Section outline

  • Metaphysics Overview
    ::形形物理学概览

    Metaphysics deals with what is real. What do all things that are real, in some way or in any way, have in common that makes them real and otherwise not?
    ::形体物理学涉及的是真实的东西。 所有真实的事物,无论以某种方式还是以某种方式,有什么共同之处,使得这些事物成为真实或非真实?

    Have you ever heard or said any of the following:
    ::你有没有听说过或说过以下任何话:

    • Are you for real?
      ::你是真的吗?
    • Really!
      ::真的!
    • No kidding!
      ::别开玩笑了!
    • For real?
      ::真的吗?
    • Is it really true?
      ::真的是真的吗?
    • Get real!
      ::真实点!
    • Are they real?
      ::是真的吗?

    Well, just what is meant by "real"? If all things that are real constitute "reality", then what is "reality"? What does it mean to be real? Is there a reality? How would we know it? This is the stuff of metaphysics. When someone dies and a survivor wonders whether or not souls are real they are entering into metaphysical thinking as soon as they begin to think about what exactly it means to be real.
    ::那么,“真实”是指什么?如果所有真实的东西都构成“现实”,那么“真实”是指什么?“现实”是指什么?真实吗?现实是指什么?现实是指什么?是否存在?我们怎么知道呢?这是元物理的东西。当有人死亡,幸存者想知道灵魂是否真实时,他们开始思考真实意味着什么。当他们开始思考真实意味着什么时,他们就进入了形物理思维。

    Physical objects are real. Or at least most people think that they are real. Ideas are real.  Relationships (taller than, older than) are real.  They are all real but, they are not real in the same way.  What do they have in common that makes them real?  You check out something to determine whether or not it is real.  A testing process is used.  The testing involves the use of the senses, physical objects and measuring devices.  But are all things that are real detectable by means of such physical devices?  This is a metaphysical question.
    ::物理物体是真实的。 或者至少大多数人认为它们是真实的。 思想是真实的。 关系( 比实际的要长, 比实际的要大 ) 是真实的。 它们都是真实的, 但是, 它们不是真实的。 它们有什么共同点, 使得它们成为真实的? 你检查一些东西以确定它是否真实。 使用了一个测试过程。 测试涉及到感官、 物理物体和测量装置的使用。 但是, 以这些物理装置的方式, 是否所有的东西都是真实的 ? 这是一个形体问题 。

    Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy that could be of significance to humans as they must deal with claims about things and state of affairs about which they wonder: "Are they real or not?"  At the beginning of the 21st  century philosophers are exploring alternatives to the post-modernist view that would restore some notion of there being a reality.  It is too soon to discern which traditions in philosophy may reassert themselves and in what form, to displace the discredited postmodern rejection of the idea of a single reality.
    ::现代物理学是哲学的分支,对人类具有重要意义,因为人类必须处理对事物和现状的主张,而人类对此感到疑惑的是:“它们是否真实? ”21世纪初,哲学家们正在探索替代后现代主义观点的替代方法,以恢复现实的某种观念。 现在还为时过早,要确定哲学中的哪些传统可以以何种形式重新抬头,以取代对单一现实理念的无耻的后现代否定。

    At the beginning of the 20th century there was a movement in philosophy called linguistic analysis that held that most, if not all, of the most basic problems confronting philosophers and humans were the result of language problems and once they were solved with a method of clarification the human problems would be solved as well.  This has not proven to be the case.  Some but not all of the problem with the idea that there are "multiple realities" may very well be a problem with language and the sloppiness with which people use it.
    ::20世纪初,出现了一种叫作语言分析的哲学运动,认为哲学家和人类所面临的最基本问题,如果不是全部,大多数都是语言问题造成的,一旦以澄清的方法解决了这些问题,人类问题也会得到解决。 事实并非如此。 存在“多重现实”的观念的一些问题虽然不是全部问题,但很可能与语言和人们使用语言的简单性有关。

    Let's consider the idea of "multiple realities".  At first glance many will agree that there are multiple realities.  But when asked exactly what is meant by that claim there are different ideas.  There is a need to clarify the meaning of the term "reality".  As with many words there is more than one meaning and to switch from one to another in a conversation or an argument is to invite problems.  In philosophy this problem is known as equivocation.
    ::让我们来考虑“多重现实”的概念。 乍一看, 许多人会同意存在多重现实。 但是当问到这个说法的确切含义时, 会有不同的想法。 有必要澄清“ 现实” 一词的含义。 和许多词一样, 在谈话或争论中, 将一个概念转换为另一个概念, 会引起问题。 在哲学中, 这个问题被称为“ 空洞 ” 。

    lesson content

    EPISD Critical Knowledge and Creative Thinkers Goal
    ::EPISD 关键知识和创意思想者目标

    Multiple Realities and Multiple Meanings
    ::多重现实和多重含义

    Meaning 1
    ::含义1

    Let’s start with what is perhaps the oldest and most important meaning of the word "reality."
    ::让我们从也许是“现实”一词最古老和最重要的含义开始。

    Reality 1 = the sum total of all that is real.
    ::现实1=所有真实事物的总和。

    This is the total sum of all things that exist and are experienced no matter what or where they are. These would be real things as opposed to imaginary or illusory.
    ::这是所有存在和经历的事物的总和, 不论它们是什么或在哪里, 这些都是真实的东西, 而不是虚幻的或虚幻的。

    Now there is a universe and it is composed of galaxies and they are composed of solar systems and they have planets and moons and then there are asteroids and comets and throughout it all there is dark matter and energy and dark holes and the forces of the universe: gravity, electro-magnetic, strong and weak.  This universe occupies and constitutes space.  It has three dimensions of length, breadth, and depth.  Add the dimension of time and the entire space-time continuum is reality 1 .  Thus reality 1 is the total of all real things that are space-time continuum.
    ::宇宙现在是一个宇宙,由星系组成,星系由太阳系组成,它们有行星和卫星,然后有小行星和彗星,在整个宇宙中,都有暗物质和能量,暗洞和宇宙的力量:重力、电磁、强力和弱力。这个宇宙占据并构成空间。它有三个维度的长度、广度和深度。加上时间的维度和整个时空连续体是现实。1因此,现实1是所有真实事物的总数,它们是时空连续体。

    Now if there should be more dimensions than the four of the known space-time continuum, well then reality 1 would consist of the sum of all those dimensions.  String theory holds for many more dimensions than the four of space-time.  If there should be other universes with their own galaxies and solar systems, etc...then reality 1 would be the total of all those universes and dimensions. Reality 1 is singular.  There is only one reality 1 .  Whatever is real and exists makes for reality 1 .
    ::现在,如果比已知的时空连续体的四个维度多一些,那么现实1就是所有这些维度的总和。字符串理论比空间时的四个维度多得多。如果有其他宇宙拥有自己的星系和太阳系,等等...那么现实1就是所有这些宇宙和维度的总数。现实1是单一的。只有一个现实1。无论现实和存在是什么,都是为了现实1。

    Meaning 2
    ::意义2

    The word reality is sometimes used not in the sense of meaning 1 or reality 1 but in another way.
    ::现实这个词有时不是在意义1或现实1的意义上使用,而是以另一种方式使用。

    Reality 2 = a person's experience of reality 1
    ::现实2 = 一个人对现实的体验 1

    With this usage each person has a unique and individual experience of all that is real and those experiences constitute the reality 2 of that person.  No two people, not even identical twins, have the self-same set of experiences and so no two people have the same reality 2 .  Thus there are as many realities 2 as there are conscious beings to experience what exists.  Thus there are multiple realities 2 .
    ::使用这种用法,每个人对真实的一切都有独特的个人经验,这些经验构成一个人的现实2,没有两个人,甚至没有相同的双胞胎,有相同的经历,因此没有两个人有相同的现实2。因此,有意识的人和有意识的人一样,有同样的现实2。因此,有多重现实2。

    It is obvious that the experiences of different people are different and the more different people are so are their experiences and so is their reality 2 .  So in the sense of reality 2 there are multiple realities 2 . Rich people have a different reality 2 then poor people.  Tall people have a different reality 2 than short people.  Males have a different reality 2 than females and so on.
    ::显然,不同的人的经历是不同的,不同的人的经历也是不同的,他们的经历也是不同的,他们的现实也是一样。 因此,在现实的意义上,2 存在着多重现实。 富人有不同的现实,2 而穷人则有不同的现实。 高人有不同于矮人的2。 男性有与女性不同的现实,2 女性等等。

    Meaning 3
    ::含义 3

    There is still another meaning for the word "reality" that is operative in discussions about reality.
    ::在讨论现实时,“现实”一词还有另一个含义。

    Reality 3 = a person's belief about reality 1
    ::现实3 = 一个人对现实的信念1

    As different people have different beliefs about what is real then they have a different reality 3 . So each person holding a set of beliefs about r eality 1 has a reality 3 .  Different beliefs will produce different realities 3 .  So with Meaning 2 and Meaning 3 there are multiple "realities"
    ::因为不同的人对真实事物有不同的信仰, 而他们有不同的现实。 因此,每个对现实1有一套信仰的人都有了一个现实。 不同的信仰会产生不同的现实。 因此,用意义2和意义3, 有许多“现实”存在。

    If in metaphysics the issue is "What is real?" then they meaning of the word “real” and the resulting “reality“  would be the sense of the word using the meaning of reality 1.
    ::如果在形体物理学中,问题是“什么是真实的?” 那么它们的意思是“真实的”一词, 由此产生的“真实的”就是使用现实1含义的“真实的”一词的含义。

    Now with post-modernism there came the notion that since humans do not know with objective knowledge and with absolute certainty what reality 1 is then all thinking about reality 1 is merely about reality 3 .  Thus, different groups of people have different beliefs about reality 1 and thus there being no set of beliefs that are certain to be true and complete knowledge of reality 1 then there is no reality 1 that humans know and all talking about reality 1 is merely talking about reality 3 and thus there can be and are multiple realities 3 and that is all that humans can do.
    ::现在,随着后现代主义的出现,出现了这样一种概念,即由于人类并不以客观的知识来认识现实,并且绝对肯定地知道现实是什么,那么对现实1的思考就只是现实。 因此,不同群体对现实1有不同的信仰,因此没有一套肯定真实和完全了解现实的信念。 1 那么,没有一种现实是人类知道的,而所有谈论现实1的人只是谈论现实3,因此,可能存在并且存在多种现实3,这是人类所能做的。

      Post-modernis m presents the claims: 
    ::后现代主义提出以下主张:

    • There is no absolute certainty about reality 1 .
      ::对现实1没有绝对的确定性。
    • There can be no certain knowledge of reality 1 .
      ::无法对现实1有一定的了解。
    • There can be no objective knowledge of reality 1 .
      ::不能客观地了解现实1。
    • All thinking about reality 1 is done within groups by individuals and amounts to no more than reality 3 .
      ::对现实1的所有想法都是由个人在团体内进行的,仅相当于现实3。
    • So, there are only multiple realities 3 .
      ::因此,只有多重现实3。

    Questions to Ponder
    ::给花粉的问题

    1. Is this actually the case that there is no reality 1 and there are only realities 3 ?
      ::这是否实际上是不存在现实1和只有现实3的情况?
    2. Is there no way to get beyond the relativity of thinking about reality?
      ::难道没有办法超越思考现实的相对论吗?

    Some think that there is. Let us consider as an example of something that is real and would be a part of reality 1 , the planet earth.  More precisely, let's consider the shape of the planet earth.
    ::有些人认为确实存在。让我们考虑一个真实的、将成为现实1的一部分的范例,地球。更确切地说,让我们来考虑地球的形状。

    To begin with we start out with there being only one such planet on which we who are writing and reading or listening to these words are living.  If each of us has his or her own planet earth then there is no explanation as to why we are each on the other's planets.  So we agree that there is one planet Earth .
    ::首先,我们只从这样一个星球开始,我们写作、读物或听听这些文字的人生活在这个星球上。如果我们每个人都有自己的地球,那么我们为什么在另一个星球上,就没有任何解释。因此,我们同意有一个地球。

    The planet earth is physical and occupies space-time. As there is only one planet earth it has only one shape. The shape of the planet earth is of a multi-dimensional object.  It could be something like a cube, saucer, cylinder, spherical shape, or some other three dimensional shape. However, the main point here is that, whatever is its shape, it has  only one shape
    ::地球是物理的, 占用了时空。 因为只有一个行星, 它只有一个形状。 行星的形状是一个多维天体。 它可以是立方体、 立方体、 立方体、 圆柱体、 球体形状或其它三个维形状。 但是, 这里的要点是, 不管它的形状是什么, 它只有一个形状。

    If it has only one shape and there are people who think it is a cube and others who think it is a saucer and others who think it is a spherical shape, then they cannot all be correct at the same time.  No matter what the shape of the earth is some of those people must be wrong about the shape because the planet earth cannot have more than one shape at the same time. So in reality 1 the planet earth has one and only one shape.
    ::如果地球只有一个形状,而有人认为它是一个立方体,其他人则认为它是一个碟子,其他人则认为它是一个球体形状,那么他们不可能同时都是正确的。不管地球的形状是什么,有些人肯定对形状的看法是错误的,因为地球的形状不能同时有一个以上的形状。因此,在现实中,地球有一个,只有一个形状。

    Different people have different experiences of the planet earth and thus different realities 2 . People also have different beliefs about the shape of the planet and thus different realities 3 . Some people think that the shape is flat (Flat Earth society members). Some think that the shape is an oblate spheroid.  So they have different realities 3 .
    ::2. 人们对地球的形状也有不同的信仰,因此也不同。 3. 有些人认为形状是平坦的(花生社会成员),有些人认为形状是面状的。有些人认为形状是粒状的。因此,他们有不同的现实3。

    Are they equally correct?  No, they could both be wrong.  This could happen if the one and only planet earth turned out to have a pyramid shape or some other shape beside a spheroid or flat saucer like entity.  But the people who think it is flat and those who think it is an oblate spheroid cannot both be correct at the same time.
    ::它们是否同样正确? 不,它们可能都是错的。 如果地球上唯一一个和唯一一个地球的形状出现一个金字塔形状或某种其他形状,以及一个像实体一样的无孔不入或平板碟。 但认为它平坦的人和认为它是一个斜眼人不可能同时正确。

    So what is the reality 1 about the planet earth?  We think that it is an oblate spheroid given the overwhelming amount of evidence that supports that and the evidence that refutes the claim that the planet earth has a flat shape.
    ::那么,地球的现实1是什么?我们认为,鉴于大量证据支持这个事实,以及那些驳斥地球形状平坦的说法的证据,地球是一个反面的行星。

    It would be foolish (defying logic and basic reason) to claim that there are multiple realities using reality 1 meaning.  It would be obvious to claim that there are multiple realities about the shape of the earth using reality 3 meaning.
    ::以现实1的含意宣称存在多种现实是愚蠢的(荒谬的逻辑和基本理由 ) 。 以现实3的含意宣称存在多种关于地球形状的现实是显而易见的。

    So where are we with all this talk about reality and multiple realities?  Well the American pragmatist Charles Sanders Pierce wished to distinguish himself from the other pragmatists because of a few points of fundamental difference with them.  Most held that there was no reality 1 and Pierce held that there was such a reality 1 and that humans would develop better and better understandings of just what reality 1 is but never capture it totally and completely.  He wished that his own form of pragmatism that held out for such a thing to be known as "pragmatism" but that did not catch on.  So we have the postmodernism of Pierce and then the postmodern relativism of the others including pragmatists who want to claim that there is no reality 1 .
    ::那么,我们在谈论关于现实和多重现实的所有这些话题时,又在哪里呢?美国实用主义者查尔斯·桑德斯·皮尔斯(Charles Sanders Pierce)希望把自己与其他实用主义者区分开来,因为他们之间有一些根本的分歧。 多数人认为,不存在一个现实,而皮尔斯认为,存在这样一个现实1,人类将更好、更深入地了解一个现实是什么,但永远不能完全和完全地抓住它。 他希望他自己的务实主义形式能够将这种事物称为“悲观主义 ” , 但却没有抓住它。 因此,我们有皮尔斯的后现代主义,然后有其他人的后现代相对主义,包括想宣称不存在现实的实用主义者。 1

    It seems that Pierce was more accurate than those others who would go on to promulgate many ideas about the lack of certainty and the impossibility of objective knowledge and truth. The shape of the planet earth is something that humans come to know.  Their thinking about is checked against the way that things are.  There is a method for checking on the empirical claims of human beings and that method is self-correcting.  Science develops over time a better and better understanding of the nature of things and of reality 1 .
    ::皮尔斯似乎比其他人更准确,其他人会继续发表许多关于缺乏确定性和客观知识与真理不可能的观念。地球的形状是人类开始知道的。他们的想法与事物的形态是对照的。有一种方法可以检查人类的经验主张,这种方法是自我纠正的。科学随着时间推移发展,对事物和现实的本质有了更好和更好的了解。

    We should not accept that there are multiple realities1 but only that there are multiple realities in the sense of meaning 2 ( reality 2 ) and meaning 3 ( reality 3 ).  We would do better to stop using those meanings and to speak more clearly and when we want to claim that there are multiple realities in the sense of meaning 2 (reality 2) and meaning 3 (reality 3) we should make these claims:
    ::我们不应该承认存在多重现实,1 但只能承认在意义2(现实2)和含义3(现实3)的意义上存在多重现实, 我们最好停止使用这些含义,更明确地说,当我们想声称在意义2(现实2)和含义3(现实3)的意义上存在多重现实时,我们应该提出这些说法:

    b) There are different experiences of what is real.
    :sadb) 真实情况有不同的经验。

    c) There are different beliefs about what is real.
    :sadc) 对真实情况有不同的看法。

    and not say that there are different realities when all we mean by that is either b) or c).
    ::而不是说,当我们所说的只是b)或c)时,存在着不同的现实。

    Academic Metaphysics
    ::学术形体学

    The term metaphysics originally referred to the writings of Aristotle that came after his writings on physics, in the arrangement made by Andronicus of Rhodes about three centuries after Aristotle's death.
    ::在亚里士多德死后大约三个世纪 罗德斯的安德龙戈斯做出的安排中 亚里士多德的著作

    Traditionally, metaphysics refers to the branch of philosophy that attempts to understand the fundamental nature of all reality, whether visible or invisible. It seeks a description so basic, so essentially simple, so all-inclusive that it applies to everything, whether divine, human or anything else. It attempts to tell what anything must be like in order to be at all.
    ::传统上,形体物理学是指试图理解所有现实的根本性质的哲学分支,无论是可见的还是隐形的。 它寻求一种非常基本、基本简单、包罗万象的描述,它适用于一切事物,无论是神圣的、人类的还是其他任何东西。 它试图告诉任何东西必须是什么样子才能成为现实。

    To call one a metaphysician, in this traditional philosophical sense, indicates nothing more than his or her interest in attempting to discover what underlies everything. Old materialists, who said that there is nothing but matter in motion, and current naturalists, who say that everything is made of lifeless, non-experiencing energy, are just as much to be classified as metaphysicians as are idealists, who maintain that there is nothing but ideas, or mind, or spirit.
    ::在这种传统的哲学意义上,称一个人为元物理学家只是表明他(她)对试图发现一切基础所在的兴趣。 旧物质学家说,除了在动的东西外,别无他物,而现在的自然学家说,万物都是由无生命的、非探索性能源组成的,他们与理想主义者一样被归类为现代物理学家,他们坚持认为,除了思想、思想或精神之外,别无他物。

    Perhaps the best definition of materialism is that of Charles Hartshorne (I nsights and Oversights of Great Thinkers , p.17): "the denial that the most pervasive processes of nature involve any such psychical functions as sensing, feeling, remembering, desiring, or thinking." Idealists assert what materialists here deny. Dualists say that mind and matter are equally real, while neutral monists claim that there is a neutral reality that can appear as either mind or matter. Philosophers generally are content to divide reality into two halves, mind and matter (extended and unextended reality) and do not emphasize such distinctions within the mind half as spirit and soul.
    ::也许物质主义的最佳定义是查尔斯·哈特索恩(大思想家的见解和监督者,第17页):“否认最普遍的自然过程涉及感知、感觉、记忆、渴望或思维等任何灵媒功能。” 理想主义者断言物质主义者在此否认的东西。 双面主义者说思想和物质是同样真实的,而中立的一面主义者则声称存在中立的现实,既可以表现为思想,也可以表现为物质。 哲学家通常满足于将现实分为两半、思想和物质(无限和无限的现实 ) , 并且不强调精神和灵魂在思想中的一半的区别。

    Popular Metaphysics
    ::人造形体

     A commonly employed secondary, popular, usage of metaphysics includes a wide range of controversial phenomena believed by many people to exist beyond the physical.
    ::通用的二级使用、流行的外形物理学使用包括了许多人认为存在于身体以外的一系列有争议的现象。

    Popular metaphysics relates to two traditionally contrasted, if not completely separable, areas,
    ::大众形形体与两个传统对比,即使不是完全分离,也与两个领域有关,

    1. mysticism , referring to experiences of unity with the ultimate, commonly interpreted as the god who is love, and
      ::指与终极统一的经历 通常被解释为爱的神
    2. occultism , referring to the extension of knowing (extrasensory perception, including telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition, retro cognition, and mediumship) and doing ( psychokinesis ) beyond the usually recognized fields of human activity.
      ::文化学,是指将知识(包括心电感应、心电感应、心电感应、心电感应、感知、回溯认知和中继)和行为(心理)扩展到通常公认的人类活动领域之外。

    The academic study of the occult (literally hidden) has been known as psychical research and, more recently, parapsychology. Both New Age and New Thought emphasize mysticism and its practical, pragmatic application in daily living, but New Thought discourages involvement in occultism.
    ::新时代和新思想都强调神秘主义及其在日常生活中的实际实用应用,但新思想却抑制了对神秘主义的参与。

    Pure and Applied Metaphysics
    ::纯物理和应用物理

    Cutting across the division of the academic and the popular, there is another way of dividing metaphysics: theoretical and applied. This distinction is like the division between science and technology; one describes; the other applies the description to practical problems, putting knowledge to work. Gathering knowledge (or alleged knowledge, critics of metaphysics would say) in metaphysics traditionally is by rational thought; in a more popular understanding, knowledge gathering may be either mystical or occult; in either case the pure (?) knowledge is to be distinguished from the practical application of it.
    ::在学术和大众的分化中,还有另一种分化形体的方法:理论和运用。这种区分就像科学技术的分化;一种描述;另一种将描述应用于实际问题,使知识发挥作用。 传统意义上,将知识(或所谓的知识、对形体物理学的批评者会说 ) 的元物理学知识(或所谓的知识)收集起来是理性的思维;在更普遍的理解中,知识的收集可以是神秘的,也可以是神秘的;在两种情况下,纯知识(?)应该与知识的实际应用区别开来。

    Subdivisions of Metaphysics
    ::外形物理学分支

    • Ontology :  W hat is being?  What exists?  What is real? 
      ::本体学:什么是什么?什么存在?什么是真实的?什么是真实的?
    • Metaphysical Questions:  Does god exist?  Soul? Mind? Body? Space?  Time?  Eternity?  Potential?  Future?  Past? 
      ::无形问题:上帝存在吗?灵魂?精神?身体?空间?时间?永恒?潜力?未来?过去?
    • Cosmology : what is the origin of reality? Matter? Space? Time?
      ::宇宙学:什么是现实的起源?物质?空间?时间?
    • Axiology : what are values?  Do they exist? Are they ordered?
      ::轴学: 值是什么? 它们存在吗? 它们被订购了吗 ?

    Topics in Metaphysics
    ::外形物理学专题

    • Minds and bodies
      ::心灵和身体
    • Souls and immortality
      ::灵魂和永生
    • Freedom and determinism
      ::自由和确定论
    • Fate
      ::命运命运
    • Space and time
      ::空间和时间
    • Time and eternity
      ::时间和永恒
    • Causation
      ::因果关系
    • God: being, causation, nature, eternal, nature, existence of evil
      ::神:是,因果,自然,永恒,自然,邪恶的存在
    • Ideas or categories
      ::想法或类别
    • Relations properties: are these real?
      ::关系属性:这些是真实的吗?

    Materialism
    ::物质主义

    Materialism is a tradition of thought in which all things that exist are made up of matter in some way.  To update this theory it might be restated that all existence is made up of energy in some form.  Matter is a form of energy.  All things that exist are made of energy, atoms, molecules, forces and other entities that consist of energy.  There are no non-physical or non-material existents.
    ::物质主义是一种思想传统,在这种思想中,所有存在的东西都以某种方式由物质组成。为了更新这一理论,可以重申所有存在都由某种形式的能源组成。物质是一种能源形式。所有存在的东西都由能源、原子、分子、力量和由能源组成的其他实体组成。不存在非物理或非物质的存在。

    lesson content

    EPISD Informed Problem Solvers Goal
    ::EPISD 信息化解决问题者目标

    Margaret Cavendish-Materialism
    ::玛格丽特·卡文迪什

    To explain human behavior there is evolutionary biology and sociobiology, which attempt to explain all behavior in physical terms.  Humans are conditioned to respond to stimuli.  They have basic physical drives and they have the evolutionary drive to continue their species.  This explains mating behavior and even the actions of some humans to save the lives of other humans, even at their own expense.  It is all about continuing the genetic inheritance, the chromosomal patterns.
    ::为了解释人类的行为,有进化生物学和社会生物学,它们试图用物理术语来解释所有行为。人类有对刺激作出反应的条件。他们有基本的物理驱动力,有继续其物种的进化动力。这解释了交配行为,甚至一些人类拯救他人生命的行动,即使牺牲自己。这都是为了继续遗传遗产,染色体模式。

    Idealism
    ::理想主义

    This is the view that the only reality is the ideal world. This would be the world of ideas .  It is the view that there is no external reality composed of matter and energy.  There are only ideas existing within minds.
    ::这种观点认为,唯一的现实是理想世界,这是思想世界,不存在由物质和能量组成的外部现实,只有思想中存在的想法。

    Idealism is the metaphysical view that associates reality to ideas in the mind rather than to material objects.  It lays emphasis on the mental or spiritual components of experience, and renounces the notion of material existence.  Idealists regard the mind and spirit as the most essential, permanent aspects of one’s being. 
    ::理想主义是一种将现实与思想而不是物质物体联系在一起的形体化观点。 它强调经验的精神或精神成分,并放弃物质存在的概念。 理想主义认为思想和精神是一个人生命中最重要的、永久的方面。

    Idealism of Plato
    ::柏拉图的理想主义

    A well-known exponent of this view was Plato, a philosopher in ancient Greece (428-347 BC). Plato believed that the physical world around us is not real; it is constantly changing and thus you can never say what it really is. There is a world of ideas which is a world of unchanging and absolute truth. This is reality for Plato. Does such a world exist independent of human minds? Plato thought it did, and whenever we grasp an idea, or see something with our mind's eye, we are using our mind to conceive of something in the ideal world. There are a number of proofs of this ideal world. The concepts of geometry, such as the concept of a circle, which is a line equidistant from a point, is something which does not exist in the physical world. All physical circles, such as wheels, drawings, etc. Are not perfectly round. Yet our mind has the concept of a perfect circle. Since this concept could not come from the physical world, it must come from an ideal world. Another proof is that from moral perfection. We can conceive of a morally perfect person, even though the people we know around us are not morally perfect. So where does someone get this idea of moral perfection? Since it could not have been obtained from the world around us, it must have come from an ideal world.
    ::这种观点的一个众所周知的推理是古希腊的哲学家柏拉图(428-347 BC)。柏拉图认为,我们周围的物理世界并不真实;它不断变化,因此你永远无法说出它的真实性。有一个思想世界是一个没有变化和绝对真理的世界。这是柏拉图的现实。这样一个世界是独立于人类思想的世界吗?柏拉图认为它是一个独立世界吗?柏拉图认为它的存在,当我们掌握一个思想或看到我们脑中的东西时,我们就会用我们的思想来构思一个理想世界中的东西。这个理想世界有许多证据。这个理想世界有许多证据。几何学概念,例如圆形的概念,从某一点看,是一个平坦的线,是一个不存在在物理世界中的东西。所有物理圈,例如轮子、图画等等,都不是完全圆形的。我们的思想有一个完美的圆圈的概念。由于这个概念不可能来自物理世界,所以它必须来自一个理想的世界。另一个证据是道德上的完美。我们可以想象一个道德完美的人的概念,尽管这个概念是从一个我们周围的人是道德上的完美,但这个理想的世界里的人是没有道德理想的。这个理想的。我们一定的。这个世界里的人是没有道德理想的。

    Idealism of Bishop George Berkeley
    ::乔治·伯克利主教的理想主义

    George Berkeley was an A nglican bishop from  I reland who challenged the irrationality of the notion that matter exists autonomously outside the mind as Locke and other contemporaneous empiricists speculated.  Berkeley’s immaterialist ontology maintained material substance cannot be real beyond the confines of the mind because inanimate objects do not have the ability to operate as causal agents.  It is nonsensical and foolish to designate the causal qualities of humans, or spirits, to inert matter.  Only life forces, such as spirits or souls, are able to function causally through perception and are the only substances that really exist.  Knowledge springs from perceptions, and because material objects are not causal agents, they unquestionably do not arouse perceptual activity.  Berkeley says that only an infinite being may produce and direct causally the perceptions that humans (spirits) have of physical matter. “but whatever power I may have over my own thoughts, I  find the ideas actually perceived by sense have not a like dependence on my will.  When in broad daylight I open my eyes, ‘tis not in my power to choose whether I see or no, or to determine what particular objects shall represent themselves to my view; and so likewise to the hearing and other senses, the ideas imprinted on them are not creatures of my will.  There is therefore some other will or spirit that produces them."
    ::伯克利是爱尔兰的一位英国圣公会主教,他挑战了在洛克和其他当时的共产主义分子猜测时,物质在思想上是自主存在的这一观念的不合理性。 伯克利的非物质学本性在精神上是不可超越的。 伯克利的非物质物质物质物质在精神上是真实的,因为无动于衷的物体没有能力作为因果关系因素运作。 将人类或精神的因果关系指定为不可改变的事物是不明智和愚蠢的。 只有生命力量,如灵魂或灵魂,才能通过感知产生因果关系,而成为真正存在的唯一物质。 知识来自感知,而物质物体不是因果关系的动力,因此毫无疑问,它们不会引起感知性的活动。 伯克利说,只有无限的生命才能产生和直接的心智感,而人类(精神)对物理物质的看法。 “但无论我对自己的想法拥有何种力量,我发现感知觉中的想法并不象对我的意志那样依赖。 当我睁开眼睛时,`我不认为我有能力选择我是否看到或看不到,或确定其他事物,或是什么生命的。 因此,某些物体就会产生它们本身。 。 。

    Does The Physical World Exist? Bishop George Berkeley
    ::物理世界是否存在? 乔治·伯克利主教

    Berkeley asserted that man’s ideas are emitted from the divine, and thus all humans are merely ideas in the mind of God.  When he thinks of us, we are begotten and our existence activated. Yet, God still remains ineffable as he is beyond our comprehension.  It is ultimately God who causes us to sense the physicality of objects by means of his direct volition .  First, he will conceive the idea that we humans sense or perceive an object and then we actually do as he thought.  Hence, the effect of God’s mind on the mind of humans is required for sensation to occur.  Berkeley explicates that all physical objects are perceived via sensation.  Material objects are merely ideas obtained through perceptual activity and their attributes are sensible rather than being physical properties.  Sensation is therefore impossible without the presence of ideas or else anything sensed would be unperceived or unthought.  In conclusion, Berkeley asserts that all physical things in this world are ideas of the divine.
    ::Berkeley声称,人类的思想是从神圣中释放出来的,因此,所有的人都是神的思想。当他想到我们的时候,我们被生了出来,我们的存在被激活了。然而,上帝仍然无法胜任,因为他是我们无法理解的。最终,是真主通过直接意志使我们感受到物体的物理性。首先,他将设想我们人类感知或感知一个物体的想法,然后我们实际上照他的想法行事。因此,为了产生感知,需要上帝的心理对人心灵的影响。Berke认为,所有物理物体都是通过感知来感知的。物质物体只是通过感知性活动获得的想法,它们的性质是明智的,而不是物理的。因此,没有思想或其他感知的东西的存在,就不可能有感知力或感知性的东西是没有的。最后,Berkele声称,在这个世界上,所有物理的东西都是神的思想。

    Christian Scientist's Idealism
    ::基督教科学家的理想主义

    Christian Scientists generally believe that God is a disembodied spirit who is omnipotent, omniscient, and omnipresent.  They set all being in his mind.  He is and encompasses all aspects of existence as he is referred to as “God is all-in-all.”  Mrs. Mary Baker Eddy, founder of C hristian S cience, states that due to God’s spiritual nature, humanity (the product of his creation) must also appropriately be spiritual and not material.  The concept of additional spiritual deities is excluded because of his “all-in-all” totality.  The true universe in its entirety, according to divine metaphysics, or Christian Science, is comprised of ideas that are completely spiritual and fashioned by divine thought, just as Berkeley espouses in his immaterialist views.  Therefore, Christian Scientists specify that we as humans are in truth spirits produced by divinity, and in consequence are all incarnations of God.  If we ignorantly deny the truth of God’s spiritual existence, it is then that we will mistakenly envision the world in the form of material, as it will be an illusion.  All ideas hostile to god’s infiniteness, permanence, and goodness, such as conceptions of death, hell, and evil, are flawed and wicked hallucinations and are not real.  God envelops all that is real, and therefore, everything he is (eternal, omnibeneficent , etc.) is justifiably real.  Everything else is just mortal error.
    ::基督教科学创始人玛丽·贝克·艾迪夫人(Mary Baker Eddy)说,由于上帝的精神性质,人性(其创造的产物)必须是精神上的,而不是物质上的。 额外的神灵神灵的概念由于他的“万能的”而被排除了。根据神圣的现代物理学或基督教科学,真正的宇宙是由完全精神上和由神圣思想形成的观念组成的,正如柏克莱在其非物质主义观点中宣扬的那样。 因此,基督教科学家们指出,由于上帝的精神性质,人性(其创造的产物)也必须是精神上的,而不是物质上的,而不是物质上的,无处不在的,无处不在的。 如果我们无知地否认上帝的精神存在的真理,那么我们就会错误地把世界想象成物质上的,根据神圣的现代物理学,或基督教的科学。 因此,正如柏克利所宣扬的一样,精神上的理念是完全精神上的。 基督教科学告诉我们,我们人类的精神是真实的,因此,真理是真理和真理的真理。 因此,真理和真理是上帝的真理,是真理,是真理,是真理的。 真理和真理是真理。 真理是真理和真理的,而神的信念是真理是真理。

    Forms of idealism
    ::理想主义形式

    • Skeptic idealism - starts with the thought that there is no proof that there are material objects outside of thought.  
      ::怀疑性理想主义首先认为,没有证据表明存在思想之外的物质物体。
    • Problematic idealism - is the belief held by Descartes where we can only hold one empirical truth, which is that I exist.
      ::问题是理想主义 - 是笛卡尔持有的信念 在那里我们只能持有一个经验真理, 那就是我的存在。
    • Dogmatic - starts with the assumption that there are no material objects outside of thought and the belief that space is an inseparable condition to all objects and that this space is cannot exist in itself. Thus it also says that all things in this space also cannot exist and are merely images. This is Berkeley's position.
      ::教条主义的出发点是假设除了思想之外没有物质物体,认为空间是所有物体不可分割的条件,空间本身不可能存在。因此,它也说,这个空间中的所有东西都不可能存在,而只是图像。这是伯克利的立场。

    Since all that we think we perceive through our senses that gives us evidence of a universe beyond our own mind is evidence which exists in our mind there is a problem with verifying anything outside of the realm of thought.
    ::我们认为,我们通过感知 所感知到的 证明我们无法想象的宇宙的证据 就是我们心中存在的证据 存在的问题在于 核查任何超出思考范围的东西

    We could all be merely sets of thoughts in the universal set that is God. God thinks of everything and God’s thought are those things. God thinks of us; of us sitting at our computers, in a room with other people at the same time that God thinks of those rooms and people and computers and that is all that we are: thoughts in God’s mind.
    ::在全能的集合中,我们只能是真主,真主是要考虑万物的,真主是要考虑那些事物的。真主要考虑我们,要考虑我们,要我们坐在电脑上,在与众人同在的房间里,真主要考虑那些房间、人和电脑,这是我们所有的事物:在真主的思维中。

    lesson content

    EPISD Critical Knowledge and Creative Thinkers Goal
    ::EPISD 关键知识和创意思想者目标

      lesson content

    Philosophy Applications 
    ::哲学应用

    In a minimum 2 paragraphs for each question, answer it completely and use evidence to support your opinions from the reading.
    ::每个问题至少有两段,要完整回答,并使用证据支持你的意见。

    1. What is reality? How do we know?  
      ::什么是现实?我们怎么知道?

    Note : This does not mean a view of what is real or a perspective or an individual experience of whatever is real. This question is asking about what is reality itself.
    ::注:这并不意味着对真实的、观点的、或任何真实的个人经历的看法。 这个问题是问什么是现实本身。

    Think about:  What makes something real? What does anything that exists in any way need in order to be real as opposed to an illusion, fantasy, fake?    What would you do to determine whether or not something was real?
    ::想想:什么让事物成为现实?任何存在的东西,如果与幻觉、幻想、假象相比,是真实的,需要什么来成为真实的?你会做些什么来决定事物是否真实?

    1. Can there be more than one reality at the same time?
      ::能否同时存在不止一个现实?

    Note : This means what is real and not a person's view of what is real. This question is asking if there can be more than one total reality. It is not asking about whether or not people can have different experiences or views of the same reality. This question is asking whether there can be more than one entire reality (universe) at the same time. Granted that people have different experiences and different views what are they of. 
    ::注意: 这意味着什么是真实的, 而不是一个人对什么是真实的看法。 这个问题问的是, 是否存在一个以上的总体现实。 它不问人们是否可以对同一现实有不同的经历或观点。 这个问题问的是, 是否同时存在一个以上的( 单一的) 现实。 允许人们有不同的经验和不同的观点 。

    Think about : Is there a single reality that people have different views of?  or, are there as many realities as there are different views?  Is it possible that there is one reality and some people have correct views of it and other people have wrong or incorrect views of it?  Or are there many realities and each group of people can have their own reality?  What becomes of the reality of other groups?  Are they no longer real?
    ::想想:有没有一个单一的现实,人们有不同的看法?还是有与众不同的不同的看法一样多的现实情况?有没有可能有一个现实,有些人对它有正确的看法,其他人对它有错误或错误的看法?还是有许多现实,每个民族都有自己的现实?其他民族的现实又会变成什么?它们是否不再真实?

    Vocabulary
    ::词汇表

    lesson content

    EPISD Effective Bilingual Education Goal
    ::EPISD 有效双语教育目标