章节大纲

  • Sunlight filtering through trees at sunset, illustrating the link between sunlight and melatonin production.

    What does sunshine have to do with sleep?
    ::阳光和睡眠有什么关系?

    For many people, sleeping problems have to do with an amine that the brain makes called melatonin. This affects the sleep-wake cycle and is affected by sunlight. During the winter, the daily cycle of melatonin production may be affected by less sunlight hours. If this cycle is changed, the person may have trouble sleeping. Melatonin supplements are available in pharmacies and health food stores and may be of help for those with sleeping problems.
    ::对于许多人来说,睡眠问题与大脑制造的称为Melatonin的地雷有关,这影响到睡眠-觉循环,并受到阳光的影响。冬天,日光时间减少可能会影响Melatonin的日常生产周期。如果这一周期发生变化,人们可能难以睡眠。在药店和卫生食品店可以提供美拉图宁补充剂,对有睡眠问题的人可能有所帮助。

    Amines
    ::阿米尼

    An amine is an organic compound that can be considered to be a derivative of ammonia (NH 3 ). The general structure of an amine can be abbreviated as R−NH 2 , where R is a carbon chain. However, similar to , amines can be primary, secondary, or tertiary.
    ::地雷是一种有机化合物,可被视为氨的衍生物(NH3)。 地雷的一般结构可以缩写为R-NH2,R是碳链,但与氨类似,胺可以是初级、二级或三级。

     

    Chemical structures of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines showing their bonding arrangements.

    The nitrogen of a primary amine is bonded to two hydrogen atoms and one carbon. The nitrogen atom of a secondary amine is bonded to one hydrogen and two carbons. The nitrogen atom of a tertiary amine is bonded to three carbon atoms. Amines are typically named by a common system rather than by IUPAC guidelines. The common system for naming amines along with several examples is shown below.
    ::一种原矿的氮与两个氢原子和一个碳相连接,一种次矿的氮原子与一个氢原子和两个碳相连接,一种三级矿的氮原子与三个碳原子相连接,阿米恩斯通常由一个共同制度而不是由国际化联准则命名,命名阿米恩的共同制度与几个例子如下。

    1. Name the alkyl groups that are attached to the nitrogen atom of the amine. If there is more than one different alkyl group, put them in alphabetical order. If there are two or three of the same alkyl group, use the di− or tri− prefix.
      ::命名与该矿的氮原子相连的烷基组。如果有一个以上不同的烷基组,则按字母顺序排列。如果同一烷基组有两三个,则使用二-或三-前缀。
    2. Follow the alkyl group name with the suffix –amine , with no spaces.
      ::跟随 alkyl 组名称后缀 - amine, 没有空格 。

    Properties of Amines
    ::Amines 的属性

    Similar to ammonia, amines behave as bases due to the presence of a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom. The strength of their basicity depends on the electronic properties of the attached substituent groups, which affect the availability of the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom. This lone pair can attract the hydrogen atom from a water molecule, causing the bond between it and the oxygen atom to break. The resultant products are the conjugate acid of the amine and the hydroxide .
    ::由于氮原子上存在单对电子,所以氨胺与氨相似,其基本特性取决于附着的替代组的电子特性,这影响到氮原子上单对电子的可用性。这对单对可以从水分子中吸引氢原子,导致该原子与氧原子之间的连接破裂。由此产生的产品是矿和氢氧化物的同卵酸。

     

    Chemical structure of an amine showing nitrogen atom and associated functional groups.

    Amines are capable of though their boiling points are generally a bit lower than the corresponding alcohol. Methylamine and ethylamine are at room temperature , while larger amines are . As with other organic compounds that form , water is reflected in the length of the carbon chains. Smaller amines are soluble, while larger ones are less soluble.
    ::甲基胺和乙胺在室温下,而更大的氨则在室温下。 与其他形成碳链的有机化合物一样,水也反映在碳链的长度中。 较小型的氨可以溶解,而较大的氨则不易溶解。

    Amines generally have rather pungent or noxious odors. Ammonia can be considered the simplest amine and has a very distinctive odor. Methylamine has an unpleasant odor associated with dead fish. Amines are often formed biologically during the breakdown of in animal cells, and so many have the smell of death and decay. Putrescine and cadaverine are two such amines and are aptly named for their foul odors. The toxins which many animals use as a form of defense are frequently amines. Amines are used industrially as dyes and in many drugs.
    ::氨可被视为最简单的矿物质,并且有非常独特的气味。 甲基安非他明有与死鱼有关的不愉快的气味。 氨在动物细胞破裂期间往往是生物形成的,许多人有死亡和腐烂的气味。 丙氨和三氯丁二烯是两种此类胺,以其臭味命名。 许多动物用作防御的毒素经常是胺。 氨在工业上被用作染料和许多药物。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is an amine?
      ::什么是地雷?
    2. How many carbon groups are attached to the nitrogen of a secondary amine?
      ::二次地雷氮附着多少碳组?
    3. Describe the odor of most amines.
      ::描述一下大部分阿明的气味