Section outline

  • lesson content

    Pragmatism
    ::实用主义

    Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition that began in the United States around 1870. Its origins are often attributed to the philosophers William James , John Dewey,  and Charles Sanders Pierce .  Pierce later described it in his pragmatic maxim : "Consider the practical effects of the objects of your conception . Then, your conception of those effects is the whole of your conception of the object."
    ::实用主义是1870年左右从美国开始的哲学传统,其起源往往归结于哲学家威廉·詹姆斯、约翰·杜威和查尔斯·桑德斯·皮尔斯。 皮尔斯后来在他的实用准则中描述了这一点 : “ 想想你所孕育的物体的实际效果。 ”然后,你对这些效果的观念就是你对物体的整个概念。 ”

    Who Founded Pragmatism?
    ::谁发明了实用主义?

    Pragmatism considers thought an instrument or tool for prediction, problem solving and action, and rejects the idea that the function of thought is to describe, represent, or mirror reality. Pragmatists contend that most philosophical topics—such as the nature of knowledge, language, concepts, meaning, belief, and science—are all best viewed in terms of their practical uses and successes. The philosophy of pragmatism "emphasizes the practical application of ideas by acting on them to actually test them in human experiences". Pragmatism focuses on a "changing universe rather than an unchanging one as the Idealists, Realists and Thomists had claimed".
    ::务实主义认为思想是预测、解决问题和采取行动的工具或工具,并拒绝思想的作用是描述、代表或照搬现实的观点。 实用主义者认为,大多数哲学主题,如知识的性质、语言、概念、意义、信仰和科学,从其实际用途和成功来看都是最好的。 实用主义哲学“强调思想的实际应用,根据它们采取行动,实际测试人类的经验”。 实用主义侧重于“改变宇宙,而不是像理想主义者、现实主义者和汤姆主义者所宣称的那样,不改变宇宙 ” 。

    The pragmatists applied their theory of meaning and truth to language about reality to find that such language does not necessarily describe reality as it is or may be but that the word itself has whatever meaning is assigned to it by the group of speakers. Thus different groups can have different realities and that are equally accurate and truthful if the language satisfies the expectations of the group concerning the use of that language. The idea of reality is seen as a construct, which performs certain functions. There is not an external something to which the language refers and against which the language can be evaluated for its accuracy.  Talk about reality is performing social functions.
    ::实用主义者运用其含义理论和真相理论,用关于现实的语言来描述现实,以发现这种语言不一定能描述现实的现在或可能的情况,而该词本身具有任何含义的词本身是由发言者群体赋予它的,因此,不同的群体可以有不同的现实,如果语言满足群体对使用该语言的期望,同样准确和真实的。现实的概念被视为一种构思,发挥某些功能。没有一种外在语言指向的外在的东西,语言可以据此评价其准确性。谈论现实正在发挥社会功能。

    There is no one thing that is reality!
    ::没有一件事是现实!

    Pragmatism
    ::实用主义

    Post Modernism
    ::后现代主义

    lesson content

    The pragmatists applied their theory of meaning and truth to language about reality to find that such language does not necessarily describe reality as it is or may be but that the word itself has whatever meaning is assigned to it by the group of speakers. Thus different groups can have different realities and that are equally accurate and truthful if the language satisfies the expectations of the group concerning the use of that language. The idea of reality is seen as a construct, which performs certain functions. There is not an external something to which the language refers and against which the language can be evaluated for its accuracy. Talk about reality is performing social functions.
    ::实用主义者运用其含义理论和真相理论,用关于现实的语言来描述现实,以发现这种语言不一定能描述现实的现在或可能的情况,而该词本身具有任何含义的词本身是由发言者群体赋予它的,因此,不同的群体可以有不同的现实,如果语言满足群体对使用该语言的期望,同样准确和真实的。现实的概念被视为一种构思,发挥某些功能。没有一种外在语言指向的外在的东西,语言可以据此评价其准确性。谈论现实正在发挥社会功能。

    This idea served the postmodern movement to declare that there is no one reality and that there can be multiple simultaneous realities.The distinguishing characteristic of postmodernist theorizing is its rejection of traditional philosophy and metaphysics. The western philosophical tradition itself is, of course, a record of debate rather than consensus. The postmodernists, however, claim to have rejected not one thesis or another but rather the entire philosophical tradition from P lato through George Santayana. Deconstructionists , pragmatists and new historians certainly make assertions and criticize opposing views, just as traditional thinkers did. Unlike traditional philosophers, however, postmodernists make no attempt to tell the truth about reality. They realize, what in their view their predecessors failed to grasp, that human reason is an inadequate instrument for achieving truth. They have therefore renounced metaphysics and philosophy in favor of what C arl Rapp calls " post-rational criticism ."
    ::后现代主义理论的特征是它拒绝传统哲学和元物理学。 当然,西方哲学传统本身是一场辩论而不是共识的记录。 但后现代主义者声称,他们不拒绝任何理论,而是拒绝普拉托通过乔治·桑塔尼亚纳提出的整个哲学传统。 民主主义者、顽固主义者和新历史学家肯定会像传统思想家所做的那样,发表言论和批评对立观点。 然而,后现代主义者并不试图说出事实真相。 他们意识到,在他们的观点中,他们的前辈没有理解,人类原因不足以实现真相。 因此,他们放弃了现代物理学和哲学,支持卡尔·拉普所说的“后宗教批评 ” 。

    Critique of Postmodern Philosophy
    ::后现代哲学

    For the post modernists there can be no single reality or privileged view of reality or even concept of what reality is for there is no single objective or truthful way in which to verify any claims about a singular phenomenon to be called “reality.” Thus in postmodernism there is a reality for each group of speakers that chooses to use the word and accept that usage of it.
    ::对于后现代主义者来说,对于现实,甚至对于现实的概念,都不可能存在单一的现实或特权观,甚至不可能存在一种概念,因为对于所谓“现实”的单一现象,没有单一的客观或真实的核查方法。 因此,后现代主义中,选择使用这个词并接受使用这个词的每个发言者群体都存在现实。

    In post-modernist thinking, there being multiple groups of speakers and multiple ideas about what constitutes the real, the result is multiple realities existing at the same time. Could this be the case? Is there one reality and different views of it or are there multiple realities coexisting with one another? Is there one reality with multiple views of it, some being correct and some being incorrect? Or, are all views of what is real equally correct?
    ::在后现代思维中,对什么是真实的,有多个发言者群体和多种想法,结果又是同时存在的多种现实,这难道是事实吗?一个现实和对它的不同看法是存在的,还是同时存在多种现实?一个现实和对它的不同看法是共存的?一个现实和对它有多种看法,一些人是正确的,有些是不正确的?还是所有关于什么是真实的同样正确的看法都是真实的?

    Is the earth flat or is it spherical, an oblate spheroid? There are those who claim it is flat. They claim that the reality is quite different from those who claim that the earth has a spherical shape. For more information on the flat earth see this website:
    ::大地是平坦的,还是球形的,是苍白的?有人声称地球是平坦的。他们声称,现实与那些声称地球有球状的人完全不同。关于平坦的地球的更多信息,请见这个网站:

    Is the earth both flat and spherical at the same time? Are there multiple simultaneous realities?
    ::地球是平坦的,球体是同时存在的吗?是否同时存在多重现实?

    Consider
    ::考虑考虑审议

    lesson content

    EPISD Informed Problem Solvers Goal
    ::EPISD 信息化解决问题者目标

    There is a large object or entity in the american museum of natural history in New York city.  It is very large indeed. It has been there for some time and a very large and very expensive new building has been built around it rather than attempt to move it again.  It was brought to the museum from the northwest of the United States. It has been labeled as a meteorite, the W illamette meteorite, from the W illiamette V alley of O regon. It weighs 15 tons and scientists claim that it fell to earth about 10,000 years ago. There is a group of native people from a tribe (Clackamas) in the state of Oregon. They are part of the confederated tribes of the Grand Ronde of Oregon. The native peoples claim that it is not a rock but a messenger, the sky person, Tomanowos, from the Sky God who came to earth as a messenger and guide and who speaks to their people. The want the messenger returned to their people. The museum acquired it from a woman, Mrs. William Dodge, who donated it to the museum. She bought it from a iron mining company that had it on land owned by the company.  Both parties went to court.  A settlement was reached out of court. The original peoples will get to visit the rock-messenger each year and perform rituals there in the museum. Now is the object an inanimate rock or an animated messenger? Is it both or neither? What is the reality? For the postmodernists it is both at once.They would allow that it really is a messenger and it really is a rock at the same time, because there is no one objective reality or truth.
    ::纽约市的美国自然历史博物馆里有一个巨大的物体或实体。 它确实很大。 它已经存在了一段时间, 一个非常庞大和非常昂贵的新建筑已经建成, 而不是试图再次移动它。 它被从美国西北部带到博物馆, 被贴上来自俄勒冈州威廉米特谷的一颗陨石, 威拉米特陨石。 它重15吨, 科学家声称它大约在10000年前坠落到地球。 它有一群来自俄勒冈州一个部落(克拉卡马斯)的原住民。 他们是俄勒冈州大朗德的混凝土部落的一部分。 他们声称它不是一个岩石, 而是一个信使, 天空人托马诺沃斯, 从天空上帝那里来到地球, 作为信使和向他们的人说话。 使信使返回他们的人民。 博物馆从一个女人那里获得它的真实性, 威廉·道奇夫人, 把它捐给博物馆。 她从一个铁矿公司那里购买了它, 它不是俄勒冈州大朗德部落的部落。 他们是俄勒冈州大朗德部落部落的一部分。 他们声称它是一个岩石部落的部落部落。

    Most, if not all of you, will probably refer to the entity in the American Museum of Natural History as a meteorite. This might indicate that because you were brought up in a culture that accepts scientific method and materialism that is how you look at it. You think of it as a meteorite that some people think contains a spirit. But this may not be correct. The original peoples see it as a spirit not a meteorite. They think of it as a spirit that some people choose to think of as a rock.  But to them it is a spirit and not a rock. It is alive and not dead.
    ::大多数人,如果不是你们所有人,都可能把美国自然历史博物馆中的实体称为陨石。这也许表明,因为你们是在一种接受科学方法和物质主义的文化中长大的,而这种科学方法和物质主义正是你们看待它的方式。你把它看作是一种人们认为包含一种精神的陨石。但是,这也许不正确。原始人把它看作是一种精神,而不是陨石。他们把它看作是一种人们选择认为是岩石的精神。但是对他们来说,它是一种精神而不是岩石。它是活的而不是死的。

    Now which is it?
    ::现在是什么?

    1. Rock/meteorite and dead
      ::石石/石石与死
    2. Spirit and alive
      ::精神和生命

    You cannot choose to think of it as a rock that people think of a as a spirit because when you do all you are claiming is:
    ::你不能选择把它看作是一块石头 人们把它看作是灵魂 因为当你做你所声称的一切时

    That it is a rock that some people may perceive differently. Is that what you think or is it a spirit that some people choose to think of or perceive as a rock? Or is it both or neither? Which is correct and why?
    ::那是一座石头,人们对于它或许有不同的看法。究竟是你们所想的呢?还是你们所想的呢?还是你们所想的,或别人所想的,或别人所想的?还是两者兼而有之呢?这是正确的,是为什么呢?

    There is a body of a human that died over 9,000 years ago that was found in a riverbed in O regon.  The scientists who uncovered it think that it can teach us a great deal concerning how humans crossed over the land bridge that once existed across the bearing straits.  Now the original peoples have sued to recover the bones of one of their ancestors so that they can have a proper ritualistic burial. They claim it is one of them. The anthropologists claim that these peoples have only existed as a distinguishable group for 800 years and that the bones are thousands of years older. The original peoples claim that they have always been in North America. Their belief is that they sprung from the land as plants do. They did not emigrate from any other place. The bones are of the ancestor.  Which is he reality?  Which claims are true? For the post modernists all claims can be true at once within the group by and for which they are given a meaning.
    ::在俄勒冈州的一个河床里发现了一具9000多年前死亡的人类。 发现尸体的科学家们认为它能告诉我们关于人类如何跨越曾经横跨海峡的陆桥的很多情况。 现在,原民族们已经起诉,要求收回他们祖先之一的骨骼,以便他们有一个适当的仪式埋葬。他们声称这是其中之一。人类学家声称,这些民族仅仅作为一个可辨别的群体存在了800年,骨骼也长了几千年。原民族声称,他们一直生活在北美。他们相信,他们从陆地上长出就像植物一样。他们相信,他们没有从其他地方移民。祖先的骨骼是真实的。这是事实吗?这些说法是真实的?对于后现代主义者来说,所有主张都可以在群体内部和他们被赋予意义的地方立即真实。

    For the postmodernists the only manner in which conflicting claims are to be settled is through the use of power. The federal government, Secretary of the Interior, has determined that the bones are to be turned over to the tribe that has claimed them (2000).  Is this because their claims are true, their reality is reality?  Or, is it because it is politically correct or popular to do so? 
    ::对于后现代主义者来说,解决相互冲突的权利主张的唯一方式是使用权力。 联邦政府、内政部长已经决定把骨骼交给声称他们的部落(2000年 ) 。 这是因为他们的主张是真实的,他们的现实是真实的吗? 或者,是因为这样做在政治上是正确的还是受欢迎的?

    Read
    ::已读

    lesson content

    EPISD Critical Knowledge and Creative Thinkers Goal
    ::EPISD 关键知识和创意思想者目标

    Critical Race Theory and Feminism
    ::关键种族理论和女权主义

    Women, feminists , claim that their reality is different from that of males. So, there is a developing feminist metaphysics. Thus we come to have multiple realities.
    ::妇女、女权主义者声称她们的现实与男性不同。 因此,女权主义的形体物理学正在发展。 因此,我们有了多重现实。

    There is in literature of the law and legal studies something known as “critical race theory” through which it is argued that members of a minority who serve on a jury should vote in a manner to remove a member of their minority group who is the defendant from the operation of the judicial system which is a source of oppression and injustice for minorities. The question of whether or not the evidence supports the charge against the defendant is not the matter of importance and whether or not it is true that the defendant did the acts alleged is not a matter that can be determined objectively (which is always impossible). Thus the correct action is to acquit the defendant.  What is the reality?  Did the accused do the deed? For one group the reality could be the accused did the action.  For another group the accused did not do it.  Which is the reality?  For the postmodernist, both at once! How to resolve the conflicts in views of reality between groups?  Power! Power!
    ::在法律和法律研究的文献中,有一些被称为“关键种族理论”的法律和法律研究认为,在陪审团任职的少数群体成员应以投票方式将属于其少数群体的被告从司法系统的运行中除名,因为司法系统是少数群体压迫和不公正的根源。证据是否支持对被告的指控的问题不是重要事项,被告是否确实犯下了所指控的行为,这是否是不能客观确定的问题(这总是不可能的)。因此,正确的行动是宣告被告无罪。事实是什么?被告做了什么?对一个群体来说,事实可能是被告干的;对另一个群体来说,被告没有这样做。这是事实吗?后摩德尼斯特人,两者都一次!如何解决各群体之间对现实的看法冲突?权力!权力!权力!

    The idea of reality is seen by postmodernists as a tool for social organization and preservation wherein those who do not agree with the criteria by which reality is determined or realized by the group are regarded as threatening to the political and economic order and are to be by one means or another removed as a threat.  This means that those who have the power to run the educational systems and the governmental structures are in a position to further support the criteria by which the members of society come to understand the reality of the group.  They are also in a position to ridicule, criticize and dismiss all those who are critical of their view of what is "real". The scientists of European cultures will label the shamans of the original peoples of the Americas as being quacks, fools, misdirected, uneducated and use other terms meant to discredit their views and the very fundamental ideas the original peoples have concerning what makes something real.
    ::后现代主义者认为,现实思想是社会组织和维护的工具,其中那些不同意该群体确定或实现现实的标准的人被视为对政治和经济秩序的威胁,并且以某种手段被消除为威胁,这意味着那些有权管理教育系统和政府机构的人能够进一步支持社会成员了解该群体现实的标准,他们还能够嘲笑、批评和开除所有批评其“真实”观点的人。 欧洲文化的科学家将美洲原民族的祭坛说成是夸夸其谈、愚昧、误导、未受过教育、使用其他术语来诋毁其观点和原民族对于什么是真实的东西所持有的非常基本的想法。

    Those who are acculturated within a group will have the criteria for what makes the "real" as part of their heritage and will think accordingly. So, whoever has the most power will declare what reality is and impose that view upon those with less power who might otherwise disagree.
    ::在一个群体中被培养的人,将具备将“真实”作为其遗产一部分的标准,并将据此思考。 因此,最有权力的人将宣布现实,并将这种观点强加给那些权力较弱的人,否则他们可能不同意。

    Is it really the case that there is more than one reality?  Is it the case that there are many realities?  Or is it the case that there is but one reality, not known by humans with great certainty, but viewed differently by humans?  Are there multiple realities or are there multiple belief systems or multiple perspectives on and experiences of the one reality?
    ::确实存在不止一个现实吗?是存在许多现实吗?还是存在只有一种现实,人类并不十分肯定地知道,但被人类不同地看待?是存在多种现实,还是存在多种信仰体系或对一个现实的多重观点和经验?

    Perhaps this may assist you in understanding the issue here. Consider this scenario. 
    ::也许这可能有助于你理解这里的问题。

    Souls or no Souls
    ::灵魂或灵魂

    Suppose you are on a boat in the ocean with someone you love most dearly.  Suppose your loved one become extremely ill and is about to die during the trip and the captain gives you a choice as to which country or island the boat would stop at and place the body there for care or perhaps to die. There are two countries nearby: A and B.
    ::假设你与你最深爱的人在海上的船上。 假设你所爱的人病得很重,在旅途中即将死亡,船长给你一个选择,即船只将停留在哪个国家或哪个岛,然后把尸体放在那里照顾或可能死亡。 附近有两个国家:A国和B国。

    In country A the people believe that there are souls that survive the death of the body and go on in some form living in another place or dimension forever.  In country B the people there do not believe in an afterlife. There is no survival of death for human beings.
    ::在A国,人们相信有灵魂在死后存活下来,以某种形式继续生活在另一个地方或维度中,永远生活在另一个地方或维度中。在B国,人们不相信后世,人类没有死亡的存亡。

    Now do you believe that bringing your loved one to country A or B would make any difference as to whether or not there are souls and your loved one would survive the death of the body?Do you think that whether or not anyone has a soul depends on what people around them believe?  Do you think that people in one country have souls but people in another country do not have souls?
    ::现在,你是否认为将你所爱的人带到A国或B国会有什么区别呢?是否还有灵魂,而你所爱的人会在身体死亡后存活下来?你是否认为任何人是否拥有灵魂取决于周围的人信仰什么?你是否认为一个国家的人有灵魂,而另一个国家的人没有灵魂?

    If you accept multiple realities it would make a difference where a person was when they die as to whether or not they have a soul.  If you do not think that it makes a difference you do not really accept multiple realities as being possible. Further, you should reflect on your thinking and drop the idea of there being multiple realities and instead think that there is but one reality that we may not know all about with clarity and certainty, but only one. There are different perceptions of and experiences of and views of the one reality but there is only one reality.  We may not know what the reality is but it cannot be both that there are souls and that there are no souls at the same time.
    ::如果你接受多重现实,那么当一个人死去时,当他是否拥有灵魂时,就会有所区别。如果你不认为这有区别,你就不会真正接受多重现实,因为有可能的话。此外,你应该反思自己的思维,放弃存在多重现实的想法,而认为只有一个现实,我们也许并不清楚和肯定地知道,只有一个现实,对一个现实有不同的看法、经历和看法,但只有一个现实。我们也许不知道现实是什么,但不能既有灵魂,又没有灵魂同时存在。

    Conclusion
    ::结论 结论 结论 结论 结论

    For now perhaps thinking about this matter can be simplified a bit by considering that what we are thinking and talking about are claims about what is real and the basic claim about reality itself. How do we know of the claims we make about what is true are correct or not?  Consider the different types of claim that people make.
    ::现在,也许可以通过考虑我们所思考和谈论的是对现实本身的真实和基本主张的主张,来简化对这个问题的思考。我们怎么知道我们对真实的主张是正确的,还是不正确的?考虑人们提出的不同类型的主张。

    Claims about the shape of the earth or any other physical claim can be determined in theory and most in practice to be true or not by using scientific method . There is but one physical universe. More about this in the chapter on epistemology.
    ::有关地球形状或任何其他物理主张的主张可以在理论上确定,在实践上,多数主张是真实的,或者不是通过科学方法确定。只有一个物理宇宙。关于认知论的一章对此有更深入的论述。

    Claims in mathematics and its branches (e.g., arithmetic, geometry, algebra, topology). Can also be determined to be true or false by using the rules of the mathematical systems.  Most, not all, claims about logical propositions can also be determined to be true or false by using the rules or laws of logic. Claims about the meaning of words can also be determined to be true or false by using a dictionary.
    ::数学及其分支(例如,算术、几何、代数、表理学)索赔也可以通过使用数学系统的规则确定为真实或虚假,多数(并非所有)关于逻辑主张的索赔也可以通过使用逻辑规则或逻辑法则确定为真实或虚假,关于文字含义的索赔也可以通过使用字典确定为真实或虚假。

    Claims about what is beautiful or what is morally correct cannot be determined to be true or false using any absolute and universal or objective schema or set of criteria because such ideas are social constructs and vary from one society and culture to another. But these claims are not claims about what exists and is real but rather they are claims about what people think about their own experiences and behaviors. More about this in the chapter on epistemology and claims about truth and in the chapters on ethics and aesthetics for claims about what is morally good or beautiful.
    ::有关什么是美丽或什么是道德正确的主张,不能使用任何绝对和普遍或客观的理论或一套标准来断定是真实或虚假的,因为这些主张是社会结构,在不同社会和文化之间各不相同。但这些主张并不是关于什么存在和什么是真实的主张,而是关于人们对自己的经验和行为的看法的主张。在关于认知学和对真理的主张的一章和关于伦理和美学的章节中,关于什么是道德上好或美的主张的论述更多。

    So claims about what is real fall under claims that are called cognitive claims and persons making those claims are asserting that what they claim is true. Claims about what is real can be resolved using a method for falsifying or verifying claims about physical reality. How can we know if the claims are true?  That is the subject of the next chapter.
    ::因此,所谓 " 认知索赔 " 和 " 提出这些索赔的人 " 的索偿中究竟真正属于什么,它们声称的是真实的。 有关什么是真实的索偿可以通过伪造或核实关于实际现实的索赔的方法得到解决。 我们如何知道这些索偿是否真实?这是下一章的主题。

    Philosophical Application
    ::哲学应用

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    EPISD Critical Knowledge and Creative Thinkers Goal
    ::EPISD 关键知识和创意思想者目标

    lesson content

    Is it possible that there is no such thing as reality and that word is just a device for the group in power to suppress minorities?
    ::有没有可能没有现实这样的东西,而这个词只是当权群体压制少数群体的一种手段?

    Answer the following using your research, class readings, class notes and your own reflections.  
    ::使用你的研究、班级阅读、班级笔记和自己的思考,回答以下问题。

    1. Describe at least four issues that are fundamental to metaphysics, e.g., reality, being, space, time, god, soul, causation, values, truth...
      ::描述至少四个对外形物理学至关重要的问题,例如,现实、空间、时间、神、灵魂、因果关系、价值观、真理...

    This means you must describe what the metaphysical issues are related to the ideas you selected.  These issues relate to the question of the reality of or the existence of those beings or entities you select to describe.  E.g., is time real? How is time real?  Are souls real? From what traditions of thought? What are the problems related to establishing the existence of souls?
    ::这意味着您必须描述与您选择的理念相关的形形体问题。 这些问题涉及到您选择描述的人或实体的现实或存在问题。 例如, 时间是真实的? 时间是真实的吗? 时间是真实的吗? 灵魂是真实的吗? 从什么思想传统看? 与确定灵魂存在有关的问题是什么?

    You do NOT need to solve problems or discuss the issues in detail, you only need to describe them.
    ::您不需要解决问题或详细讨论问题,只需描述问题。

    B.
    ::B. B. .

    1. Which theory of reality do you hold? For you, what is real and why do you think so?
      ::对你来说,什么是真实的,为什么你这么认为?
    2. What do you think of the theory that there can be simultaneous multiple realities?
      ::你对同时存在多重现实的理论 有何看法?
    3. Do you believe that what one person believes may not agree with another person’s belief and so what may be real to one person may not be real to the second person?
      ::你是否认为,一个人相信的东西可能与另一个人的信仰不相符合,因此,一个人真实的东西对另一个人可能并不真实?
    4. Do you think that each group and each person is entitled to their own reality?
      ::你认为每个群体和每个人都有权了解自己的现实吗?
    5. What is to be done when there is a conflict between two different “realities”?
      ::在两种不同的“现实”之间发生冲突时,应当做些什么?

    Provide some coherent reasoning to support each of your answers establishing at least that your position is plausible.
    ::提供一些一致的推理来支持你的每一个答案,至少证明你的立场是可信的。

    NOTE: This means what is real and not a person's view of what is real. This question is asking if there can be more than one total reality. It is not asking about whether or not people can have different experiences or views of the same reality. This question is asking whether there can be more than one entire reality (universe) at the same time. Granted that people have different experiences and different.
    ::注意: 这意味着什么是真实的, 而不是一个人对什么是真实的看法。 这个问题问的是, 是否存在一个以上的全部现实。 它不是问人们是否可以对同一现实有不同的经历或观点。 这个问题是问, 是否同时存在一个以上的( 单一的) 现实。 允许人们有不同的经验和差异 。

    Vocabulary
    ::词汇表

    lesson content

    EPISD Effective Bilingual Education Goal
    ::EPISD 有效双语教育目标