案例研究:生儿育女

Case Study: Trying to Conceive
::案例研究:试图欺骗

Alicia, 28, and Victor, 30, have been married for three years. A year ago, they decided they wanted to have a baby, and they stopped using birth control. At first, they did not pay attention to the timing of their sexual activity in relation to Alicia’s menstrual cycle, but after six months passed without Alicia becoming pregnant, they decided to try to maximize their efforts.
::Alicia 28 和 Victor 30 结婚已有三年了。 一年前,他们决定要生孩子,停止使用节育方法。 首先,他们不注意Alicia月经周期的性活动时间,但在六个月后,Alicia没有怀孕,他们决定尽最大的努力。

They knew that in order for a woman to become pregnant, the man’s sperm must encounter the woman’s egg, which is typically released once a month through a process called ovulation. They also had heard that for the average woman, ovulation occurs around day 14 of the menstrual cycle. To maximize their chances of conception, they tried to have sexual intercourse on day 14 of Alicia’s menstrual cycle each month.
::她们知道,为了让妇女怀孕,男人的精子必须碰到女人的蛋,通常每个月通过一种叫排卵的过程释放一次。 她们还听说,对于普通妇女来说,排卵发生在月经周期的第14天左右。 为了最大限度地增加她们的受孕机会,她们试图每月在Alicia月经周期的第14天发生性关系。

A fter several months of trying this method, Alicia is still not pregnant. She is concerned that she may not be ovulating on a regular basis, because her menstrual cycles are irregular and often longer than the average 28 days. Victor is also concerned about his own fertility. He had some injuries to his testicles (testes) when he was younger, and wonders if that may have caused a problem with his sperm.
::Alicia在尝试这一方法几个月后,仍然没有怀孕,她担心她可能没有定期排卵,因为她的月经周期不正常,而且往往比平均28天长。 Victor也担心自己的生育能力。他年轻时的睾丸(睾丸)受了一些伤,并想知道这是否引起了精子的问题。

Alicia calls her doctor for advice. Dr. Bashir recommends that she try taking her temperature each morning before she gets out of bed. This temperature is called basal body temperature (BBT), and recording BBT throughout a woman’s menstrual cycle can sometimes help identify if and when she is ovulating . Additionally, Dr. Bashir recommends she try using a home ovulation predictor kit, which predicts ovulation by measuring the level of luteinizing hormone (LH) in urine. In the meantime, Dr. Bashir sets up an appointment for Victor to give a semen sample, so that his sperm may be examined with a microscope.
::贝希尔医生建议她每天早上在起床前尝试摄取温度。 这种温度被称为巴萨体温(BBT ) , 在整个女性月经周期记录BBT,有时可以帮助她识别是否和何时排卵。 此外,巴希尔医生建议她尝试使用家用排卵预测器,通过测量尿液中润滑荷尔蒙(LH)的水平来预测排卵量。 与此同时,巴希尔博士为维克多设定了给精液样本的预约,以便用显微镜检查他的精子。

As you read this chapter, you will learn about the male and female reproductive systems, how sperm and eggs are produced, and how they meet each other to ultimately produce a baby. You will learn how these complex processes are regulated, and how they can be susceptible to problems along the way. Problems in either the male or female reproductive systems can result in infertility, or difficulty in achieving a successful pregnancy. As you read the chapter, you will understand exactly how BBT and LH relate to ovulation, why Dr. Bashir recommended that Alicia monitor these variables, and the types of problems she will look for in Victor’s semen. At the end of the chapter, you will find out the results of Alicia and Victor’s fertility assessments, steps they can take to increase their chances of conception, and whether they are ultimately able to get pregnant.
::阅读本章,您将了解男性和女性生殖系统,如何生产精子和卵子,以及它们如何相遇以最终生产婴儿。您将了解这些复杂过程是如何调节的,以及它们如何在过程中容易遇到问题。男性生殖系统或女性生殖系统的问题可能导致不孕症,或者难以成功怀孕。您将了解本章,您将确切了解BBT和LH与排卵的关系,为什么巴希尔博士建议Alicia监测这些变量,以及她将在维克多精液中寻找的问题类型。 在本章结尾,您将了解Alicia和Victor的生育评估结果,他们可以采取哪些步骤来增加怀孕的机会,以及他们最终是否能够怀孕。

Chapter Overview: Reproductive System
::概述:生殖系统

In this chapter you will learn about the male and female reproductive systems. Specifically, you will learn about:
::在本章中,你们将了解男性和女性生殖系统。具体来说,你们将了解:

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• The functions of the reproductive system, which includes the production and fertilization of gametes (eggs and sperm), the production of sex hormones by the gonads (testes and ovaries), and, in females, the carrying of a fetus
  ::生殖系统的功能包括编织和授精(蛋和精子)的产生和施肥、性激素(口腔和卵巢)的产生和雌性胎儿的携带。
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• How the male and female reproductive systems differentiate in the embryo and fetus, and how they mature during puberty
  ::男性和女性生殖系统如何区别胚胎和胎儿,在青春期如何成熟
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• The structures of the male reproductive system, including the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, and the penis
  ::男性生殖系统的结构,包括睾丸、肾上腺、血管延后、阴道、阴道、精液管、精液囊、前列腺、球形腺和阴茎。
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• How sperm are produced, mature, are stored, and deposited into the female
  ::如何生产精子,如何成熟,如何储存精子,如何生产精子,如何成熟,如何储存,如何沉积到女性体内
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• The fluids in semen that protect and nourish sperm, and where those fluids  are produced
  ::精液在精液中 保护和养精液, 和这些液液生产的地方。
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• Disorders of the male reproductive system, including erectile dysfunction, epididymitis, prostate cancer, and testicular cancer — some of which predominantly affect younger men
  ::男性生殖系统紊乱,包括立体功能障碍、肾上腺炎、前列腺癌和睾丸癌,其中一些主要影响年青男子
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• The structures of the female reproductive system, including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, and external structures of the vulva
  ::女性生殖系统的结构,包括卵巢、输卵管、输卵管、子宫、子宫、阴道和阴道的外体结构。
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• How eggs are produced in the female fetus, and how they then mature after puberty through the process of ovulation
  ::如何在女性胎儿中产卵,然后如何在青春期后通过排卵过程成熟
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• The menstrual cycle, its purpose, and the hormones that control it
  ::月经循环 其目的 以及控制月经的荷尔蒙
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• How fertilization and implantation occur, the stages of pregnancy and childbirth, and how the mother’s body produces milk to feed the baby
  ::如何发生受孕和植入、怀孕和分娩阶段,母亲的身体如何生产奶奶喂养婴儿
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• Disorders of the female reproductive system, including cervical cancer, endometriosis, and vaginitis (which includes yeast infections)
  ::女性生殖系统紊乱,包括宫颈癌、宫颈癌、宫内硬化症和阴道炎(包括酵母感染)
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• Some causes and treatments of male and female infertility
  ::男女不孕不孕症的一些原因和治疗方法
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• Forms of contraception (birth control), including barrier methods (such as condoms), hormonal methods (such as the birth control pill), behavioral methods, intrauterine devices, and sterilization
  ::避孕形式(生育控制),包括屏障方法(如避孕套)、荷尔蒙方法(如避孕药丸)、行为方法、宫内避孕器和绝育

As you read the chapter, think about the following questions:
::当你读到该章时,请考虑以下问题:

1. Why might sexual intercourse on day 14 of Alicia’s menstrual cycle not necessarily be optimal timing to achieve a pregnancy?
::1. 为什么Alicia月经周期第14天的性交不一定是怀孕的最佳时机?

2. Why is Alicia concerned about her irregular and long menstrual cycles? How could tracking her BBT and LH level help identify if she is ovulating and when?
::2. Alicia为什么担心她的月经周期不正常和较长?跟踪她的BBT和LH水平如何帮助确定她是否排卵以及何时排卵?

3. Why do you think Victor is concerned about past injuries to his testes? How might analysis of his semen help assess whether he has a fertility issue and, if so, the type of issue?
::3. 为什么你认为维克多关心过去他的睾丸受伤的问题?分析他的精液如何帮助评估他是否有生育问题,如果有,问题的类型?