内分泌系统

What is a ?
::什么是"什么"? What is a?

This messenger pigeon is delivering a letter, making sure it gets to where it needs to go. It could be said that hormones are biological messengers, and they originate from the endocrine system. In addition to the , the endocrine system relays messages throughout the body via chemical messenger molecules released by glands into the bloodstream. These molecules, called hormones, act slowly compared to the rapid transmission of electrical messages by the nervous system. They must travel through the bloodstream to the they affect, and this takes time. On the other hand, because endocrine hormones are released into the bloodstream, they travel throughout the body. As a result, endocrine hormones can affect many cells and have body-wide effects.
::这个信鸽正在发送一封信, 以确保它到达它需要去的地方。 可以说, 荷尔蒙是生物信使, 它们来自内分泌系统。 除了内分泌系统, 这些分子, 叫做荷尔蒙, 与神经系统的电讯快速传输相比, 动作缓慢。 它们必须穿过血流, 到达它们受影响的地方, 这需要时间。 另一方面, 因为内分泌激素被释放到血液中, 它们在整个身体中流动。 结果, 内分泌激素可以影响许多细胞, 并产生整个身体的影响 。

Function of the Endocrine System
::内分泌系统功能

The endocrine system is a system of organs that releases chemical messenger molecules, called hormones, into the . Unlike the nervous system, whose actions help the body react immediately to change, the endocrine system controls changes that happen to the body over long periods of time, which can be minutes, hours, or even years. The two systems work closely together to help us respond to our environment, such as during a rollercoaster ride like in Figure . The endocrine system is important in controlling metabolism , growth and , , and salt, , and nutrient balance in blood and other tissues (osmoregulation).
::内分泌系统是一个向神经系统释放化学信使分子(即荷尔蒙)的器官系统。与神经系统不同,内分泌系统与神经系统不同,神经系统的行动帮助身体立即对变化作出反应,内分泌系统控制着长时间发生在身体上的变化,可以是几分钟、小时甚至几年。两个系统密切合作,帮助我们应对我们的环境,比如在滚轮车过程中。内分泌系统在控制新陈代谢、生长和盐、以及血液和其他组织中的营养平衡(软管)方面非常重要。

The nervous system uses nerves to conduct electrical and chemical information around the body, while the endocrine system uses to carry chemical information. You can think of the nervous system as being similar to the electrical system in a house. Flicking on a light switch is similar to initiating an action potential in a nerve, and it has an almost immediate result: the light bulb illuminates. The endocrine system, on the other hand, is more like starting up an oil or gas powered water-heating system. You flick on the switch to heat up water for a bath, but it takes a certain length of time for the result - hot water - to occur.
::神经系统使用神经系统在身体周围进行电气和化学信息,而内分泌系统则使用神经系统携带化学信息。你可以认为神经系统与室内的电气系统相似。光开关的闪烁与神经启动行动潜力相似,几乎立即产生效果:灯泡照明。而内分泌系统则更像是启动一个油或气能水热系统。你点击开关为浴室加热水,但需要一定的时间才能产生结果——热水。

Organs of the Endocrine System
::内分泌系统器官

The endocrine system is made up of many glands that are located in different areas of the body. Hormones are chemical messenger molecules that are made by cells in one part of the body and cause changes in cells in another part of the body. Hormones regulate the many and varied functions that keep you alive.
::内分泌系统由位于身体不同区域的许多腺组成,荷尔蒙是化学传导分子,由身体一个部分的细胞组成,在身体另一个部分造成细胞变化。荷尔蒙调节着使你存活下来的许多不同功能。

Hormones are made and secreted by cells in . Endocrine glands are ductless organs that secrete hormones directly into the blood or the fluid surrounding a cell rather than through a duct. The primary function of an endocrine gland is to make and secrete hormones. The endocrine glands collectively make up the endocrine system. The major glands of the endocrine system are shown in  Figure . Many other organs, such as the stomach , heart, and , secrete hormones and are considered to be part of the endocrine system.
::内分泌腺是由内分泌腺的细胞制造和秘密的。内分泌腺是由内分泌腺是无导管的器官,直接将荷尔蒙分泌到血液或细胞周围的液体中,而不是通过管子。内分泌腺的主要功能是制造和分泌激素。内分泌腺共同构成内分泌系统。内分泌系统的主要腺在图中显示了。许多其他器官,例如胃、心脏和秘密激素,被认为是内分泌系统的一部分。

Exocrine glands are organs that secrete their products into ducts (they are duct glands). They are similar to endocrine glands in that they secrete substances, but they do not secrete hormones. Instead, they secrete products such as water, mucus , , and other through ducts to specific locations inside and outside the body. For example, sweat glands secrete sweat onto the skin, and salivary glands secrete saliva into the mouth. Some endocrine glands, such as the pancreas , are also exocrine glands. Ducts in the pancreas secrete fat-digesting enzymes into the intestines. The secretion of the enzymes from the pancreas is controlled by hormones that are made by certain stomach cells.
::排泄腺是将其产物隐藏在管子中的器官(它们属于管道性腺),它们与内分泌腺相似,因为它们分泌物质,但不分泌荷尔蒙。相反,它们通过管道将水、粘液和其他产品,如水、粘液,通过管道将产品分解到身体内外的特定地点。例如,汗液性腺将汗水渗入皮肤,盐酸性腺将唾液分泌到嘴里。一些内分泌腺,如胰腺,也分泌出腺。在肠道中分泌酸液,在胃细胞中分泌出脂肪酶,由某些胃细胞制造的荷尔蒙控制。

Summary
::摘要

播放段落
• The endocrine system is an organ system made up of endocrine glands that release hormones into the bloodstream.
  ::内分泌系统是由内分泌腺组成的器官系统,将荷尔蒙释放到血液中。
播放段落
• The endocrine system releases signals over a period of minutes, hours, or years; it works in conjunction with the more rapid nervous system to pass messages through the body.
  ::内分泌系统在几分钟、小时或几年的时间里发出信号;它与较快速的神经系统一起工作,通过身体传递信息。

Review
::回顾

播放段落
1. How are the endocrine and nervous systems similar? How are they different?
   ::内分泌和神经系统如何相似?它们有何不同?
播放段落
2. What are hormones?
   ::什么是荷尔蒙?
播放段落
3. What are the organs of the endocrine system?
   ::内分泌系统的器官是什么?