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    How tall can a person become?
    ::一个人能有多高?

    This may be an exaggeration, but the world's tallest person, Robert Pershing Wadlow, stood almost nine feet tall when he died at the age of 22. Is growing that tall due to a problem with the ?
    ::可能夸大了这一点, 但世界上最高的人, Robert Pershing Wadlow, 22岁时去世时身高近9英尺,

    Homeostatic Imbalance: Endocrine System Disorders
    ::内分泌系统疾病

    Diseases of the endocrine system are common and include diseases such as , thyroid disease, and obesity . An endocrine disease is usually characterized by hyposecretion or hypersecretion of and an inappropriate response to hormone signaling by .
    ::内分泌系统疾病很常见,包括甲状腺疾病和肥胖等疾病,内分泌疾病通常表现为内分泌缺血或高度隐秘,对激素信号反应不当。

    can occur in , such as the thyroid, and some hormones are involved in signaling distant cancer cells to multiply. For example, the estrogen receptor has been shown to be involved in certain types of breast cancers.
    ::甲状腺等甲状腺中可能出现,一些荷尔蒙也参与向遥远的癌症细胞发出增殖信号。 例如,雌激素受体被证明涉及某些类型的乳腺癌。

    Hyposecretion
    ::稳性裁量

    Hyposecretion is the production of no hormone or too little of a hormone. It can be caused by the destruction of hormone-secreting cells, such as in Type 1 diabetes , or by a deficiency in a nutrient that is important for hormone synthesis. Hyposecretion can be treated with hormone-replacement therapies. Type 1 diabetes is an that results in the destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas . A person with Type 1 diabetes needs insulin replacement therapy, usually by injection or an insulin pump, in order to stay alive. An insulin pump is shown in  Figure .
    ::甲型糖尿病可导致胰岛素生成乙型细胞的破坏,如1型糖尿病,或因对荷尔蒙合成很重要的营养素缺乏而导致的。甲型糖尿病可通过荷尔蒙替代疗法治疗。甲型糖尿病可导致胰岛素生成的胰岛素乙型细胞的破坏。患有1型糖尿病的人需要胰岛素替代疗法,通常通过注射或胰岛素泵进行,以维持生命。如图所示,胰岛素泵。

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    In the treatment of Type 1 diabetes, an insulin pump is an alternative to multiple daily injections of insulin. The pump is usually used along with the monitoring of blood glucose concentration and carbohydrate intake.
    ::在治疗1型糖尿病时,胰岛素泵是每日多次注射胰岛素的替代办法,通常与监测血糖浓度和碳水化合物摄入量同时使用。

    Diabetes insipidus is characterized by the excretion of large amounts of very dilute urine , even if liquid intake is reduced. It is caused either by an inability of the to concentrate urine due to a lack of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also called vasopressin, or by an insensitivity of the kidneys to that hormone. glucose levels are not affected in diabetes insipidus.
    ::糖尿病Insipidus的特点是大量非常稀释的尿液排泄,即使液体摄入量减少,其原因是缺乏抗亚尿荷尔蒙(又称血管抑制素)导致尿液不能集中,或者肾部对该激尔蒙不敏感。 葡萄糖水平在糖尿病的Insipidus中不受影响。

    Growth hormone deficiency is caused by a lack of GH production by the pituitary. GH deficiency affects growth, and people with growth hormone deficiency tend to have, among other things, low bone density and a small stature—a condition called pituitary dwarfism. GH deficiency is treated by growth hormone replacement.
    ::生长激素缺乏症是由脑垂体缺乏GH生产造成的,GH缺乏症影响增长,而有生长激素缺乏症的人,除其他外,往往有低骨密度和低体位——一种称为脑垂体侏儒症的状况。 GH缺乏症通过生长激素替代治疗。

    Hypothyroidism is the state in which not enough thyroid hormones are made. Thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease where the body's own antibodies attack the cells of the thyroid and destroy it. Thyroid hormones play an important role in brain during fetal growth, and cells of the brain are a major target for the T3 and T4 hormones. As a result, hypothyroidism in children, either due to a thyroid problem from birth or a lack of iodine in their diet, is a major cause of physical and mental growth impairment in developing countries. In fact, iodine deficiency disorders are the single most common causes of preventable mental retardation and brain damage in the world.
    ::甲状腺类甲状腺炎是一种自生免疫疾病,人体自身的抗体攻击甲状腺细胞并摧毁甲状腺细胞。甲状腺激素在胎儿发育期间在大脑中起着重要作用,脑细胞是T3和T4激素的主要对象。因此,儿童由于出生后甲状腺问题或饮食缺碘而出现甲状腺缺碘症,是发展中国家身心发育受损的主要原因。事实上,缺碘性失调症是世界上可预防的智力迟钝和脑损伤的最常见原因。

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    There are many causes of goiter, but the most common in the world is iodine deficiency. Today, iodine deficiency remains mostly a problem in poorer countries that lack the means to add iodine to foods. Iodized salt has helped reduce the amount of iodine deficiency in the developed world. Governments of some countries add iodine to cattle feed to ensure that dairy foods will contain iodine.
    ::甲状腺肿的原因很多,但世界上最常见的是碘缺乏症。 如今,碘缺乏症在缺乏将碘添加到食物中的手段的较贫穷国家中仍是一个大问题。碘化盐有助于减少发达国家的碘缺乏症。 一些国家的政府在牛饲料中添加碘,以确保奶制品食品含有碘。

      

     

    Hypersecretion
    ::高度机密

    Hypersecretion of a hormone happens when the body produces too much of a hormone. A hormone can be hypersecreted if the gland develops a tumor and grows out of control or if the gland is signaled to produce too much of a hormone.
    ::当身体产生太多荷尔蒙时,荷尔蒙的高度机密就会发生。 荷尔蒙的高度机密会发生。 如果腺发展出肿瘤,并失控地生长,或者如果腺信号显示会产生太多的荷尔蒙,那么荷尔蒙就会被高度保密。

    Hyperthyroidism is the result of excess thyroid hormone production, which causes an overactive metabolism and increased speed of all the body's processes. Hyperthyroidism is the most common cause of goiter in the developed world, which is shown in  Figure .
    ::甲状腺荷尔蒙的超量生产是超强甲状腺类固醇的结果,它导致超活性新陈代谢和身体所有过程的加速。 甲状腺类固醇是发达国家最常见的甲状腺甲状腺甲状腺病原因,如图所示。

    Hypersecretion of growth hormone causes acromegaly. A common cause of acromegaly is a benign tumor in the pituitary glands that releases too much GH. In some cases, acromegaly is also caused by overproduction of the hypothalamic hormone growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH). Acromegaly most commonly affects middle-aged adults and can result in serious illness and premature death. Symptoms include enlarged hands and feet, protrusion of the brow and chin, and enlarged internal organs . However, the disease is hard to diagnose in the early stages and is frequently missed for many years due to its slow progression. If the pituitary produces too much GH during childhood , the person will be taller than normal—a condition called pituitary gigantism . Pituitary gigantism is very rare, and some of the tallest people on record had this condition.
    ::生长激素的超高机密性激素会导致严重疾病和过早死亡。 发育激素的常见原因之一是在垂死腺中的良性肿瘤,它释放了太多的GHH。 在某些情况下,发育迟缓的荷尔蒙增生荷尔蒙(GHRH)的过度生产也是造成这种肿瘤的原因。 最常见的影响是中年成年人,并可能导致严重疾病和过早死亡。 症状包括手和脚的扩大、眉毛和下巴的刺痛以及内部器官的扩大。 然而,这种疾病在早期阶段很难诊断,而且由于缓慢的发育,许多年来经常被忽略。 如果在童年中,脑垂死产的GHM太多,那么这个人就会比正常的、叫做“垂垂垂垂垂的干燥症”的情况要高。 自然裸露症非常罕见,而且记录上最高的人中有些人也有这种病症。

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    Hypersecretion of growth hormone leads to abnormal growth, often called gigantism.
    ::生长激素的高度机密导致异常增长, 通常被称为显赫主义。

    Hormone Insensitivity: Type 2 Diabetes
    ::荷酮不敏感:2型糖尿病

    In some cases, the body makes enough hormones, but do not respond. This can be due to missing or defective hormone receptors, or the body cells may become resistant to normal hormone concentrations and do not respond to it.
    ::在某些情况下,人体制造的荷尔蒙足够多,但没有反应。 这可能是由于荷尔蒙受体缺失或有缺陷,或者身体细胞对正常荷尔蒙浓度有抗药性,并且没有反应。

    Type 2 diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood glucose concentrations), body cells that do not respond to normal amounts of insulin (insulin resistance), and the resulting inability of the pancreas to produce enough insulin. Insulin resistance in cells results in high amounts of free fatty acids and glucose in the blood. High plasma levels of insulin and glucose due to insulin resistance often lead to metabolic syndrome and Type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can be controlled by improving one's diet, increasing levels of activity, and sometimes medication.
    ::2型糖尿病的特点是高血糖(高血糖浓度)、对正常胰岛素缺乏反应的身体细胞(胰岛素抗药性)以及因此导致胰岛素无法生产足够的胰岛素;细胞中的胰岛素抗药性导致血液中大量无脂肪酸和葡萄糖;由于抗胰岛素而导致的胰岛素和葡萄糖高血浆往往导致代谢综合症和2型糖尿病;2型糖尿病可以通过改善饮食、增加活动水平以及有时通过药物来控制。

    Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that affects pregnant women. There is no known single cause, but it's believed that the hormones produced during reduce the ability of the cells in the pregnant woman's body to respond to insulin, which results in high blood glucose concentrations.
    ::妊娠糖尿病是一种影响孕妇的糖尿病形式,没有已知的单一原因,但人们相信,在降低孕妇身体细胞对胰岛素反应的能力时产生的荷尔蒙会降低,从而导致高血糖浓度。

    Hormones as Medicines
    ::荷尔蒙作为药物

    Many hormones and molecules like them are used as medicines. The most common type of therapy is called hormone-replacement therapy (HRT). The most commonly prescribed hormones are estrogens and synthetic progesterone (as methods of hormonal contraception and as HRT therapy for post-menopausal women), thyroxine (as levothyroxine for hypothyroidism), and corticosteroids (for autoimmune diseases and several respiratory disorders). Progestin, a synthetic progesterone, is also used to prolong pregnancy in women who have experienced a miscarriage due to a premature drop in progesterone levels. Hydrocortisone is a synthetic form of cortisol that is used to treat and inflammation as well as cortisol production deficiencies. Hydrocortisone cream is a common over-the-counter medication for the topical treatment of rashes. Insulin is used by many people with diabetes.
    ::许多激素和类似激素的分子被用作药物,最常见的治疗类型称为荷尔蒙替代疗法(HRT),最常用的激素是雌激素和合成蛋白酮(作为激素避孕法和作为绝经后女性的HRT疗法)、甲状腺素(作为甲状腺素的甲状腺素,作为甲状腺素的甲状腺素)和甲状腺类甲状腺素(针对自体免疫疾病和若干呼吸系统紊乱),Progestin是一种合成的蛋白酮,也用来延长因原原体素水平过早下降而流产的妇女的怀孕时间。 氢激素是一种合成的皮质素,用于治疗和发炎以及皮质素生产缺陷。

    Epinephrine
    ::Epinephrine 肾

    Because of its anti-inflammatory effect on the immune system , epinephrine is used to treat anaphylaxis . Anaphylaxis is a sudden and severe allergic reaction that involves the entire body. After an initial exposure to a substance like a certain food (such as peanuts) or a bee sting, a person's immune system can become sensitized to that substance, which is called an allergen . Upon second exposure, an allergic reaction occurs.
    ::由于肾上腺素对免疫系统有抗炎作用,因此被用于治疗厌食素,麻醉剂是一种突然和严重的过敏反应,涉及整个身体,在最初接触某种物质,如某种食物(如花生)或蜜蜂叮当后,一个人的免疫系统可以对该物质(即所谓的过敏物)有敏性,第二次接触后会发生过敏性反应。

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    An EpiPen® epinephrine autoinjector. Auto injectors like this one can help save a person’s life during an anaphylactic reaction.
    ::肾上腺素自动注射器。 像这样的自动注射器可以帮助在过敏反应中挽救人的生命。

    Histamines and other substances that are released by body cells cause the to dilate, which lowers and causes fluid to leak from the bloodstream into the tissues , lowering the blood volume. The release of histamines causes the face and tongue to swell. Swelling of the lining of the throat can lead to difficulties. The hormone epinephrine causes blood vessels to constrict, which reduces swelling and causes blood pressure to increase. Epinephrine is used as a medicine in auto-injectors (see  Figure ), which a person can use on themselves should they have an anaphylactic reaction.
    ::体内细胞释放的直胺和其他物质导致膨胀,从而降低并导致流体从血液流渗入组织,降低血液体积,降低血液体积; 释放直胺导致脸部和舌头膨胀; 喉咙内衬的肿胀可能导致困难; 激素肾上腺素导致血管收缩,从而减少肿胀,导致血压增加; 肾上腺素被用作自动注射器的药物(见图),如果一个人有过敏反应,可以自行使用这种药物(见图)。

    Anabolic Androgenic Steroids
    ::新陈代谢和诱变性类固醇

    Synthetic androgens, in the form of anabolic androgenic steroids (anabolic steroids), have many medical uses. They are used to stimulate bone growth and appetite, induce in boys, and treat muscle-wasting conditions in patients that have diseases such as cancer or AIDS. Androgens, including testosterone , generally promote and the growth of and other tissues. Androgens also block the effects of the stress hormone cortisol on muscle tissues , so the breakdown of muscles is greatly reduced.
    ::以新陈代谢和致色类类固醇(类固醇)为形式的合成和机器人有许多医疗用途,用于刺激骨质生长和食欲,诱导男孩,治疗患有癌症或艾滋病等疾病的病人的肌肉消瘦条件;甲状腺素,包括睾丸酮,一般促进和生长及其他组织;甲状腺素还阻断压力荷尔蒙皮质素对肌肉组织的影响,从而大幅降低肌肉的分解。

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    Athletes involved in sports that emphasize strength, weight, and shape may feel pressured to take anabolic steroids. However, the majority of school athletes do not take them.
    ::参与强调体力、体重和形状的体育运动的运动员可能感到压力要服用新陈代谢类固醇,但大多数学校运动员不服用。

    Anabolic Steroid Abuse
    ::滥用新陈代谢类类固醇

    As a result of their muscle-building action, anabolic steroids are used in sports and bodybuilding to increase muscle size and strength in order to gain a competitive edge or to assist in the recovery from an injury. Steroids used to gain a competitive advantage are forbidden by the rules of the governing bodies of many sports. Serious health risks can be produced by long-term use or excessive doses of anabolic steroids. Most of these side effects are dose dependent, the most common being an increase in low density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol) and a decrease in high density lipoprotein (good cholesterol). Anabolic steroids also increase the risk of in men with high risk of bad cholesterol. Acne is fairly common among anabolic steroid users, mostly due to increases in testosterone, which stimulates the sebaceous glands to produce more oil. High doses of anabolic steroids have been linked to liver damage.
    ::由于肌肉建设行动,在运动和身体建设中使用了新陈代谢类固醇,以增加肌肉体积和体力,以获得竞争优势或协助康复受伤;许多体育管理机构的规则禁止用于获取竞争优势的类固醇;长期使用或过多剂量代谢类固醇可造成严重的健康风险;这些副作用大多依赖剂量,最常见的是低密度脂蛋白(坏胆固醇)的增加和高密度脂蛋白(好胆固醇)的减少;无陈代谢类固醇也增加了男子患坏胆固醇高风险的风险;在使用新陈代谢类固醇的使用者中,安氏剂很常见,主要由于睾酮增加,这刺激了静脉藻地产生更多的油;代谢类固醇的高剂量与肝脏损伤有关。

    Teenagers, particularly boys, who take anabolic steroids are more likely to be involved in sports that emphasize weight and shape (such as football or wrestling, which is shown in Figure ). Such teens also have higher rates of disordered eating and drug abuse and generally have poorer attitudes towards health. Severe side effects can occur if a teenager uses anabolic steroids. For example, the steroids may prematurely stop the lengthening of bones, resulting in stunted growth. Other effects include, but are not limited to, accelerated bone maturation, increased acne outbreaks, and premature sexual development.
    ::青少年,特别是服用新陈代谢类固醇的男孩,更有可能参与强调体重和形状的体育活动(如图中所示的足球或摔跤),这些青少年的饮食紊乱率和药物滥用率也较高,而且一般对健康的态度较差;如果青少年使用新陈代谢类固醇,可能会产生严重的副作用;例如,类固醇可能过早地停止骨骼延长,导致发育迟缓;其他影响包括但不限于加速骨骼发育、增加腹腔爆发和过早的性发育。

    In addition to dangerous side effects of the steroids themselves, dangerous drug-taking habits have been reported by abusers. These include unsafe injection practices such as reusing needles , sharing needles, and sharing multidose vials. A common practice among anabolic steroid abusers is self–medicating with other hormones such as growth hormone and insulin, which in itself can lead to serious health consequences. Testosterone and other anabolic steroids are classified as controlled substances in the United States (US), Canada, the United (UK), Australia, Argentina, and Brazil.
    ::除了类固醇本身的危险副作用外,滥用者还报告了危险的吸毒习惯,其中包括不安全注射做法,如重复使用针头、共用针头和分享多剂量小瓶。 新陈代谢类固醇滥用者的一个常见做法是自己与生长激素和胰岛素等其他荷尔蒙(如生长激素和胰岛素)进行治疗,这本身可能导致严重的健康后果。 睾丸酮和其他代谢类类固醇在美国(美国)、加拿大、美国(英国)、澳大利亚、阿根廷和巴西被归类为受管制物质。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Type 1 diabetes is caused by hyposecretion of insulin.
      ::1型糖尿病是由胰岛素的低血清引起的。
    • Hypersecretion of growth hormones causes gigantism.
      ::生长激素的高度机密导致显形症。
    • Hormone-replacement therapy can be very beneficial to diabetics (insulin), those with severe allergies (epinephrine), and AIDS patients (steroids), among others.
      ::荷尔蒙替换疗法对糖尿病人(胰岛素)、严重过敏者(肾上腺素)和艾滋病患者(小类)等非常有益。
    • Abuse of hormones, such as anabolic steroids, can be incredibly dangerous.
      ::滥用荷尔蒙,如新陈代谢类固醇,可能非常危险。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is hypothyroidism?
      ::什么是甲状腺机能失常?
    2. How does type 2 diabetes occur?
      ::二型糖尿病是如何发生的?
    3. How does epinephrine help those with significant allergies?
      ::肾上腺素如何帮助那些有重大过敏症的人?