呼吸管控制

What allows you to take a deep breath?
::你凭什么能深呼吸?

Deep breath in…now blow out those candles. We've all done that. Taking that deep breath in is an active process. You can usually feel your chest move. Why? Obviously, in your chest are doing the work.
::深呼吸... 现在吹灭那些蜡烛。我们都做到了。 深呼吸是一个积极的过程。 你通常可以感觉到你的胸部在动。为什么? 显然,你胸口在做工作。

Control of Breathing by the Nervous System
::神经系统控制呼吸系统

is one of the few bodily functions that, within limits, can be controlled both consciously and unconsciously. Conscious attention to breathing is common in activities such as yoga, swimming, and karate. In speech or vocal training, a person learns to discipline his or her breathing for purposes other than life support.
::有意识地注意呼吸在瑜伽、游泳和空手道等活动中是常见的。 在语言或声学训练中,一个人学会为了维持生命以外的目的约束自己的呼吸。

Muscular contractions and relaxations control the rate of expansion and constriction of the lungs . These muscles are controlled by the autonomic nervous system coming from the parts of the brainstem that control breathing: the medulla and the pons. This area of the brainstem forms the respiration regulatory center. When carbon dioxide levels increase in the (in the form of carbonic acid), such as during , the pH level of the blood drops. This causes the medulla to send to the diaphragm and the muscles between the ribs, causing them to contract and increase the rate of breathing. This automatic control of respiration can be impaired in premature babies or by drugs or disease.
::肌肉收缩和放松控制了肺的膨胀和收缩速度。这些肌肉受来自控制呼吸的脑部部分的自主神经系统的控制:脑部和肺部。脑部的这个区域形成呼吸调控中心。当二氧化碳水平(以碳酸的形式)上升时,例如,在pH水平的血滴中。这导致脑部发往隔膜和肋骨之间的肌肉,导致它们收缩和增加呼吸速度。这种呼吸的自动控制可能在早产婴儿或药物或疾病中受损。

Without breathing, the body’s oxygen levels drop dangerously low within minutes, leading to permanent brain damage followed by death. It is not possible for a healthy person to voluntarily stop breathing indefinitely. If we do not inhale, the level of carbon dioxide builds up in our blood and we experience great air hunger. Eventually, not breathing leads to a loss of consciousness at which time the autonomic nervous system takes control and initiates breathing.
::没有呼吸,身体的氧气水平在几分钟内降低到危险水平,导致永久性的脑损伤,然后死亡。 健康的人不可能无限期地停止呼吸。 如果我们不吸入,二氧化碳水平就会在我们的血液中积累,我们遭受巨大的空气饥饿。 最终,不呼吸会导致意识的丧失,当自主神经系统控制并开始呼吸的时候。

Inhalation
::吸入

Inhalation is started by the diaphragm and supported by the external intercostal muscles (the muscles that are between the ribs). It is an active process that needs ATP . When the diaphragm contracts, the ribcage expands and the contents of the abdomen are moved downward. This results in a larger thoracic (chest) volume, which in turn causes a decrease in air pressure inside the lungs. As the pressure in the chest falls, air from outside the body moves into the . Normal resting respiration rates are 10 to 18 breaths per minute. During an average breath, an adult will exchange from 500 mL to 700 mL of air. The average breath capacity of a person is called lung volume or tidal volume.
::吸入由隔膜开始,由外表间肌肉(肋骨之间的肌肉)支持。这是一个需要ATP的积极过程。当隔膜合同发生时,腹部的肋骨膨胀和内装物向下移动。这导致大胸腔(切片)的体积增加,从而导致肺内气压下降。当胸部压力下降时,身体外的空气进入体内。正常休息呼吸速度为每分钟10至18个呼吸口。平均呼吸时,成年人的呼吸能力将从500毫升升到700毫升空气。一个人的平均呼吸能力称为肺容量或潮流容量。

Exhalation
::呼气

Exhalation is generally a passive process; active, or forced, exhalation is carried out, however, by the abdominal and internal intercostal muscles. The lungs have a natural elasticity, and, as they recoil from the stretch of inhalation, air flows out of the lungs until the pressures in the chest and the atmosphere reach equilibrium. During forced exhalation, as when blowing out a candle, expiratory muscles, including the abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles, generate pressure in the chest and abdomen, which forces air out of the lungs.
::呼吸一般是一种被动过程;但腹部和腹部之间肌肉进行主动或强迫的呼吸,肺部具有自然弹性,随着呼吸的伸展,空气从肺中流出,直到胸口压力和大气达到平衡。在强迫呼吸期间,如吹出蜡烛时,腹部肌肉和内部内部内部内部肌肉等爆炸性肌肉对胸部和腹部产生压力,腹部和腹部产生压力,迫使肺部出气。

Summary
::摘要

播放段落
• Muscular contractions and relaxations control the rate of expansion and constriction of the lungs. These muscles are controlled by the autonomic nervous system coming from the parts of the brainstem that control breathing: the medulla and the pons.
  ::肌肉收缩和放松控制了肺的膨胀和收缩速度,这些肌肉受来自控制呼吸的脑电图部分的自主神经系统的控制:中拉和。
播放段落
• Without breathing, the body’s oxygen levels drop dangerously low within minutes, leading to permanent brain damage followed by death.
  ::没有呼吸,身体的氧气水平在几分钟内降低到危险的低水平,导致永久性的脑损伤,然后死亡。
播放段落
• The lungs have a natural elasticity, and, as they recoil from the stretch of inhalation, air flows out of the lungs until the pressures in the chest and the atmosphere reach equilibrium.
  ::肺部具有自然的弹性,随着肺部从吸入的距离后退,空气从肺中流出,直到胸部和大气的压力达到平衡。

Review
::回顾

播放段落
1. What automatically triggers an increase in the rate of breathing?
   ::是什么自动触发了呼吸率的提高?
播放段落
2. What muscles are involved in inhalation?
   ::吸入时涉及哪些肌肉?
播放段落
3. What muscles are involved in forced exhalation?
   ::强迫呼气涉及哪些肌肉?