章章章规则

How are electrons organized in atoms?
::电子是如何组织成原子的?

Graduations are exciting events in one's life.  The processional, the ceremonies, even the speeches can be handled because this marks the end of a stage of life and the beginning of another one. The ceremony itself is challenging for those organizing it.  There are just enough seats on the stage for the graduates.  How do you avoid getting too many people in a row and not enough in the next row? Someone is stationed at the end of the row to count the students as they enter.  Only so many are allowed to go into a row, and then you begin to fill the next row.  Electrons in atoms behave the same way.  There are rules that determine where electrons go in compounds.
::毕业是一生中令人兴奋的事件。 游行、 仪式、 甚至演讲都可以处理, 因为这标志着生命阶段的结束, 并且标志着另一个阶段的开始。 仪式本身对组织者来说具有挑战性。 舞台上只有足够的毕业生席位 。 您如何避免让太多人排成一排, 而下一排不够? 有人驻扎在排的尽头, 来计算学生进入的时间 。 只有这么多人可以排成一行, 然后开始填满下一行 。 原子中的电子行为方式相同 。 有规则可以决定电子进入哪里 。

Octet Rule
::章章章规则

The are unreactive because of their configurations.  The noble neon has the electron configuration of 1 s ² 2 s ² 2 p ⁶ .  It has a full outer shell and cannot incorporate any more electrons into the valence shell . The other noble gases have the same outer shell electron configuration even though they have different numbers of inner-shell electrons.
::由于其配置,它们不活跃。 高贵的奈子的电子配置为1s22s22p6, 它有一个完整的外壳, 无法将任何更多的电子纳入valence 外壳。 其他惰性气体的外壳电子配置相同, 尽管它们的内壳电子数量不同。

American chemist Gilbert Lewis (1875-1946) used this to explain the types of and molecules that are formed by other .  He called his explanation the octet rule.  The octet rule states that atoms tend to form compounds in ways that give them eight and thus the electron configuration of a noble gas.  An exception to an octet of electrons is in the case of the first noble gas, helium, which only has two valence electrons.  This primarily affects the element hydrogen, which forms stable compounds by achieving two valence electrons. Lithium, an alkali metal with three electrons, is also an exception to the octet rule. Lithium tends to lose one electron to take on the electron configuration of the nearest noble gas, helium, leaving it with two valence electrons.
::美国化学家吉尔伯特·刘易斯(1875-1946年)用它来解释由其他方构成的分子类型和分子类型。他称其解释为奥克泰规则。奥克泰规则指出原子形成化合物的方式往往给它们8个,从而形成惰性气体的电子配置。电离电离子的例外情况是第一种惰性气体,即只有两种等值电子的氦。这主要影响元素氢,它通过实现两种等值电子而形成稳定的化合物。锂是含有三种电子的碱性金属,也是奥克泰规则的例外。锂往往失去一种电子,以吸收最近的高度气体,即希耳的电流电子配置,留下两种等值电子。

There are two ways in which atoms can satisfy the octet rule.  One way is by sharing their valence electrons with other atoms.  The second way is by transferring valence electrons from one to another.  Atoms of tend to lose all of their valence electrons, which leaves them with an octet from the next lowest principal energy level.  Atoms of tend to gain electrons in order to fill their outermost principal energy level with an octet.
::原子有两种方法可以满足八元规则。 一种是与其他原子分享其价值电子。 第二种是将价值电子从一个转移到另一个。 原子往往会失去其所有价值电子,从下一个主要能源水平留下一个八元。 原子倾向于获得电子,以便用一个八元来填充其最外围主要能源水平。

Video: Watch the following video to learn how to use the octet rule to predict the charge of an ion .
::视频:观看以下视频,学习如何使用奥克特规则预测离子的电荷。

Summary
::摘要

播放段落
• Atoms form compounds in ways that give them eight valence electrons.
  ::原子形成化合物的方式 给了它们八种价值电子
播放段落
• Metals tend to lose electrons to achieve this configuration.
  ::金属往往会失去电子来达到这种配置。
播放段落
• Nonmetals tend to gain electrons to achieve this configuration.
  ::非金属往往为了实现这种配置而获得电子。

Review
::回顾

播放段落
1. What is the electron configuration of a noble gas?
   ::惰性气体的电子配置是什么?
播放段落
2. Why is this configuration important?
   ::为什么这种配置很重要?
播放段落
3. What are the two ways in which atoms can satisfy the octet rule?
   ::原子能以什么两种方式满足奥斯特规则?
播放段落
4. How do metals change to obey the octet rule?
   ::金属如何改变以遵守邪教规则?
播放段落
5. How do nonmetals change to obey the octet rule?
   ::非金属如何改变以遵守奥克特规则?