Section outline

  • It takes a lot of energy to work your . Where does this energy come from?
    ::利用你的能量需要很多精力。这种能量来自何处?

    Well, not from a coal plant. But the energy does come from another energy plant. The . Recall from the concepts that the mitochondria are considered the powerhouses or power plants of the .
    ::那么,不是来自煤炭厂。但能源确实来自另一个能源厂。从那些概念中回顾到,Mitochondria被认为是电厂或电厂。

    Energy Supply for Muscle Contraction
    ::肌肉收缩的能源供应

    Energy for the release and movement of the myosin head along the actin filament comes from adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Recall from the sliding filament theory that the actin and myosin chains slide past one another. The binding of ATP allows the myosin heads to detach from actin. While detached, ATP breaks down to adenosine diphosphate and an inorganic phosphate (ADP + Pi). The breaking of the chemical bond in ATP gives energy to the myosin head, allowing it to bind to actin again.
    ::脑膜结膜的释放和移动能量来自三磷酸腺腺素(ATP),从滑动丝状理论中回顾到,腺膜和肌膜链相互滑过。ATP的装束允许脑膜切除,在分离时,ATP断裂为二磷酸甲烷和无机磷酸酯(ADP+Pi)。ATP的化学结合断裂给脑膜注入能量,使其能再次粘合。

    The role of ATP in can be observed in the action of muscles after death, at which point ATP production stops. Without ATP, myosin heads are unable to release from the actin filaments and remain tightly bound to them (a complex called actomyosin). As a result, all the muscles in the body become rigid and are unable to move, a state known as rigor mortis. Eventually, stored in cells are released and break down the actomyosin complex, and the muscles become "soft" again.
    ::ATP的作用在死亡后的肌肉动作中可以观察到,此时ATP生产停止。没有ATP,肌头无法从行为丝中解脱出来并紧紧绑住它们(一个叫Actomyosin的复合体 ) 。 结果,体内的所有肌肉都变得僵硬,无法移动,一个被称为僵硬的状态。 最后,储存在细胞中的肌肉被解脱,并打破了动作阴森综合体,肌肉又变得“软”了。

    Cellular respiration is the process by which cells make ATP by breaking down from food . Muscle cells are able to produce ATP with oxygen, which is called aerobic respiration , or without oxygen, an anaerobic process called anaerobic or . The process in which ATP is made is dependent on the availability of oxygen (see the Cellular Respiration concepts).
    ::细胞呼吸是细胞通过分解食物而产生ATP的过程。肌肉细胞能够用氧气生产ATP,这被称为有氧呼吸,或没有氧气,即厌氧过程,即厌氧过程或。ATP的制作过程取决于氧气的供应情况(见细胞呼吸概念)。

    Aerobic ATP Production
    ::生产有氧ATP

    During everyday activities and light , the mitochondria of muscle fibers produce ATP in a process called aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration requires the presence of oxygen to break down food energy (usually glucose and fat) to generate ATP for muscle contractions. Aerobic respiration produces large amounts of ATP and is an efficient means of making ATP. Up to 38 ATP molecules can be made for every glucose molecule that is broken down. It is the preferred method of ATP production by . Aerobic respiration requires large amounts of oxygen and can be carried out over long periods of time. As activity levels increase, rate increases to supply more oxygen for increased ATP production.
    ::在日常活动和光线期间,肌肉纤维的mitocondria在一种称为有氧呼吸的过程中产生ATP。有氧呼吸需要氧的存在来分解食物能量(通常是葡萄糖和脂肪),以产生肌肉收缩的ATP。有氧呼吸产生大量的ATP,并且是产生ATP的有效手段。对于被分解的每一个葡萄糖分子,最多可生产38个ATP分子。这是ATP生产的最可取的方法。有氧呼吸需要大量的氧,可以长期进行。随着活动水平的提高,为增加ATP生产供应更多氧气的速度会增加。

    Anaerobic ATP Production
    ::ATP 生产

    When muscles are contracting very quickly, which happens during vigorous exercise, oxygen cannot travel to the muscle cells fast enough to keep up with the muscles’ need for ATP. At this point, muscle fibers can switch to a breakdown process that does not require oxygen. The process, called anaerobic gylcolysis (sometimes called anaerobic respiration) breaks down energy stores in the absence of oxygen to produce ATP.
    ::当肌肉快速萎缩时,氧气无法快速到达肌肉细胞,以适应肌肉对ATP的需求。 此时此刻,肌肉纤维可以切换到不需要氧气的断裂过程。 这个过程被称为厌氧基球解析(有时被称为厌氧呼吸 ) , 在缺乏氧气来生产ATP的情况下打破了能源库。

    Anaerobic glycolysis produces only two molecules of ATP for every molecule of glucose, so it is a less efficient process than aerobic metabolism . However, anaerobic glycolysis produces ATP about 2.5 times faster than aerobic respiration does. When large amounts of ATP are needed for short periods of vigorous activity, glycolysis can provide most of the ATP that is needed. Anaerobic glycolysis also uses up a large amount of glucose to make relatively small amounts of ATP. In addition to ATP, large amounts of lactic acid are also produced by glycolysis. When lactic acid builds up faster than it can be removed from the muscle, it can lead to muscle fatigue. Anaerobic glycolysis can be carried out for only about 30 to 60 seconds. Some recent studies have found evidence that mitochondria inside the muscle fibers are able to break down lactic acid (or lactate) to produce ATP and that endurance training results in more lactate being taken up by mitochondria to produce ATP.
    ::大气透析只产生两种ATP分子,每个葡萄糖分子都使用ATP,因此它比有氧新陈代谢过程效率较低。然而,厌氧透析产生ATP的速度比有氧呼吸速度快2.5倍左右。当需要大量ATP进行短期活跃活动时,需要大量ATP进行大气透析才能提供大部分所需的ATP。有氧透析还利用大量葡萄糖制造相对较少的ATP。除了ATP外,大量乙酸也是通过玻璃解析产生的。当抗酸增速快于从肌肉中去除的速度时,它可能导致肌肉疲劳。只有大约30至60秒的时间可以进行抗氧透析。最近的一些研究发现证据表明,肌肉纤维中的皮孔分泌能分解酸(或乳液)以产生ATP。除了ATP外,大量抗精酸也是通过液解析产生的。当抗酸积酸增的乳酸后,会由氨基甲基酸生产。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Energy for the release and movement of the myosin head along the actin filament comes from ATP.
      ::用于释放和移动脊髓炎头部的能量 沿着阳性丝状物的能量来自ATP。
    • ATP is produced through aerobic or anaerobic respiration depending on the availability of oxygen.
      ::亚丁酸亚丁酸通过有氧或厌氧呼吸产生,视氧供应情况而定。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction?
      ::ATP在肌肉收缩中的作用是什么?