信神。

    Had Socrates concluded his defense at this point, he might have been acquitted, as the jury was most likely laughing at the prosecutor.  But Socrates did not stop there.  Under oath to tell the whole truth, Socrates proceeded to inform the jury as to the real reasons he believed he was charged with crimes.  He informed Meletos and the Jury that Meletos and his conspirators did not know he true charge to place against him.  They could not even bring up his loose association with some of the thirty tyrants due to the amnesty.  Socrates knows why he is disliked by so many and now begins to make a defense of the type of life he has lived. He has only to consider whether one does right or wrong.  The god has posted him to be a philosopher to test himself and others.  He does not fear death.  It is unknown.  He fears disobeying god, this is definitely bad. He is not afraid to speak the truth as so many others are.  He will act as the god has posted him to act.  He will always be a philosopher, a seeker after wisdom.  He will do this and obey god rather than the mob.  He will always question others concerning truth and virtues and persuade them to care for its soul and its virtue rather than for fame or money or power.  He has acted always according to what he thought to be right.  If he considered doing otherwise, an inner voice (daemon) would speak to him to warn him away from doing wrong.   He has done so and shall continue to do so in his private and public life.  In public he has never done wrong.  He never took money and his finances show it.  In public he refused the demand of the mob for a trial of ten generals together and instead insisted on separate trials.  He refused the tyrants order to arrest Leon of Salamis.  He does not believe that he has done wrong anywhere.  He does not believe that he corrupted anyone.
    ::如果苏格拉底在这一点上结束辩护,他可能无罪释放,因为陪审团很可能嘲笑检察官,但苏格拉底没有停止。苏格拉底发誓要告诉陪审团他认为自己被指控的罪行的真正理由。他告诉梅利托斯和陪审团,米列托斯及其阴谋者不知道他的真实罪名,他们甚至不敢与30个暴君中的一些人建立松散的联系,因为陪审团很可能嘲笑检察官。但苏格拉底没有停止。苏格拉底发誓要告诉陪审团,他确信自己有罪的真正理由。苏格拉底告诉陪审团,他相信自己被指控犯罪的真实理由。他告诉陪审团,梅列托斯及其阴谋者,他不知道自己对他的指控是真实的。他们甚至不敢说事实。他们不敢说事实。他要说真理,不要说真理。他要坚持真理,要坚持智慧,要坚持真理,要遵守真理,要坚持真理,要遵守真理,要遵守真理,要遵守真理,要遵守真理,要遵守真理,要遵守真理,遵守真理,要遵守真理,遵守真理,要遵守真理,遵守真理,遵守真理,遵守真理,遵守真理,遵守真理,遵守真理,遵守真理,遵守真理,遵守真理,遵守真理,遵守真理,遵守真理,遵守真理,遵守真理,不犯罪,遵守,要犯罪,遵守,遵守,遵守,要犯罪,遵守,遵守,遵守,要犯罪,遵守,要犯罪,要犯罪,遵守,遵守,要犯罪,遵守,遵守,遵守,要犯罪,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,要犯罪,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,不犯罪,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,要犯罪,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,遵守,

    Socrates informs the jury that he is asking for justice and not mercy or charity.  He would not resort to appeals for mercy as many others had done before him. He would not bring his wife and small children out to remind them of his family obligations. These appeals make Athens look ridiculous in the eyes of others. This encourages the jurors to disrespect their oaths to provide for justice.  These are oaths they swore to the gods as jurors.
    ::苏格拉底告诉陪审团,他要求公道,而不是怜悯或施舍。他不象以前那样求饶,他不把他的妻子和儿女带出去,以提醒他们家庭的义务。这些呼吁使雅典在别人的眼里显得荒谬。这鼓励陪审员不尊重他们的誓言,以主持公道。这些是他们以陪审员身份向众神盟誓的。

    Nevertheless, Socrates is found guilty.  281 to 219!
    ::然而,苏格拉底被判有罪 281比219!

    At this point the prosecutor was to present a penalty and the defendant could either accept it or he would offer an alternative and defend it.  Meletos asks for death.  Socrates’ friends are horrified.  They encourage him to propose an alternative.  Socrates speaks aloud wondering what is the punishment befitting his crime.  As he does not believe that he hasn’t committed a crime, how can he propose a punishment? Socrates states that it would appear that his “true’ crime was not having the sense to live an idle life; neglecting his own household affairs, not making money, not pursuing military appointments and for believing himself too honest to involve himself in tawdry business affairs and political plots as so many others had done.  For that “crime” he thinks the fitting punishment should be free room and board for he, his wife and children in the town hall for the rest of their lives!  He could not recommend anything that was negative as a consequence of leading a good life. Many of the jurors become incensed over this offering.  Socrates’ friends on the jury encourage him to propose another penalty.  Socrates considers alternatives.  Death is not that upsetting since Socrates does not know for sure what that is, prison, fines and exile are considered.  Exile is not acceptable since Socrates would be labeled as a criminal and wherever he went he would not be able to follow the instruction of the god for he would not be allowed to speak with others and continue his pursuit of wisdom.  Socrates reconsiders a fine but he has no money.  His friends take up a collection and he offers to pay that amount as a penalty for his crimes.  The jury votes and he is sentenced to die by a larger vote than found him guilty. 360-140!.  That meant that there were men on the jury who voted that he was not guilty and then voted to put him to death anyway!  The old man had offended them with his brazen stance affirming his virtue over their practices.
    ::公诉人认为自己没有犯罪,他如何提议惩罚呢? 苏格拉底说,他的罪状似乎“没有理智过闲置生活的感觉;他可以接受罪行;他可以提出替代的辩护;梅列托斯要求死亡;苏格拉底的朋友吓坏了。他们鼓励他提出替代的。苏格拉底大声地说,惩罚是符合他的罪行;苏格拉底不相信他没有犯罪,他如何提议惩罚?他如何提议惩罚?苏格拉底说,他的“真正的罪行是没有理智地过闲置生活的感觉;忽视他自己的家庭事务,不赚钱,不追求军队任命,并且相信自己太诚实地参与欺骗性的商务和政治阴谋,就像其他人所做的那样。苏格拉底说他认为适当的惩罚应该是自由的,应该为他,他的妻子和孩子在市政厅里过着他们的生活!他不能建议任何消极的事物,因为他的言语好。许多陪审员们都会为这个提议而感到愤怒,但陪审团的朋友却不愿提出另一种惩罚。 苏格拉底说,他不会选择其他办法。

    Socrates now chastises the jurors who are putting him to death, pointing out that their deed will allow non-Athenians to criticize them.  They will call Socrates wise and Athens foolish.  He is an old man and they could not wait for him to die.  They needed to go out of their way to kill him.  Socrates spoke to his friends and encouraged them not to fell so badly for him.  He was not afraid of death but of wickedness.  He is confident that the result has been a good one since that inner voice or daemon had not spoken to him and warned him away from attending the trials and speaking as he did.  He says it is far harder to out run wickedness than death.  Death comes to us all but wickedness is what we should be concerned with and avoid.  We can’t avoid death.  Death was either a dreamless sleep or a journey to another place.  If it was a dreamless sleep, Socrates thought that it would not be bad at all.  If it were a journey to another place where the gods and goddesses and heroes were he would be happy to be with them and question them and learn the answers that had eluded him.
    ::苏格拉底现在惩治那些将他生死的人,他们惩罚那些将他生死杀死的陪审员,指出他们的善行,将使不信道的人们批评他们,他们称苏格拉底为智慧和愚昧的。他是一个老人,不能等待他死,他们不能等待他死,他们必须离开自己的路去杀他。苏格拉底对他的朋友说,他们不要为他而悲哀地摔倒。他不怕死,却怕恶行。他确信那结局是好的,因为那个内音或恶魔没有对他说话,而且警告他不要去见审判和说话。他说,那比起死来,要难得多。死亡降临到我们,只是我们所应关心和避免的恶行。我们无法避免死亡。死不是梦幻觉的睡眠,就是旅行到别的地方。如果那不是梦幻觉,他以为那结局是坏事。如果旅行到一个众神明和英雄都喜悦的地方,那末,他必得与他们一同悔罪过。

    Socrates was convinced that no harm can come to a good man either living or dead! He was taken away to prison to await his execution. In prison he is invited to flee and live in exile but refuses to do so!
    ::苏格拉底确信一个好人无论活着还是死都不会受到伤害!他被送进监狱等待处决,在监狱里,他被邀请逃离,流亡,但拒绝这样做。

    You can read along with Plato's account of Socrates defense in the
    ::你可以读到柏拉图对苏格拉底防御的描述

    Or you can watch the cartoon version below
    ::或者你可以在下面看卡通片版本

     Questions from the Apology video and  the reading
    ::道歉录像和阅读中的问题

    1. Why was he there?  What was it all about? 
      ::为什么他在那里?
    2. Why did he make the defense that he did? 
      ::他为什么要为自己辩护?
    3. Why did they convict him? Why did they sentence him to death?
      ::他们为什么对他定罪?他们为什么要判他死刑?
    4. If Socrates was such a good person, someone who was pursuing truth and goodness and wisdom, how could it be that he would be executed by fellow citizens?
      ::如果苏格拉底是这样一个好人,一个追求真理、善良和智慧的人,他怎么会被同胞处决呢?

    Prison, Death, and Legacy of Socrates
    ::监狱、死亡和苏格拉底遗产

    Socrates awaits his execution in prison. The Athenians have sent a boat laden with offerings to the gods in order to insure a better future for Athens.  The Athenians won’t execute him until the boat returns. Socrates and his friends know that there will be several days until the boat returns. While in prison Socrates is visited by his friends.  One of his friends is an old and wealthy Athenian named Crito .   Crito visits one day and informs Socrates that he has arranged for Socrates’ escape.  The guards have been bribed and he wants Socrates to leave with him.  Socrates will go off and live in another town.  Socrates is not eager to go off with his friend.  He asks him why he should do this.  Crito responds by informing Socrates that he loves him and does not want him to die.  He asks Socrates to think of what people will say about Crito.  They expect the old man to help out his friend.  He has a great deal of money and people would think poorly of him if he did not assist Socrates.  Crito’s reputation is at stake.  Socrates does not accept Crito’s appeals to his emotions.  Socrates again asks why he should leave.  Crito informs Socrates that:
    ::苏格拉底正在监狱里等待处决。雅典人派了一艘满满献祭的船给诸神,以确保雅典的更美好未来。雅典人不会处决他,直到船回来。苏格拉底和他的朋友知道船返回前会有数天。苏格拉底和他的朋友们知道船返回前会有几天。苏格拉底在监狱里时,他的一位朋友是一位年老富豪的雅典人,名叫克瑞托。一天,他去拜访苏格拉底,告诉苏格拉底,他已经安排苏格拉底逃跑。警卫们已经受贿,他希望苏格拉底和他一起离开。苏格拉底将离开并住在另一个城市。苏格拉底不急着和他的朋友一起离开。他问他为什么要这样做。克鲁托回答是告诉苏格拉底说,他爱他,不想让他死。他要求苏格拉底想想人们会怎么说克雷托斯的话。他们会帮助他的朋友。他有很多钱,他想苏格拉底会想,如果他没有这样做的话,他会很不好地接受。苏格拉托斯·索里托拉托斯(Socritoriate)。

    1.  it is not a great deal of money.
      ::这不是一大笔钱。
    2. Crito’s reputation is at stake.
      ::Crito的名声岌岌可危。
    3. Socrates’ children would be let down by his leaving them.
      ::苏格拉底的孩子将因他离开而失望。
    4. Socrates should remain alive to raise his children in a virtuous manner. 
      ::苏格拉底应该活着,以善待的方式抚养子女。

    Socrates is not quick to give in.  Instead he reminds Crito that they had agreed through all the years that a person should act according to what reasoning seems to be the best and not give in to emotions or to what the mob wants.  Socrates shall not respect the opinions of the many or even the all, only the reasons given by the few who have positions resting upon knowledge of justice and the  good . 
    ::苏格拉底不是很快屈服的。 相反,他提醒克里托(Crito)说,多年来,他们都同意一个人应该按照似乎最好的推理行事,而不是屈服于情绪或暴民想要的东西。 苏格拉底不应该尊重许多人甚至所有人的意见,而应该只尊重少数以正义和正义知识为立足点的少数人提出的理由。

    For Socrates the only consideration is whether or not he would be doing the right thing by leaving.  Socrates wants to do no wrong at all.  Crito reminds Socrates that he has been done wrong by the jury.  Socrates is not guilty of the crimes he was charged with and is being asked to die.  Crito urges him to leave. He does not need to accept the verdict of a jury that has wronged him.  Socrates responds by pointing out that we must do no wrong at all even in return for a wrong.  The laws did not wrong Socrates the jury did.  Socrates does not want to harm the Laws by doging wrong to them.  Two wrongs do not make a right!  Do not return a wrong for a wrong.  Crito does not quite understand Socrates point.  In order to make it easier to understand Socrates asks Crito to consider the Laws of Athens as a being standing at the doorway as Socrates is about to leave.  The Laws ask Socrates why is he leaving and Socrates repeats Crito’s reasoning.  The Laws would object that it was not the understanding that the Laws had with Socrates.  The Laws were like a father in assisting Socrates as he grew.  They educated him and enriched him.  They gave him a share in all the beautiful things of the city, citizenship and the right to leave at any time.  Socrates in particular is bound to them because for all his life he remained in the city, leaving only to defend it in battles.  He could have emigrated at any time but he choose to remain and in so doing to obey its Laws. 
    ::苏格拉底的唯一考虑是,他是否通过离开来做正确的事情。苏格拉底想做正确的事情。苏格拉底想做一点错事。 克鲁托提醒苏格拉底说,陪审团已经做了错事。 苏格拉底没有犯他被指控的罪行,而是被要求去死。 克莱托敦促他离开。 他不需要接受一个对他有冤枉的陪审团的判决。 苏格拉底回答说,我们绝不能做错任何事,哪怕是回报错误。法律没有错。法律没有错。 苏格拉底不想通过强迫陪审团做错事来损害法律。 苏格拉底不想做错事来伤害法律。 两个错误没有做对错事。 苏格拉底没有完全理解苏格拉底的点。 为了更容易理解苏格拉底要求克里托把雅典法律看作是一个站在门口的站着,因为苏格拉底即将离开。 法律问道,他为什么离开和苏格拉底重复法律的规矩是错的。 两项法律都是他的城市,因为他在学习法律中学会所有法律。

    1. hurting the Laws, as they are as Parents to him
      ::伤害法律,因为他们是他的双亲
    2. defying the laws, who were his nurturers
      ::违抗律法,他们是他的养育者。
    3. he would be breaking his agreement to obey
      ::他将违反他的服从协议

    Socrates cannot leave.  He swore an oath to accept the verdict and penalty.  He swore to the gods.  If he leaves he will not convince anyone that he was right and they were wrong. No, rather it would be proof that they were right in convicting and executing him.  If he leaves he would become guilty of the two crimes he had been accused of:
    ::苏格拉底不能出境,他盟誓要接受判决和刑罚,他向众神盟誓,如果他退避,他不使任何人确信他是正确的,他们是错的。不然,那将证明他们是无罪的。如果他退避,他将因他所被指控的两项罪行而犯罪。

    If Socrates were to leave he would be disobedient and wrong toward the Laws in different ways:
    ::如果苏格拉底要离开, 他就会以不同的方式对法律不服从和错误:

    1. Impiety - he would be breaking his oath to the gods and thus show that either he disbelieves in them or is insulting them deliberately
      ::他将违背对众神灵的盟誓,以显示他不信那些神灵,或故意侮辱那些神灵,
    2. Corrupting the young - he would be setting a very bad example for the youth of Athens as they would see Socrates run off into exile and think that they could do likewise in a similar situation and thus did not need to keep their oaths.
      ::他将给雅典的年轻人树立一个非常糟糕的榜样,因为他们看到苏格拉底逃出流放,认为他们在类似情况下也可以这样做,因此不必信守誓言。
    3. Socrates believed in the Law that said if you make an oath, keep it.  If you make a promise, keep it.
      ::苏格拉底相信法律,因为法律说,如果你们宣誓,就遵守它。如果你们发誓,就遵守它。
    4. Socrates must stay and die to prove that he is innocent.  In order to remain innocent he must die. He stays to die because he is innocent and wants to remain innocent and virtuous .  If he leaves he becomes guilty and deserves to die!
      ::苏格拉底必须留下并死亡以证明他是无辜的;为保无辜,他必须死;为保无辜,他必须死;为保无辜,他继续死亡,因为他是无辜的,他想保纯洁;如果他离开,他就有罪,应当死。
    5. Men and not the Laws wronged Socrates.  He sees no reason to harm the Laws now. He does not want to do wrong and thereby deserve the penalty.  He wanted always and everywhere to do what reason directed him to see as the good, the virtuous.
      ::人类和律法,绝不是亏枉苏格拉底的。他觉得现在没有理由损害律法,他不想作恶,所以应受刑罚。他想在各地和各地做他所认为的善人和行善人。

    Plato's Crito outlines Socrates arguments for why he would not leave prison and run away.
    ::Plato的Crito概述了Socrates关于他为何不离开监狱和逃跑的论点。

    Crito
    ::铁柱

    The decision made by Socrates changed the course of events for the entire world!  If Socrates had left the prison there would have been no Plato and had there been no Plato there would have been a different course of events in the Western world and therefore in the entire world.  The development of science and ideas of political reform were as they are because of the works of Plato.  Had Socrates not remained in prison to die, Plato would not have become a Philosopher and would not have written the dialogues that impacted history.  If Socrates had not remained to die in prison, I would not have been born! Socrates remains in prison and is executed by drinking hemlock . He offers arguments for the existence and immortality of the soul in the last hours of his life
    ::苏格拉底所做的决定改变了全世界事件的方向!如果苏格拉底离开监狱,就不会有柏拉图人,如果没有柏拉图人,那么西方世界和整个世界都会出现不同的情况。科学和政治改革思想的发展与柏拉图的作品一样。如果苏格拉底没有留在监狱里待死,柏拉底就不会成为哲学家,也不会写出影响历史的对话。如果苏格拉底人没有留在监狱里死去,我就不会出生!苏格拉底人仍然在监狱里,并被饮用黑发处死。他为灵魂在生命的最后几个小时里的存在和不朽提供了论据。

    These arguments can be found in Plato's Phaedo.
    ::这些论点可在柏拉图的Phaedo中找到。

      Philosophy Applications 
    ::哲学应用

    lesson content

    EPISD Critical Thinkers Goal
    ::EPISD 关键思想者目标

      lesson content

    Answer and discuss at least ONE of the following questions. 
    ::回答并讨论至少以下一个问题。

    1. Socrates believed that no one does wrong voluntarily. Evil is the result of ignorance. If people knew what was the right thing to do they would do it.  We always choose what we think is the best or good for us.  So, if someone chooses to do what we think is wrong, then that person made a mistake and must be educated to see the error.  They mistook good  for the evil. Do you agree?  Why or why not?
      ::苏格拉底人确信任何人都不自觉地作恶。恶是愚昧的结果。如果人们知道什么才是他们所欲为的,那末,他们确已做了这件事了。我们总是择取我们认为最优美或最优美的。如果有人选择做我们认为错的事,那末,他确已犯了一个错误,他必须受过教育,以便他看见错误。他们为恶而误入歧途。你同意吗?为什么或不这样做?
    2. If Socrates had the same principles at the age of 37 that he had at the age of 72 do you think that he would have remained in prison to be executed or would he have accepted the offer of his friends and left the prison and gone into exile? Why or why not? Give reasons.
      ::如果苏格拉底在37岁时具有与72岁时相同的原则,那么,你是否认为他将会在监狱里被处决,或者他会接受朋友的提议,离开监狱流放?为什么或为什么没有? 说明理由。
    3. If Socrates had left the prison Plato would not have become a philosopher and the Western world would have developed along other lines and at a different pace. The entire world would be different and you and I would not exist! Plato's ideas contributed to science, religion, to Locke , Rousseau, Jefferson and Adams and to Hegel and to Marx and to communism.  The world would be different.  Socrates' decision not to escape prison was one of those moments that changed all of history!  Do you agree?  Why or why not?
      ::如果苏格拉底离开柏拉图监狱,他不会成为哲学家,西方世界也会以不同的速度发展。整个世界都会不同,你和我也不会存在!柏拉图的想法有助于科学、宗教、洛克、卢梭、杰斐逊和亚当斯、赫格尔、马克思和共产主义。世界会不同。苏格拉底不越狱的决定是改变了历史的瞬间之一!你同意吗?为什么或为什么?

    Vocabulary
    ::词汇表

    lesson content

    EPISD Effective Bilingual Education Goal
    ::EPISD 有效双语教育目标