章节大纲

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    What's worse than an upset stomach ?
    ::还有什么比胃不舒服更糟糕的呢?

    You've probably had an upset stomach. Most likely it was due to something you ate. But imagine bleeding from your stomach. That's a little different than your stomach just being upset. Stomach ulcers can be very serious.
    ::你可能胃不舒服,很可能是因为吃了什么东西。但想象一下你的胃出血。这与你的胃不舒服有点不同。胃溃疡可能非常严重。

    Diseases of the Digestive System
    ::消化系统疾病

    A number of diseases can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract . Other diseases affect particular organs of the GI tract. Still others affect accessory organs of the .
    ::一些疾病会影响整个胃肠道,其他疾病会影响GI道的特定器官,还有一些疾病会影响GI道的辅助器官。

    Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract
    ::胃肠道疾病

    Diseases that affect the GI tract are collectively called inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory bowel disease is inflammation of the and, in some cases, other parts of the GI tract. Inflammation is a normal reaction of the immune system to injury or infection that causes swelling, redness, and pain.
    ::影响GI病道的疾病统称为炎症肠道疾病,炎症肠道疾病是GI病道其他部分的炎症,有时是GI病道其他部分的炎症,免疫系统对导致肿胀、红红和疼痛的伤害或感染的正常反应。

    The two main forms of inflammatory bowel disease are Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Both have similar symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss. Crohn’s disease is caused by the immune system reacting to the body’s own tissues , but the cause of ulcerative colitis is not known. A tendency to develop the diseases may be inherited. Ulcerative colitis is confined to the colon and sometimes can be cured with surgery. Crohn’s disease may occur anywhere in the GI tract and has no known cure, although treatment can control the symptoms.
    ::发炎性肠胃疾病的两种主要形式是克罗恩的疾病和发炎性脊髓炎。 这两种疾病都有类似的症状,包括腹部疼痛、腹泻和体重下降。 克罗恩的疾病是由免疫系统对身体自己的组织产生反应造成的,但溃烂性脊髓炎的病因尚不得而知。 发展这些疾病的倾向可能会传承下来。 结肠的结膜炎仅限于结肠,有时可以通过手术治愈。 克罗恩的疾病可能在GI草原的任何地方发生,而且没有已知的治疗方法,尽管治疗可以控制症状。

    Food can also affect the entire GI tract. Food allergies are disorders that occur when the immune system reacts to substances in food as though they were harmful “foreign invaders.” Foods that are most likely to cause allergies are nuts, eggs , milk, , and shellfish. Symptoms of food allergies may include tingling in the mouth, vomiting, and diarrhea. Food allergies can also cause skin rashes and difficulty . An estimated eight percent of children and two percent of adults have food allergies.
    ::食物过敏是当免疫系统对食物中物质的反应似乎有害“外来入侵者 ” 。 最可能造成过敏的食品是坚果、鸡蛋、牛奶和贝类。 食物过敏的症状可能包括口中刺痛、呕吐和腹泻。 食物过敏还可能造成皮肤皮疹和困难。 据估计,8%的儿童和2%的成年人有食物过敏。

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    These foods are the most common causes of food allergies.
    ::这些食物是造成食物过敏的最常见原因。

    Diseases of the Stomach and Esophagus
    ::胃疾病和Esophagus疾病

    A layer of mucus normally protects the lining of the stomach from damage by hydrochloric acid. An infection by of the Helicobacter pylori can weaken this mucus layer, allowing acid to get through to the delicate mucous membranes underneath. The acid may cause gastritis or stomach ulcers, both of which can be treated with medication.
    ::一种粘结层通常能保护胃内衬免受盐酸损害。 乙醇基的感染会削弱这个粘结层,使酸能通过下面的微妙粘结膜。 酸可能会造成胃胃胃硬化症或胃溃疡,两者都可以用药物治疗。

    • Gastritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach. It causes abdominal pain.
      ::胃炎是胃膜炎,导致腹部疼痛。
    • A stomach ulcer is a sore in the lining of the stomach. It causes severe abdominal pain and bleeding.
      ::胃溃疡是胃内衬的疼痛,导致腹部严重疼痛和出血。

    Stomach acid may also damage the lining of the esophagus . This can occur when the sphincter between the stomach and esophagus does not close properly. This lets acid from the stomach enter the esophagus. The acid may cause esophagitis, or inflammation of the esophagus. A common symptom of esophagitis is heartburn , which is a painful, burning sensation in the throat or chest. Esophagitis can be treated with medication and changes in diet. It is important to treat the condition because it sometimes leads to of the esophagus if not treated.
    ::胃酸还可能损害食道的内衬。当胃与食道之间没有适当闭合时,可能会发生这种情况。这会使胃酸进入食道。酸可能会导致食道炎或食道炎。食道炎的常见症状是心脏灼伤,这是喉部或胸部中一种痛苦的、燃烧的触觉。对食道炎可以用药物治疗,饮食也会改变。重要的是治疗这种病,因为如果不治疗,有时会导致食道炎。

       

     

    Diseases of the Small Intestine
    ::中小不孕期疾病

    Diseases that affect the include ulcers, infections, and celiac disease. Ulcers of the small intestine occur mainly in the duodenum , because stomach acid enters the duodenum during digestion . If an infection by Helicobacter pylori weakens the mucous layer in the duodenum, the stomach acid can damage the mucous membranes underneath. Symptoms and treatment of duodenal ulcers are similar to those of stomach ulcers.
    ::影响包括溃疡、感染和宫颈病在内的疾病。小肠的溃疡主要发生在二核共聚物中,因为胃酸在消化过程中进入二核共聚物中。如果乙氧基感染会削弱二核共聚物的粘结层,胃酸会损害底部的粘膜。二氧溃疡的症状和治疗与胃溃疡相似。

    Other bacteria may also cause infections in the small intestine, including Salmonella and E. coli. The bacteria can enter the body in contaminated foods or beverages. Symptoms of bacterial infections include abdominal pain, cramping, vomiting, and diarrhea. Such infections typically clear up on their own without medical treatment.
    ::其他细菌也可能在小肠中造成感染,包括沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌。这些细菌可以进入被污染的食物或饮料中进入身体。细菌感染的症状包括腹部疼痛、抽筋、呕吐和腹泻。 这种感染通常在没有医疗的情况下自行清除。

    Celiac disease is an immune reaction to a food called gluten, which is found in grains. A tendency to have celiac disease can be inherited. Symptoms of the disease include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bloating. The symptoms can be prevented by eating a gluten-free diet, but there is no cure for the disease.
    ::Celiac疾病是对一种称为谷类中发现的谷类食品的免疫反应。 有一种食欲疾病的倾向是可以遗传的。 这种疾病的症状包括腹部疼痛、腹泻和浮肿。 通过吃无谷类食品可以预防这些症状,但是没有治疗这种疾病的药方。

    Diseases of the Large Intestine
    ::大规模不孕疾病

    Diseases that affect the large intestine include irritable bowel syndrome, colitis, and appendicitis. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a disorder in which the large intestine is easily irritated. It is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders. The cause of IBS is unknown, but it may be due to excessive bacteria in the intestine. Symptoms of the disorder include abdominal pain, cramping, constipation, and diarrhea. Symptoms can often be controlled with medication, stress management, and changes in diet. However, there is no cure for IBS.
    ::影响大肠道的疾病包括肠道炎、脊髓炎和寄生炎; 肠胃炎(IBS)是一种大肠道容易刺激的疾病,是最常见的胃肠疾病之一; 肠胃疾病的原因不明,但可能是肠道细菌过多造成的; 疾病的症状包括腹部疼痛、抽筋、便秘和腹泻; 症状往往可以通过药物、压力管理和饮食变化来控制。 然而,对IBS没有治疗方法。

    Colitis is inflammation of the colon. It has many possible causes, ranging from bacterial infections to immune reactions against the body’s own tissues. Symptoms of colitis include pain and tenderness in the abdomen. Treatment of colitis may include medication, surgery, and changes in diet.
    ::脊髓炎是结肠炎。 它有许多可能的原因,从细菌感染到对人体组织免疫反应。 脊髓炎的症状包括腹部疼痛和温柔。 脊髓炎的治疗可能包括药物、手术和饮食变化。

    Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix. It is most common in children and teens. The appendix is a small finger-like pouch that extends from the cecum . Inflammation of the appendix is usually caused by a bacterial infection. Symptoms include abdominal pain, loss of appetite, fever, and vomiting. Appendicitis is most often treated with surgery to remove the infected appendix. Without treatment, an infected appendix can be fatal.
    ::腹膜炎是附录的炎症,在儿童和少年中最为常见,附录是一种小的指像小的袋,从幼崽中延伸出来;附录的炎通常是细菌感染引起的;症状包括腹部疼痛、食欲丧失、发烧和呕吐;腹膜炎最常通过外科手术进行治疗,以去除感染的附录;如果不治疗,感染的附录可能致命。

    Diseases of the Accessory Organs
    ::人体器官疾病

    Accessory organs of digestion can also be affected by disease, and this may interfere with normal digestion. A disease that affects the pancreas is cystic fibrosis . Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease in which the body produces abnormally thick and sticky mucous. In the pancreas, the mucus blocks the duct to the duodenum, preventing pancreatic from reaching it. As a result, proteins and cannot be digested properly. People with CF may take digestive enzymes by mouth to improve their digestion. However, the disease has no known cure. (For more information on CF, see the Human Genetics concepts.)
    ::消化器官也可能受到疾病的影响,这可能会干扰正常消化。影响胰腺的疾病是细胞纤维化症。细胞纤维化(CF)是一种遗传性疾病,在这种疾病中,身体产生异常厚和粘粘的粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性。在胰腺中,粘结性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘性粘

    Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver . It is usually caused by a viral infection. Several different can cause hepatitis. Some of the viruses spread through contaminated foods or beverages, and others spread through sexual contact. Symptoms of hepatitis include fever, headache, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Another symptom is jaundice, which is yellowing of the skin and . If the symptoms are mild, the disease may clear up without treatment. If the symptoms are more severe, the disease may damage the liver, so it can no longer produce bile . This interferes with the digestion of lipids. Medications are available to treat hepatitis. Some types of hepatitis can also be prevented with vaccines .
    ::肝炎是肝炎,通常是由病毒感染引起的。几种不同的疾病可能导致肝炎。有些病毒通过污染食品或饮料传播,另一些则通过性接触传播。肝炎的症状包括发烧、头痛、呕吐和腹部疼痛。另一个症状是黄油,即皮肤黄化。如果症状是轻微的,这种疾病可以不经治疗而消除。如果症状更为严重,这种疾病可能会损害肝脏,从而无法再产生胆碱性。这干扰了脂肪的消化。可以使用药物治疗肝炎。一些类型的肝炎也可以用疫苗来预防。

    Gall bladder problems occur mainly in adults. They are often caused by gall stones ( Figure ). Gall stones are crystals that form in the bile in the gall bladder. There are many possible reasons why gall stones form, including abnormal body chemistry and too much fat in the diet. Gall stones start out as small as a grain of sand but may grow to the size of a golf ball. There may be one large stone or many small ones. If gall stones block the duct that carries bile to the duodenum, they may cause inflammation of the gall bladder and severe abdominal pain. Generally, the only way to treat these problems is to surgically remove the gall stones or the entire gall bladder.
    ::胆囊问题主要发生在成年人身上,通常是由胆石引起的(图 ) ; 胆石是胆囊中的晶体(图 ) ; 胆石是胆囊中的晶体 ; 胆石的形式有许多可能的原因,包括身体化学异常和食物中脂肪过多 ; 胆石的起始面积小于沙粒,但可能长到高尔夫球的大小。 可能有一个大石块或许多小石块。 如果胆石封住含有胆囊的管道,它们可能造成胆囊的炎症和严重的腹部疼痛。 一般而言,处理这些问题的唯一办法是用手术方式清除胆石或整个胆囊。

    Gall stones.

    Gall stones.
    ::盖子石头

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • The two main forms of inflammatory bowel disease are Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Both have similar symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss.
      ::发炎性肠胃疾病的两种主要形式是克罗恩的疾病和溃疡性口炎。 这两种疾病都有类似的症状,包括腹部疼痛、腹泻和体重下降。
    • Food allergies are disorders that occur when the immune system reacts to substances in food as though they were harmful “foreign invaders.”
      ::当免疫系统对食物中的物质反应时,食物过敏即为疾病,仿佛这些物质是有害的“外来入侵者”。
    • Gall stones are crystals that form in the bile in the gall bladder.
      ::加仑石是晶体 形成于胆囊的桶里

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What are some foods most commonly associated with food allergies?
      ::一些食物最常与食物过敏相关联的是什么?
    2. What causes gastritis and stomach ulcers?
      ::是什么导致胃胃溃疡和胃溃疡?
    3. What is heartburn?
      ::什么是心痛?
    4. How is appendicitis most commonly treated?
      ::如何治疗最常治疗的顺从性炎?

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