Section: 活动系列活动系列 | 11.8 活动系列

Section outline

What’s the difference between the two pictures above?
::上面这两张照片有什么区别?

We see above two that can be exposed to water. The picture on the left is of sodium, which gives a violent reaction when it comes in contact with water. The picture on the right is of silver, a metal so unreactive with water that it can be made into drinking vessels. Both metals have a single s in their outer shell, so you would predict similar reactivities. However, we have a better tool that allows us to make better prediction about what will react with what.
::我们可以看到上方两个可以接触水。左边的图象是钠,它与水接触时会产生强烈反应。右边的图象是银,一种对水无反应的金属,可以制成饮用水罐。两种金属的外壳都有一个单子,所以你可以预测类似的反应。然而,我们有一个更好的工具,可以让我们更好地预测什么会发生反应。

The Activity Series
::活动系列

only occur when the that is doing the replacing is more reactive than the element that is being replaced. Therefore, it is useful to have a list of elements in order of their relative reactivities. The activity series is a list of elements in decreasing order of their reactivity. Since metals replace other metals, while replace other nonmetals, they each have a separate activity series. Table is an activity series of most common metals and of the .
::只有在进行替换的金属比被替换的元素反应力更大时才发生。因此, 有必要按相对反应力的顺序列出元素清单。活动序列是按其反应性递减顺序列出元素清单。由于金属替代其他金属, 而替代其他非金属, 它们各有单独的活动序列。表是最常见的金属和中最常见金属的活动序列。

Activity Series
Activity of Metals	Activity of Halogens
K React with cold water, replacing ::K 冷水反应,替换 Na hydrogen. ::氢气 Ba ::巴巴 Sr ::Sr 里亚尔 Ca ::卡卡	F ₂ ::F2 F2 Cl ₂ ::Cl2 Cl2 Br ₂ ::Br2 Br2 I ₂ ::I2, I2
Mg ::Mg 兆克 Al React with steam, but not cold ::蒸汽反应,但不冷 Zn water, replacing hydrogen. ::Zn水,取代氢气 Cr ::克鲁 Fe ::菲费 Cd ::中国 d
Co ::可可公司 Ni Do not react with water. React ::Ni 不要与水发生反应。反应 Sn with acids, replacing hydrogen. ::硫酸代替氢气 Pb ::邮b
H ₂
Cu ::铜铜 Hg Unreactive with water or acids. ::汞对水或酸不产生反应。 Ag ::阿阿格(阿格) Pt ::平点 Au ::秋秋

For a single-replacement reaction , a given element is capable of replacing an element that is below it in the activity series. This can be used to predict if a reaction will occur. Suppose that small pieces of the metal nickel were placed into two separate aqueous solutions : one of iron(III) nitrate and one of lead(II) nitrate. Looking at the activity series, we see that nickel is below iron, but above lead. Therefore, the nickel metal will be capable of replacing the lead in a reaction, but will not be capable of replacing iron.
::对于单更换反应,一个元素能够替换活动序列中低于该元素的元素。这可用于预测是否会发生反应。假设小块金属镍被置于两个独立的水溶液中:一个是铁(III)硝酸盐,另一个是铅(II)硝酸盐。从活动序列中可以看出镍低于铁,但高于铅。因此,镍金属在反应中能够替换铅,但无法替换铁。

\begin{aligned} Ni (s) + {Pb(NO}_{3})_{2} (a q) \to {Ni(NO}_{3})_{2} (a q) + Pb (s) \\ Ni (s) + {Fe(NO}_{3})_{3} (a q) \to NR (no reaction) \end{aligned}

$\begin{align*}& \text{Ni}(s)+\text{Pb(NO}_3)_2(aq) \rightarrow \text{Ni(NO}_3)_2(aq)+\text{Pb}(s)\\ & \text{Ni}(s)+\text{Fe(NO}_3)_3(aq) \rightarrow \text{NR (no reaction)}\end{align*}$
::Ni(s)+Pb(NO3)2(aq)Ni(NO3)2(aq)+Pb(s)Ni+Fe(NO3)33(q){NR(无反应)

In the descriptions that accompany the activity series of metals, a given metal is also capable of undergoing the reactions described below that section. For example, lithium will react with cold water, replacing hydrogen. It will also react with steam and with acids, since that requires a lower degree of reactivity.
::在金属活动系列的描述中,某一金属也能够经受下一节所述的反应,例如,锂与冷水发生反应,取代氢,还将与蒸汽和酸发生反应,因为这需要较低的反应度。

Sample Problem: Single-Replacement Reactions
::问题:单一替换反应

Use the activity series to predict if the following reactions will occur. If not, write NR. If the reaction does occur, write the products of the reaction and balance the equation.
::使用活动序列来预测是否发生以下反应。如果没有, 请写入 NR 。如果发生反应, 请写入反应的产物并平衡方程式。

A. $\begin{align*}\text{Al}(s)+\text{Zn(NO}_3)_2 (aq) \rightarrow\end{align*}$
::A. Al(s)n(NO3)(aq)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

B. $\begin{align*}\text{Ag}(s)+\text{HCl}(aq) \rightarrow\end{align*}$
::B. B. Ag+HCl(aq)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Step 1: Plan the problem.
::第1步:规划问题。

For A, compare the placements of aluminum and zinc on the activity series. For B, compare the placements of silver and hydrogen.
::对于A,比较铝和锌在活动系列中的放置情况。对于B,比较银和氢的放置情况。

Step 2: Solve.
::步骤2:解决。

Since aluminum is above zinc, it is capable of replacing it and a reaction will occur. The products of the reaction will be aqueous aluminum nitrate and solid zinc. Take care to write the correct formulas for the products before balancing the equation. Aluminum adopts a 3+ charge in an , so the formula for aluminum nitrate is Al(NO ₃ ) ₃ . The balanced equation is:
::由于铝高于锌,它能够替换它,并且会发生反应。反应的产品将是水铝硝酸盐和固体锌。在平衡方程之前,注意为产品写正确的公式。铝在一个中采用3+电荷,因此铝硝酸盐的公式是Al(NO3)3。平衡方程式是:

\begin{aligned} 2 Al (s) + 3 {Zn(NO}_{3})_{2} (a q) \to 2 {Al(NO}_{3})_{3} (a q) + 3 Zn (s) \end{aligned}

$\begin{align*}2\text{Al}(s)+3\text{Zn(NO}_3)_2(aq) \rightarrow 2\text{Al(NO}_3)_3(aq)+3\text{Zn}(s)\end{align*}$
::2Als+3Zn(NO3)(aq)%2Al(NO3)3(aq)+3Zn(s)

Since silver is below hydrogen, it is not capable of replacing hydrogen in a reaction with an .
::由于银在氢以下,它无法在反应中替换氢。

\begin{aligned} Ag (s) + HCl (a q) \to NR \end{aligned}

$\begin{align*}\text{Ag}(s)+\text{HCl}(aq) \rightarrow \text{NR}\end{align*}$
::AG(s)+HCL(aq)+NR

Summary
::摘要

The activity series describes the relative reactivities of metals and halogens.
::活动系列说明金属和卤素的相对活性。

Metals and halogens are ranked according to their ability to displace other metals or halogens below them in the series.
::在本系列中,金属和卤素根据其迁移低于其的其他金属或卤素的能力排列等级。

Review
::回顾

What does the activity series tell us?
::活动系列告诉我们什么?

Can a metal undergo any of the reactions listed below it in the series?
::金属能否在系列中经受以下所列反应?

List two metals that cobalt will displace and two that will displace it.
::列出两个钴将取代的金属和两个钴将取代的金属。

Section outline

What’s the difference between the two pictures above? ::上面这两张照片有什么区别?

The Activity Series ::活动系列

Sample Problem: Single-Replacement Reactions ::问题:单一替换反应

Summary ::摘要

Review ::回顾

What’s the difference between the two pictures above?
::上面这两张照片有什么区别?

The Activity Series
::活动系列

Sample Problem: Single-Replacement Reactions
::问题:单一替换反应

Summary
::摘要

Review
::回顾