案例研究:你为什么要研究人类生物学?

Case Study: Our Invisible Inhabitants
::案例研究:我们的隐隐形居民

Julia is suffering from a fever, body aches, and a painful sore throat that feels  worse when she swallows. She visits her doctor, who examines her and performs a throat culture. When the results come back, he tells her that she has strep throat, which is caused by the bacteria  Streptococcus pyogenes . He prescribes an antibiotic that will either  kill the bacteria or stop it  from reproducing, and advises her to take the full course of the treatment even if she is feeling better earlier. Stopping early can cause an increase in bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics.
::朱莉娅患有发烧、身体疼痛和疼痛的喉咙,吞咽后感觉更糟糕。她去看医生,检查她并进行喉咙文化检查。当结果回来时,他告诉她,她有喉咙结膜炎,这是由细菌Streptococccccus对质引起的。他规定了一种抗生素,可以杀死细菌,也可以阻止细菌再生,并建议她接受整个治疗过程,即使她更早地感觉好些。停止早期治疗可以增加抗抗生素的细菌。

Julia takes the antibiotic as prescribed. Toward the end of the course, her throat is feeling much better — but she can’t say the same for other parts of her body! She has developed diarrhea and an itchy vaginal yeast infection. She calls her doctor, who suspects that the antibiotic treatment has caused both the  digestive distress and the  yeast infection. He explains that our bodies are home to many different kinds of microorganisms, some of which are actually beneficial to us because they help us digest our food and   minimize  the population of harmful microorganisms. When we take an antibiotic, many of these “good” bacteria are killed along with the “bad,” disease-causing bacteria, which can result in diarrhea and yeast infections.
::朱莉娅接受抗生素的处方。 到了课程结束时,她的喉咙感觉好多了 — — 但她的身体其他部位不能这么说! 她已经患了腹泻和痒的阴道酵母感染。 她给她的医生打电话,医生怀疑抗生素治疗造成了消化困难和酵母感染。 他解释说,我们的身体里有多种不同的微生物,其中一些微生物实际上对我们有益,因为它们帮助我们消化食物,减少有害微生物的数量。 当我们服用抗生素时,许多“好的”细菌与“坏的”疾病菌一起死亡,这可能导致腹泻和酵母感染。

Julia's doctor  prescribes an antifungal medication for her  yeast infection. He also recommends that she eat yogurt with live cultures, which will help replace the beneficial bacteria in her gut. Our bodies contain a delicate balance of inhabitants that are invisible without a microscope, and changes in that balance can cause unpleasant health effects. 
::朱丽亚的医生为她的酵母感染开出了抗风素药物。 他还建议她用活体文化来吃酸奶,这将帮助取代她腹部的有益细菌。 我们的身体包含着一种不显微镜的隐形居民的微妙平衡,而这种平衡的变化可能会对健康造成不愉快的影响。

What Is Human Biology?
::什么是人类生物学?

As you read the rest of this book, you'll learn more amazing facts about the human organism, and you'll get a better sense of  how biology relates to your health.  Human biology  is the scientific study of the human species, which includes the fascinating story of human evolution and a detailed account of our genetics, anatomy, physiology, and ecology. In short, the study  focuses on how we got here, how we function, and the role we play in the natural world. This helps us to better understand human health, because we can learn how to stay healthy and how diseases and injuries can be treated. Human biology   should be  of personal interest to you to the extent that it can benefit  your own health, as well as the health of your friends and family. This branch of science also has broader implications for society and the human species as a whole.
::正如你读了这本书的其余部分, 你会了解更多关于人体生物的惊人事实, 你会更好地了解生物学如何与你的健康相关。 人类生物学是人类物种的科学研究, 包括人类进化的有趣故事, 以及我们基因、解剖、生理学和生态学的详细描述。 简言之, 研究的重点是我们是如何来到这里的, 我们如何运作, 我们在自然界中扮演的角色。 这有助于我们更好地了解人类健康, 因为我们可以学习如何保持健康, 以及如何治疗疾病和伤害。 人类生物学对于你个人来说应该具有一定的兴趣, 因为它能够有益于你自身的健康, 以及你的朋友和家庭的健康。 这个科学分支 对社会和整个人类物种也有更广泛的影响。

As you continue reading , think about what you want to learn about your own body. What questions or concerns do you have? Make a list of them and use it to guide your study of human biology. You can revisit the list throughout the course to see if your questions have been answered. If not, you'll have the tools you need to find the answers. You will have learned how to find sources of information about human biology, and you'll be able  to judge which sources are most reliable.
::当您继续阅读时, 请想一想您想了解自己身体的内容。 您有什么问题或关切? 列出它们的清单, 并用来指导您对人类生物学的研究。 您可以在整个过程中重新审视这些清单, 看看您的问题是否得到了回答。 如果没有, 您将拥有找到答案所需的工具。 您将学会如何找到有关人类生物学的信息来源, 您将能够判断哪些来源最可靠 。

Chapter Overview: Introduction to Human Biology
::第一章 概述:人类生物学介绍

In the rest of this chapter, you'll learn about the traits shared by all living things, the basic principles that underlie all of biology, the vast diversity of living organisms, what it means to be human, and our place in the animal kingdom. Specifically, you'll learn:
::在本章的其余部分, 你会了解所有生物共有的特性, 所有生物的基本原理, 生物的丰富多样性, 作为人类意味着什么, 以及我们在动物王国中的位置。

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• The seven traits shared by all living things: homeostatis, or the maintenance of a more-or-less constant internal environment; multiple levels of organization consisting of one or more cells; the use of  energy and metabolism; the ability to grow and develop; the ability to evolve adaptations to the environment; the ability to detect and respond to environmental stimuli; and the ability to reproduce
  ::所有生物共有的七种特性:超国家状态,或维持一个或多或少的不变内部环境;由一个或多个细胞组成的多层次组织;利用能源和新陈代谢;利用能源和新陈代谢;成长和发展能力;发展适应环境的能力;检测和应对环境刺激的能力;再生能力
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• The basic principles that unify all fields of biology, including gene theory, homeostasis, and evolutionary theory
  ::统一生物所有领域的基本原则,包括基因理论、自闭症和进化理论
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• The diversity of life (including the different kinds of biodiversity), the definition of a species, the classification and naming systems for living organisms, and how evolutionary relationships can be represented through diagrams, such as phylogenetic trees
  ::生命的多样性(包括生物多样性的不同种类)、物种的定义、生物生物机的分类和命名系统,以及如何通过诸如植物基因树等图表来体现进化关系
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• How the human species is classified and how we've evolved from our close relatives and ancestors
  ::人类如何被分类 以及我们如何从我们的近亲和祖先 进化而来
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• The physical traits and social behaviors that humans share with other primates
  ::人类与其他灵长类人分享的物理特征和社会行为

As you read this chapter, consider the following questions about Julia’s situation :
::你读到本章时, 请考虑关于Julia情况的下列问题:

1. What do single-celled organisms (such as the bacteria and yeast living in and on Julia) have in common with humans?
::1. 单细胞生物(如生活在朱丽亚岛和朱丽亚岛的细菌和酵母)与人类有什么共同之处?

2. How are bacteria, yeast (a fungus), and humans classified?
::2. 细菌、酵母(真菌)和人类如何分类?

3. How do the concepts of homeostasis and biodiversity apply to Julia’s situation?
::3. 共产主义和生物多样性的概念如何适用于Julia的情况?

4. Why can stopping antibiotics early cause the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria?
::4. 为什么早期停止抗生素可以导致抗生素抗菌细菌的发展?