Section outline

  • lesson content

    What allows running?
    ::什么允许运行?

    Running. A means of that allows humans and other to move rapidly on foot. The knees, which connect one part of the leg to the other, have to allow the legs to move. The knee is a joint, the part of the that connects .
    ::膝盖将腿部与腿部部分连接起来,必须让腿部移动。膝盖是关节,是连接部分。

    Joints
    ::联合联合

    A joint (also called an articulation) is a point at which two or more bones make contact. They are constructed to allow movement and provide mechanical support for the body. Joints are a type of lever, which is a rigid object that is used to increase the mechanical force that can be applied to another object. This reduces the amount of energy that needs to be spent when moving the body around. The articular surfaces of bones, which are the surfaces that meet at joints, are covered with a smooth layer of articular cartilage .
    ::连接(也称为连接线)是两个或两个以上骨骼接触的点,这些骨骼的构造允许运动,并为身体提供机械支持。联合线是一种杠杆,是一种硬性物体,用来增加机械力,可用于另一个物体。这样可以减少移动身体时需要花费的能量。骨骼的动脉表面,即接合处相交的表层,被一个光滑的动脉骨骼覆盖。

    There are three types of joints: immovable, partly movable, and synovial.
    ::共有三类关节:不动产、部分动产和翻修。

       

     

    Immovable Joint
    ::废废废联合体

    At an immovable joint (or a fixed joint), bones are connected by dense connective tissue , which is usually collagen . Immovable joints, like those connecting the cranial bones, have edges that tightly interlock and do not allow movement. The connective tissue at immovable joints serves to absorb shocks that might otherwise break the bone.
    ::在不可移动的连接点(或固定的连接点),骨骼由密度稠密的连接组织连接,后者通常是科兰根。 不可移动的连接点,如连接骨骼的连接点一样,有紧紧连接的边缘,不允许移动。 不可移动连接点的连接组织可以吸收否则可能骨折的冲击。

    Partly Movable Joints
    ::部分可移动接点

    At partly movable joints (or cartilaginous joints), bones are connected entirely by cartilage. Cartilaginous joints allow more movement between bones than a fibrous (fixed) joint does, but much less than the highly mobile synovial joint . Examples of partly- movable joints include the ribs, the sternum, and the vertebrae , which are shown in Figure . Partly-movable joints also form the growth regions of immature long bones.
    ::在部分可移动的关节(或可移动的关节),骨骼完全通过软骨连接。软骨关节允许骨骼之间的移动多于纤维(固定的)关节,但远远低于高度移动的合点。部分可移动的关节的例子包括肋骨、胸骨和脊椎,如图所示。部分可移动的关节也构成不成熟的长骨生长区。

    lesson content

    An illustration of a synovial disk, which is a cartilaginous joint. These partly-movable joints are found between the vertebrae. An X-ray of the cervical (neck) vertebrae is on the right.
    ::用于说明一个圆状磁盘的图例。 圆状磁盘是圆形的连接点。 这些部分可移动的连接点可以在脊椎之间找到。 右侧是宫颈( 颈) 脊椎的X光。

    Synovial joints
    ::协同关节

    Synovial joints, also known as movable joints, are the most mobile joints of all. They are also the most common type of joint in the body. Synovial joints contain a space between the bones of the joint (the articulating bones), which is filled with synovial fluid . Synovial fluid is a thick, stringy fluid that has the consistency of egg albumin. The word "synovial" comes from the Latin word for "egg." The fluid reduces friction between the articular cartilage and other tissues in joints and lubricates and cushions them during movement. There are many different types of synovial joints and many different examples. A synovial joint is shown in Figure .
    ::同步接合点,也称为动产接合点,是最移动的接合点。 它们也是身体中最常见的接合类型。 同步接合点含有联合骨骼之间的空间( 表达的骨骼) , 充满了静脉液 。 同步流体是一种厚厚的、 管状的流体, 具有蛋蛋蛋相册的一致性 。 “ 同步” 一词来自拉丁语中的“ 蛋” 。 流体会减少关节和润滑剂中的动脉软体与其他组织之间的摩擦, 并在运动期间缓冲它们。 有多种不同类型的合点和许多不同的例子 。 图中显示一个交汇点 。

    lesson content

    A diagram of a synovial joint. Sinovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body, and they allow a wide range of motions. Think of how difficult walking would be if your knees and hips were only partly movable like your spine.
    ::同步联合体的图表。 中华联合体是身体中最常见的联合体类型,它们允许各种各样的运动。 想想如果你的膝部和臀部只有部分像脊椎那样可移动的话,走路会有多困难。

    The outer surface of the synovial joint contains ligaments that strengthen joints and hold bones in position. The inner surface (the synovial membrane) has that produce synovial fluid to lubricate the joint and prevent the two cartilage caps on the bones from rubbing together. Some joints also have tendons , which are bands of connective tissue that link to bones. Bursae are small sacs filled with synovial fluid that reduce friction in the joint. The knee joint contains 13 bursae. Synovial joints can be classified by the degree of mobility that they allow, as shown in  Figure .
    ::内表面(侧面膜)产生静脉液以润滑结,防止骨骼上的两个软骨盖相互摩擦。有些关节还带有带状,即连接骨骼的连接组织带。Bursae是装有静脉液的小囊,可减少关节的摩擦。膝盖关节包含13个勃萨。如图所示,协同关节可以按它们允许的流动性程度进行分类。

    lesson content

    Types of synovial joints. These fully-movable joints between bones allow for a wide range of bodily motions. They also help reduce the amount of energy needed to move the body.
    ::这些骨骼之间完全可移动的关节可以产生各种各样的身体运动,还有助于减少移动身体所需的能量。

    In a ball and socket joint, the ball-shaped surface of one bone fits into the cup-like depression of another. Examples of ball and socket joints include the hip ( Figure ) and shoulder.
    ::在一个球和插座接头,一个骨头的球形表面与另一个像杯子一样的压抑处相适应。球和套接头的接头包括臀部(图)和肩部。

    In an ellipsoidal joint, an ovoid articular surface fits into an elliptical cavity in such a way as to permit some back and forth movement, but not side-to-side motion. The wrist joint and knee ( Figure ) are examples of this type of joint.
    ::在双向接合处,无动脉表面与椭圆洞相容,允许一些前后移动,而不是侧对侧运动。手腕关节和膝盖(图)是这种关节的例子。

    Knee joint, an ellipsoid joint.

    The knee joint is an ellipsoidal joint.
    ::膝关节是阴性接缝

    The hip joint is a ball and socket joint.

    The hip joint is a ball and socket joint.
    ::臀部关节是一个球和插座关节。

    In a saddle joint, the opposing bone surfaces are fit together like a person sitting in a saddle. The movements at a saddle joint are the same as in an ellipsoidal joint. The best example of this is the joint between the carpals and metacarpals of the thumb.
    ::在马鞍接头处,对立的骨头表面像坐在马鞍上的人一样坐在一起。在马鞍接头处的动作与在双向接头处的动作相同。最好的例子是手掌的颈部和骨部的连接。

    In the hinge joint , the articular surfaces fit together in such a way as to permit motion only in one plane: forward and backward. The extent of motion, however, is considerable. An example of a hinge joint is the elbow.
    ::在关节中,动脉表面合在一起,只能允许在一平面上运动:前向和后向。但运动的程度相当大。一个关节的例子就是肘部。

    The pivot joint is formed by a process that rotates within a ring; the ring is formed partly of bone and partly of ligament. An example of a pivot joint is the joint between the radius and ulna that allows you to turn the palm of your hand up and down.
    ::枢纽由环内旋转的过程形成;环部分由骨头组成,部分由里拉形成。 枢纽的一个例子是半径和ulna之间的连接,允许你将手掌向上和向下旋转。

    A gliding joint, also known as a plane joint, is a joint that allows one bone to slide over another, such as between the carpels of the fingers. Gliding joints are also found in your wrists and ankles.
    ::滑翔的关节,又称飞机关节,是允许一根骨头滑过另一根的关节,例如手指的护身符之间。在你的手腕和脚踝中也发现了滑动的关节。

    Not all bones are directly interconnected; there are 6 bones in the middle ears called the ossicles (three on each side) that articulate only with each other. The hyoid bone, which is located in the neck and serves as the point of attachment for the tongue, does not articulate with any other bones in the body, but is supported by muscles and ligaments.
    ::并非所有骨头都是直接相连的;中间耳朵里有6根叫骨骼的骨头(每侧各3根),它们只能相互呼应。 骨位于颈部,是舌头的依附点,不与身体任何其他骨头相呼应,但有肌肉和颈部支撑。

    The longest and heaviest bone in the body is the femur, and the smallest is the stapes in the middle ear. In an adult, the skeleton makes up around 20% of the total body weight.
    ::身体中最长和最重的骨骼是股骨,最小的则是中耳骨。在成年时,骨骼占身体总重量的20%左右。

      

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Joints are the points at which two or more bones make contact.
      ::接合点是两个或两个以上骨头接触点。
    • There are 3 types of joints: immovable, partly movable, and synovial joints, which are movable.
      ::共有三种关节:不动产、部分动产和属于动产的修复性关节。
    • There are 6 types of synovial joints: ball and socket, ellipsoidal, saddle, hinge, pivot, and gliding.
      ::共有六类交界处:球和套接、单线接、马鞍、链、支流和滑翔。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What differentiates a synovial joint from other types of joints?
      ::什么把同业公社与其他类型的同业公社区别开来?
    2. For each joint, give the type of joint it is and a general description of how that joint type can move.
      1. Ulna/Radius.
        ::乌尔纳/拉迪乌斯
      2. Knee.
        ::膝盖
      3. Elbow.
        ::埃尔波
      4. Thumb carpal/metacarpal.
        ::乳头/乳头。
      5. Shoulder.
        ::肩膀 肩膀 肩膀 肩膀 肩膀 肩膀
      6. Finger carpal/metacarpal.
        ::指头骨/颈部骨。

      ::对于每一联合体,请给出这种联合体的类型,并概括描述这种联合体如何移动。Ulna/Radius.Knee. Elbow. Thumb carpal/metacarpal. 肩膀. finger carpal/metacarpal.