Section outline

  • lesson content

    Ribosome Review
    ::良性审查

    This image represents an important structure in living . It is a component of a , the where are synthesized. The colored dots represent different types of molecules: the yellow dots are molecules, the blue dots are proteins, and the tiny red area near the center is the active site of the structure. All living cells — whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic — contain ribosomes, but only eukaryotic cells also contain a and several other types of organelles.
    ::这个图象代表着生命中的重要结构。 它是一个, 合成的地方的成分。 彩色点代表不同种类的分子: 黄色点是分子, 蓝色点是蛋白质, 中心附近的小红色区域是结构的活跃地点。 所有活细胞—— 不管是蛋白质细胞还是尿道细胞—— 都含有核糖分, 但只有单体细胞也含有其他几种器官。

    What Are Organelles?
    ::什么是管弦乐?

    An organelle is a structure within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that is enclosed within a membrane and performs a specific job. Organelles are involved in many vital cell functions. Organelles in cells include the nucleus, , , , vesicles , and vacuoles . Ribosomes are not enclosed within a membrane, but they are still commonly referred to as organelles in eukaryotic cells.
    ::风琴是封闭在膜内并从事特定工作的单体细胞的细胞内结构。 有机体涉及许多重要的细胞功能。 细胞中的有机体包括核、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 和 真空。 机体不包含在膜内, 但是它们仍然通常被指为 ecury 细胞中的有机体。

    The Nucleus
    ::核心

    The nucleus is the largest organelle in a eukaryotic cell, and it's considered the cell’s control center. It contains most of the cell’s (which makes up chromosomes), and it is encoded with the genetic instructions for making proteins. The function of the nucleus is to regulate  , including controlling which proteins the cell makes. In addition to DNA, t he nucleus contains a thick liquid called nucleoplasm , which is similar in composition to the cytosol found in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus.  Most eukaryotic cells contain just a single nucleus, but some types of cells (such as red cells) contain no nucleus and a few other types of cells (such as muscle cells) contain multiple nuclei.
    ::核核是电子细胞中最大的有机体,它被认为是细胞的控制中心。它包含大部分细胞(由染色体组成),并且与蛋白质制造的遗传指令编码。核的作用是调节,包括控制细胞产生的蛋白。除了DNA外,核还含有一种叫做核核糖核的厚液体,这与核外细胞托盘中发现的细胞质类似。 大部分细胞细胞只包含一个核,但某些类型的细胞(如红细胞)没有核,其他几种细胞(如肌肉细胞)含有多个核。

    As you can see in  the model pictured , t he membrane enclosing the nucleus is called the nuclear envelope . This is actually a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates its contents from the cellular cytoplasm. Tiny holes called nuclear pores allow large molecules to pass through the nuclear envelope, with the help of special proteins. Large proteins and RNA molecules must be able to pass through the nuclear envelope so proteins can be synthesized in the cytoplasm and the genetic material can be maintained inside the nucleus. The nucleolus shown in the model is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes. After being produced in the nucleolus, ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm, where they are involved in the synthesis of proteins.
    ::正如您在模型图中看到的,核核核中的薄膜被称作核封套。实际上,这是一种双膜封存整个有机体并将内装物与细胞细胞图层分离的双膜。称为核孔的小洞允许大型分子在特殊蛋白的帮助下穿过核封套。大型蛋白质和RNA分子必须能够通过核封套,这样就可以将蛋白质合成在细胞图层中,遗传物质可以保存在核核内。模型中显示的核核素主要与核素组装有关。核素在核结核核素中生产后,将核素出口到细胞囊中,它们参与蛋白综合。

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    This closeup of a cell nucleus shows that it is surrounded by a structure called the nuclear envelope, which contains tiny perforations, or pores. The nucleus also contains a dense center called the nucleolus.
    ::细胞核的关闭表明它被一个叫做核包体的结构所包围,这个结构包含微小的穿孔或孔孔。 这个核心还包含一个叫做核核素的稠密中心。

    Mitochondria
    ::密托昆德里亚Name

    The mitochondrion (plural, mitochondria) is an organelle that makes energy available to the cell. This is why mitochondria are sometimes referred to as the "power plants of the cell." They use energy from (such as glucose) to make molecules of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) , an energy-carrying molecule that is used almost universally inside cells for energy.
    ::光粒体( 多元, mitochondria) 是一种为细胞提供能量的有机体。 这就是为什么微粒体有时被称为“ 细胞的电厂 ” 。 它们利用( 如葡萄糖 ) 的能量制造ATP( 乙酸三磷酸酯) 的分子。 ATP( 乙酸三磷酸酯) 是一种含有能量的分子, 在细胞中几乎普遍用于能量。

    Scientists think that mitochondria were once free-living organisms because they contain their own DNA. They theorize that ancient infected (or were engulfed by) larger prokaryotic cells , and the two organisms evolved a symbiotic relationship that benefited both of them. The larger cells provided the smaller prokaryotes with a place to live. In return, the larger cells got extra energy from the smaller prokaryotes. Eventually, the smaller prokaryotes became permanent guests of the larger cells, as organelles inside them. This theory is called endosymbiotic theory , and it is widely accepted by biologists today.
    ::科学家认为米托乔因德里亚曾经是自由生物体,因为它们含有自己的DNA。 他们认为古代感染者(或被更大的蛋白质细胞吞没 ) 。 他们认为这两种生物体形成了一种共生关系,使两者都受益。 较大的细胞为较小的prokaryotes提供了栖息地。 反过来,较大的细胞从较小的prokaryotes获得了额外的能量。 最后,较小的prokaryotes成为了较大细胞的永久客人,作为它们体内的有机体。 这个理论被称为内生理论,今天被生物学家广泛接受。

    Endoplasmic Reticulum
    ::院外体外循环

    The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that helps make and transport proteins and . There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum: rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). Both types are shown in the figure .
    ::内核内核内核润滑(ER)是一种有助于制造和运输蛋白质的有机体,并且有两种类型的内核内核内核内核内核:粗内核内核内核内核内核内核内核和光滑的内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核。两种类型均在图中显示。

    • RER looks rough because it is studded with ribosomes. It provides a framework for the ribosomes, which make proteins. Bits of its membrane pinch off to form tiny sacs called vesicles, which carry proteins away from the ER.
      ::RER看起来很粗糙,因为它有血浆。 它为血浆提供了一个框架, 血浆可以制造蛋白质。 其膜的几部分被挤下来, 形成小的囊状, 叫做卵囊, 里面含有离ER的蛋白质。
    • SER looks smooth because it does not have ribosomes. SER makes lipids, stores substances, and plays other roles.
      ::SER看起来光滑,因为它没有脊髓灰质炎。SER制造脂质、储存物质和发挥其他作用。

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    This drawing includes the nucleus, RER, SER, and Golgi apparatus. From the drawing, you can see how all these organelles work together to make and transport proteins.
    ::包括核心、 RER、 SER 和 Golgi 仪器。 从绘图中,您可以看到这些器官是如何一起制造和传输蛋白质的。

    Golgi Apparatus
    ::Golgi 仪器

    The Golgi apparatus is a large organelle that processes proteins and prepares them for use both inside and outside the cell. You can see the Golgi apparatus in the figure . The Golgi apparatus is something like a post office. It receives items (proteins from the ER), then packages and labels them before sending them on to their destinations (to different or to the for transport out of the cell). The Golgi apparatus is also involved in the transport of lipids around the cell.
    ::Golgi设备是一个大型的器官,处理蛋白质,并准备在细胞内外使用。您可以看到图中的数字中的Golgi设备。Golgi设备类似于邮局。它接收物品(来自ER的蛋白质),然后包装和标签,然后将物品送至目的地(不同地点或运出牢房)。Golgi设备还参与细胞周围的脂质运输。

    Vesicles and Vacuoles
    ::水囊和真空

    Both vesicles and vacuoles are sac-like organelles that store and transport materials in the cell. Vesicles are much smaller than vacuoles and have a variety of functions. The vesicles that pinch off from the membranes of the ER and Golgi apparatus store and transport protein and lipid molecules. You can see an example of this type of transport vesicle in the figure . Some vesicles are used as chambers for . Other vesicles include:
    ::排卵器和排卵器都是在细胞中储存和运输材料的类似有机物。 排卵器比排卵器小得多,具有多种功能。 从ER和Golgi仪器库的膜中抽取出来的排卵器,可运输蛋白和脂质分子。 您可以在图中看到这种类型的排卵器的例子。 有些排卵器用作室。 其他的排卵器包括:

    • lysosomes , which use to break down foreign matter and dead cells
      ::用来破碎外国物质和死细胞的
    • peroxisomes , which use oxygen to break down poisons
      ::使用氧气分解毒药的恶性有机体

    Centrioles
    ::单列

    Centrioles are organelles involved in . The function of centrioles is to help organize the before cell division occurs so that each daughter cell has the correct number of chromosomes after the cell divides. Centrioles are found only in animal cells, and are located near the nucleus. Each centriole is made mainly of a protein named tubulin . The centriole is cylindrical in shape and consists of many microtubules , as shown in the model pictured . 
    ::Centrioles 是其中的有机体。 Centrioles 的功能是帮助组织细胞分裂发生之前的细胞组织, 这样每个女儿的细胞在细胞分隔之后就有正确的染色体数量。 仅可以在动物细胞中找到, 并且位于核附近。 每个 Centrioles 主要是用一个叫做 管状素的蛋白质制成的。 如模型图所示, Centriole 的形状是圆柱形, 由许多微小的细胞组成 。

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    Centrioles are tiny cylinders near the nucleus, enlarged here to show their tubular structure.
    ::中子是靠近核的微小圆柱 放大这里以显示它们的管状结构

    Ribosomes
    ::河系

    Ribosomes are small structures where proteins are made. Although they are not enclosed within a membrane, they are frequently considered organelles. Each ribosome is formed of two subunits, like the one pictured at the top of this section. Both subunits consist of proteins and RNA. RNA from the nucleus carries the , copied from DNA, which remains in the nucleus. At the ribosome, the genetic code in RNA is used to assemble and join together amino acids to make proteins. Ribosomes can be found alone or in groups within the cytoplasm, as well as on the RER.
    ::Ribocomes是制造蛋白质的小型结构,虽然它们并非封闭在膜内,但经常被视为有机体。每个Riboomes由两个子单位组成,如本节顶部的图象。两个子单位都由蛋白质和RNA组成。核的RNA携带DNA复制的DNA,该DNA还留在核中。在核中,RNA的遗传代码被用来组装和结合氨基酸以制造蛋白质。Rboomes可以单独发现,也可以在细胞图层和RER内部找到。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • An organelle is a structure within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that is enclosed within a membrane and performs a specific job. Although ribosomes are not enclosed within a membrane, they are still commonly referred to as organelles in eukaryotic cells.
      ::风琴是一种存在于单体细胞细胞的细胞图层结构,该细胞被封闭在膜内,并从事特定的工作。 尽管血清没有被封闭在膜内,但在乳房内仍被通称为风琴。


      ::风琴是一种存在于单体细胞细胞的细胞图层结构,该细胞被封闭在膜内,并从事特定的工作。 尽管血清没有被封闭在膜内,但在乳房内仍被通称为风琴。
    • The nucleus is the largest organelle in a eukaryotic cell, and it is considered to be the cell's control center. It controls gene expression, including controlling which proteins the cell makes.
      ::核是单体细胞中最大的有机体, 被认为是细胞的控制中心。 它控制基因表达, 包括控制细胞产生的蛋白质 。
    • The mitochondrion (plural, mitochondria) is an organelle that makes energy available to the cells. It is like the power plant of the cell. According to the widely accepted endosymbiotic theory, mitochondria evolved from prokaryotic cells that were once free-living organisms that infected or were engulfed by larger prokaryotic cells.
      ::线粒体(多元,mitochondria)是一种为细胞提供能量的有机体。 它就像细胞的发电厂一样。 根据广泛接受的内共生理论,米托霍克龙体从曾经是自由活生物体的孕育细胞中演变而来,这些细胞感染或被较大的孕育细胞吞没。
    • The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that helps make and transport proteins and lipids. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is studded with ribosomes. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) has no ribosomes.
      ::内核内核内核润滑(ER)是一种有助于制造和运输蛋白质和脂质的有机体。 外核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核外核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内有内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内
    • The Golgi apparatus is a large organelle that processes proteins and prepares them for use both inside and outside the cell. It is also involved in the transport of lipids around the cell.
      ::Golgi装置是一个大型有机体,处理蛋白质,准备在细胞内外使用,还参与细胞周围的脂肪运输。
    • Both vesicles and vacuoles are sac-like organelles that may be used to store and transport materials in the cell or as chambers for biochemical reactions. Lysosomes and peroxisomes are vesicles that break down foreign matter, dead cells, or poisons.
      ::液体和蒸气都是可用作储存和运输细胞或生化反应室材料的类似有机物的有机物。 流体素和过氧化物是分解外物、死细胞或毒物的液体。
    • Centrioles are organelles located near the nucleus that help organize the chromosomes before cell division so each daughter cell receives the correct number of chromosomes.
      ::中子体是位于核心附近的有机体,有助于在细胞分裂之前组织染色体,因此每个女儿细胞得到正确的染色体数量。
    • Ribosomes are small structures where proteins are made. They are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. They may be found alone or in groups within the cytoplasm or on the RER.
      ::Ribocomes是制造蛋白质的小型结构,在蛋白质细胞和eukaryaty细胞中都有,单独或以细胞托盘或RER内的组为单位。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is an  organelle?
    ::1. 什么是风琴?

    2. Describe the structure and function of the nucleus.
    ::2. 说明核心的结构和功能。

    3. Explain how the nucleus, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus work together to make and transport proteins.
    ::3. 解释核、核质、核质、粗细的内分光性内微液和Golgi装置如何共同生产并运输蛋白质。

    4. Why are mitochondria referred to as the "power plants of the cell?"
    ::4. 为什么Mitochondria被称为“电池的发电厂”?

    5. What roles are played by vesicles and vacuoles?
    ::5. 排卵器和排卵器发挥什么作用?

    6. Why  do all cells need ribosomes — even prokaryotic cells that lack a nucleus and other cell organelles?
    ::6. 为什么所有细胞都需要骨质细胞——甚至缺乏核和其他细胞器官的蛋白质细胞?

    7. Explain endosymbiotic theory as it relates to mitochondria. What is one piece of evidence that supports this theory?
    ::7. 解释一下内生共生理论与mitochondria有关的原因:支持这一理论的证据是什么?

    8. Lysosomes and peroxisomes are types of:
    ::8. 麻风病和过恶性炎是以下几种类型:

    a. organelles
    ::a. 风琴

    b. vesicles
    ::b. 冰囊

    c. vacuoles
    ::c. 真空

    d. both A and B
    ::d. A 和 B 两者

     

    9. Which of the following organelles fits best with each description of function below?
    ::9. 下列哪些机关最适合以下对职能的每一项说明?

    Golgi apparatus, centrioles, nucleolus, nucleus, rough endoplasmic reticulum
    ::Golgi 仪器、中子、核核素、核核、粗外皮外皮外膜

    a. contains the genetic instructions for the production of proteins
    ::a. 含有生产蛋白质的遗传说明

    b. organizes chromosomes before cell division
    ::b. 在细胞分裂前组织染色体

    c. provides a framework for ribosomes
    ::c. 为排卵物提供一个框架

    d. packages and labels proteins
    ::d. 包装和标签蛋白质

    e. assembles ribosomes
    ::e. 组装废品

     

    10. True or False:  All eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.
    ::10. 真实或假:所有表情细胞都有一个核。

     

    11. True or False:  The outer surface of the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell is not completely solid.
    ::11. 真实或假:一个尤卡利细胞核的外表不完全固体。

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    The video below shows animations of many cellular structures and demonstrates their functions. 
    ::以下视频展示了许多细胞结构的动画,并展示其功能。

     Check out this video for more on cell organelles:
    ::更多有关细胞风琴的视频请查看: