肌肉疾病和疾病

What happens when the muscular system is sick?
::当肌肉系统生病时会怎样?

Obviously, it becomes difficult or impossible to use your . Some of these disorders can be devastating, greatly affecting quality of life. Others can be deadly.
::很明显,使用你的身体变得很困难或不可能。其中一些障碍可能具有破坏性,严重影响生活质量,另一些可能是致命的。

Homeostatic Imbalances of the Muscular System
::肌肉系统内部失衡

Hypertrophy of internal organs can sometimes be harmful. For example, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is a disease of the heart muscle in which a portion of the cardiac muscle (usually the left ventricle) is enlarged without any obvious cause. HCM has been related to the sudden death of young athletes, but it is also of significance as a cause of sudden unexpected cardiac death in any age group and as a cause of disabling cardiac symptoms. Most patients’ symptoms may be managed medically without needing surgery. HCM is not to be confused with athletic heart syndrome, which is hypertrophy of the heart muscle in response to .
::内脏器官的富营养性有时可能是有害的。 比如,超营养性心肺病(HCM ) , 或 HCM, 是一种心脏肌肉疾病,其中心脏肌肉的一部分(通常是左心肌)在没有任何明显原因的情况下扩大。 HCM 与年轻运动员的突然死亡有关,但它作为任何年龄组突发性心血管死亡的原因和心脏失常症状的原因也很重要。 大部分病人的症状可以在不需要手术的情况下从医学角度处理。 HCM 不应该与运动性心脏综合症混淆,后者是心脏肌肉的肥大反应。

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) is the pain or discomfort often felt 24 to 72 hours after exercising and generally goes away within 2 to 3 days. Once thought to be caused by lactic acid buildup, a more recent hypothesis is that it is caused by tiny tears in the muscle fibers caused by eccentric contraction or an increased level of training. Since lactic acid is quickly taken away by the , it cannot explain the pain experienced days after exercise. Delayed onset muscle soreness can occur after any kind of exercise, particularly if the body is unconditioned for that exercise.
::延缓肌肉酸性(DOMS)是指锻炼后24至72小时通常感到疼痛或不适,一般在2至3天内消失,一旦认为是乙酸累积造成的,最近的一个假设是,它是由偏心收缩或训练程度提高造成的肌肉纤维小眼泪造成的。由于乙酸很快被锻炼取掉,它无法解释锻炼后几天所经历的痛苦。任何锻炼后都可能出现缓发性肌肉疼痛,特别是如果身体没有为这种锻炼提供条件的话。

Tendinitis is a painful disorder of a tendon . Generally, tendinitis is referred to by the body part involved, such as Achilles tendinitis, which affects the Achilles tendon (shown in  Figure ), or patellar tendinitis (jumper's knee, which affects the patellar tendon). It was believed that tendinitis was due to inflammation of a tendon, although this is now being questioned. Chronic overuse of tendons leads to microscopic tears within the collagen matrix, which gradually weakens the tissue . Eccentric muscle contractions are being researched for their ability to speed rehab of weak or injured tendons. Achilles tendinitis has been shown to benefit from high load eccentric contractions.
::丁丁炎是一种疼痛的关节炎。 一般来说,关节炎是由所涉身体部分提到的,如阿基里斯炎,它影响着阿基里斯的发病(见图 ) , 或patellar 流行性炎(膝盖,它影响patellar 发病 ) , 据认为, 流行性炎是由于一个趋势的炎症, 尽管现在这个问题正在受到质疑 。 长期过度使用管子会导致科林基体内的微眼泪, 从而逐渐削弱组织。 正在研究以心为主的肌肉收缩是否有能力加快弱或受伤的发病的康复速度。 Achilles 流行性炎被证明得益于高负荷偏心收缩。

Neuromuscular Diseases
::神经肌肉疾病

Neuromuscular diseases affect the muscles and/or their nervous control. In general, problems with nervous control can cause spasticity or paralysis depending on the location and nature of the problem. A large number of neurological disorders leads to problems with movement , ranging from strokes and Parkinson's disease to the very rare and incurable degenerative disorder, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
::神经肌肉疾病影响肌肉和/或其神经控制,一般而言,神经控制问题会根据问题的位置和性质导致神经紊乱或瘫痪,大量神经系统紊乱导致行动问题,从中风和帕金森氏病到罕见和无法治愈的退化性疾病,克里茨费尔特-贾科布病。

Diseases of the motor end plate include myasthenia gravis, a form of muscle weakness due to antibodies to acetylcholine receptors. Tetanus and botulism are bacterial intoxications in which bacterial toxins cause muscular spasms by blocking the action of inhibitory neurotransmitters (tetanus) or decreased muscle tone (botulism). Smooth muscle plays a role in a large number of diseases affecting , the respiratory tract (asthma), the (irritable bowel syndrome), and the urinary tract (urinary incontinence). However, these diseases are not usually confined just to the muscular tissue and affect other tissues too.
::运动末端板的疾病包括:脑膜瘤,这是一种肌肉疲软的形式,其原因是乙酰胆碱受体的抗体;破伤风和肉毒杆菌是细菌中毒,细菌毒素通过阻塞抑制性神经传导器(破伤风)或降低肌肉音调(细胞分裂症);肌肉滑动在影响呼吸道(呼吸道)、肠道(肠道综合症)和尿道(尿道)的大量疾病中起着作用;但是,这些疾病通常不仅限于肌肉组织,也影响到其他组织。

Muscular Dystrophy
::肌肉萎缩

Myopathies are diseases affecting the muscle itself, rather than its nervous control. It is characterized by muscle weakness due to dysfunction of muscle fibers. Muscular dystrophy, one type of inherited myopathy, is a large group of more than 30 diseases that leads to progressive loss of muscle strength and decreased life span. While some forms of muscular dystrophy appear at an early age, others may not appear until middle age or later. There is currently no cure for muscular dystrophy, although physical therapy and other treatments may help with symptoms. 
::心病是影响肌肉本身的疾病,而不是神经控制的疾病,其特点是肌肉因肌肉纤维机能失调而导致肌肉衰弱。肌肉萎缩是一种遗传的心肌病,是30多种疾病,导致肌肉力逐渐丧失,寿命缩短。有些形式的肌肉萎缩在幼年出现,而另一些则可能要到中年或晚年才会出现。目前没有治疗肌肉萎缩的药方,尽管物理治疗和其他治疗对症状有帮助。

Summary
::摘要

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• DOMS and tendinitis are disorders that result from an increased level of training or overuse.
  ::由于培训程度的提高或过度使用,DOMS和流行性炎成为疾病。
播放段落
• Neuromuscular diseases affect muscles and/or their nervous control, whereas myopathies affect the muscle itself.
  ::神经肌肉疾病影响肌肉和/或神经控制,而心病影响肌肉本身。

Review
::回顾

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1. What is the most recent hypothesis as to what causes DOMS?
   ::最近关于造成海管局发展的原因的假设是什么?
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2. Can muscular hypertrophy be bad thing?
   ::肌肉肥大会是坏事吗?
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3. How are myopathies different from neuromuscular diseases?
   ::与神经肌肉疾病有什么不同?
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4. What kind of muscle contractions might quicken rehab of injured tendons?
   ::怎样的肌肉收缩能让伤痕复健?