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    Case Study: Cough That Won't Quit
    ::案例研究:不放弃的咳嗽

    Three weeks ago, 20-year-old Erica came down with symptoms typical of the common cold. She had a runny nose, fatigue, and a mild cough. Her symptoms were  starting to improve, but recently, her cough has been getting worse. She is coughing up a lot of thick mucus, her throat is sore from frequent coughing, and her chest feels very congested. According to her grandmother, Erica has a “chest cold.” Erica is a smoker and wonders if her habit is making her cough worse. She decides that it's time to see a doctor.
    ::三个星期前,20岁的Erica得了常见感冒的典型症状。她鼻子发炎,疲劳,咳嗽温和。她的症状开始开始好转,但最近,她的咳嗽更加严重。她咳嗽着许多厚厚的黏液,喉咙因为经常咳嗽而痛,胸部也感到非常拥挤。据她的祖母说,Erica有一个“切斯特冷 ” 。 Erica是个吸烟者,不知道她的习惯是否使咳嗽更加严重。她决定该去看医生了。

    Dr. Johnson examines Erica and asks about her symptoms and health history. She checks the level of oxygen in Erica’s blood by attaching a device called a pulse oximeter to Erica’s finger. 
    ::Johnson博士检查了Erica, 并询问了她的症状和健康史。 她检查了Erica血液中的氧气水平,在Erica的手指上加了一种叫做脉搏血氧计的装置。

    lesson content

    A pulse oximeter, used to measure blood oxygen levels
    ::用于测量血氧水平的脉冲oxy计

    Dr. Johnson concludes that Erica has bronchitis, which is an infection that commonly occurs after a person has a cold or flu. Bronchitis is sometimes referred to as a “chest cold,” so Erica’s grandmother was right! Bronchitis causes inflammation and a build up of mucus in the bronchial tubes in the chest.
    ::Johnson博士认为,Erica有支气管炎,这是在一个人感冒或感冒后常见的感染。 布朗氏炎有时被称为“切冻冷 ” , 所以Erica的祖母是对的。 布朗氏炎导致炎症发作,并造成胸腔支气管的粘结。

    Because bronchitis is usually caused by viruses and not bacteria, Dr. Johnson tells Erica that antibiotics are not likely to help. Instead, she recommends that Erica try to thin and remove the mucus by drinking plenty of fluids and using a humidifier or spending time in a steamy shower. She also recommends that Erica gets plenty of rest.
    ::由于支气管炎通常是由病毒而不是细菌引起的,约翰逊博士告诉Erica抗生素不可能有帮助。 相反,她建议Erica尝试通过喝大量液体、使用潮湿剂或者在蒸汽淋浴中花费时间来稀释和除去粘液。 她还建议Erica多休息。

    Dr. Johnson also tells Erica some things not to do — most importantly, to not smoke while she is sick, and to try to quit smoking in the long-term. She explains that smoking can make people more susceptible to bronchitis and can hinder recovery. She also advises Erica to not take over-the-counter cough suppressant medication.
    ::Johnson博士还告诉Erica不要做一些事情——最重要的是,在她生病时不要吸烟,并试图长期戒烟,她解释说,吸烟可以使人们更容易患支气管炎,妨碍康复,她还建议Erica不要服用抗咳药。

    As you read this chapter about the respiratory system, you will be able to better understand what bronchitis is, and why Dr. Johnson made the treatment recommendations that she did. At the end of the chapter, you will learn more about acute bronchitis, which is the type that Erica has. This information may come in handy to you personally, because chances are high that you will get this common infection at some point in your life — there are millions of cases of bronchitis every year!
    ::当你读到关于呼吸系统的这一章时,你将能够更好地了解支气管炎是什么,为什么Johnson博士提出了治疗建议。在章末,你将更多地了解急性支气管炎,这是Erica的病症。这个信息对你个人可能有用,因为在你生命的某个时刻,你有可能患上这种常见的感染——每年有数百万个支气管炎病例!

    Chapter Overview: Respiratory System
    ::章节概览:呼吸系统

    In this chapter, you will learn about the respiratory system — the system that exchanges gases (such as oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the body and the outside air. Specifically, you will learn about:
    ::在本章中,你们将了解呼吸系统——身体与外部空气之间交换气体(如氧气和二氧化碳)的系统。

    • The process of respiration, in which oxygen moves from the outside air into the body and carbon dioxide and other waste gases move from inside the body into the outside air
      ::呼吸过程,其中氧气从外部空气进入身体,二氧化碳和其他废气从身体内部进入外部空气
    • The organs of the respiratory system, including the lungs, bronchial tubes, and the rest of the respiratory tract
      ::呼吸系统器官,包括肺部、支气管和呼吸道其余部分。
    • How the respiratory tract protects itself from pathogens and other potentially harmful substances in the air
      ::呼吸道如何保护自己免受病原体和空气中其他潜在有害物质的影响
    • How the rate of breathing is regulated to maintain homeostasis of blood gases and pH
      ::如何调节呼吸率以保持血液气体和pH值的均匀保持
    • How ventilation, or breathing, allows us to inhale air into the body and exhale air out of the body
      ::如何通风或呼吸,使我们能将空气吸入身体,将空气吸出身体,将空气吸出身体
    • The conscious and unconscious control of breathing
      ::呼吸的自觉和无意识控制
    • Nasal breathing compared to mouth breathing
      ::与口呼吸相比,鼻呼吸
    • What happens when a person is drowning
      ::当一个人溺水时会发生什么
    • How gas exchange occurs between the air and blood in the alveoli of the lungs, and between the blood and cells throughout the body
      ::肺肺高叶的空气和血液之间以及全身血液和细胞之间如何发生气体交换
    • Disorders of the respiratory system, including asthma, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer
      ::呼吸系统疾病,包括哮喘、肺炎、慢性阻塞性肺病和肺癌
    • The negative health effects of smoking
      ::吸烟对健康的消极影响

    As you read the chapter, think about the following questions:
    ::当你读到该章时,请考虑以下问题:

    1. Where are the bronchial tubes? What is their function?
    ::1. 支气管在哪里?其功用如何?

    2. What is the function of mucus? Why can too much mucus be a bad thing?
    ::2. 粘液的功能是什么?为什么太多的粘液会是坏事?

    3. Why did Dr. Johnson check Erica’s blood oxygen level?
    ::3. Johnson博士为什么检查Erica的血液氧气水平?

    4. Why do you think Dr. Johnson warned Erica to not take cough suppressant medications?
    ::4. 你认为Johnson博士为什么警告Erica不要服用止咳药?

    5. How does acute bronchitis compare to chronic bronchitis? How do they both relate to smoking?
    ::5. 急性支气管炎与慢性支气管炎的比较如何?两者与吸烟有何关系?