病毒 - 高级

What is a virus? Is it even a living organism?
::病毒是什么?它甚至是一个活生物体吗?

This alien-looking thing is a representation of a virus. But is it prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Or neither? Or both? A virus is essentially genetic material surrounded by . That's it. So, is a virus prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Or neither? Or both?
::这个外观的东西代表着一种病毒。 但是它是一种病毒。 它是一种病毒。 但是它是一种病毒, 它是一种蛋白质还是一种蛋白质? 或者两者都不是? 或者两者都是? 一种病毒基本上是遗传物质,它环绕着它。 就是这样。 那么, 一种病毒是一种蛋白质还是一种蛋白质? 或者两者都不是? 或者两者都是?

Are Viruses Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
::病毒是Prokaryaty病毒还是Eukaryaty病毒?

A virus is a sub-microscopic particle that can infect living . Viruses are much smaller than prokaryotic organisms . In essence, a virus is simply a surrounded by a protein coat, as seen in the Figure . This outer coat is called a capsid . Viruses will be discussed in more detail in the Viruses concepts.
::病毒是一种亚微微粒子,可以感染生命。病毒比蛋白质生物要小得多。从本质上说,病毒只是被蛋白质大衣环绕着,图中就是一例。外衣被称为封状。病毒的概念将更详细地讨论病毒。

Are viruses prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Neither. Viruses are not made up of cells, so they do not have a or any cytoplasm , , or other , nor do they have their own metabolism . The viral (or sometimes RNA) encodes for proteins that make the capsid. However, viruses cannot make their own proteins; they use the ribosomes of a host cell to make proteins. A host cell is a cell infected by a virus.
::病毒是原生的还是尿道的?病毒不是由细胞组成,所以没有细胞细胞,没有细胞细胞,也没有其他细胞,也没有自己的新陈代谢。病毒(有时是RNA)的蛋白质编码使这种病菌发作。然而,病毒不能制造自己的蛋白质;它们使用宿主细胞的肋骨来制造蛋白质。宿主细胞是受病毒感染的细胞。

Viruses do not reproduce by themselves, instead, they use their host cell to make additional copies of themselves. The host cell both replicates the viral genome (DNA) and produces the viral capsid. The viral genome is then packaged into the capsid, resulting in new viruses. So most virologists consider viruses non-living. But, they do evolve, which is a characteristic of living organisms.
::病毒不会自己繁殖,相反,他们用宿主细胞做更多的复制。宿主细胞复制病毒基因组(DNA)并生产病毒盖子。 病毒基因组随后被包装到封顶中,产生新的病毒。 因此,大多数病毒学家认为病毒是非生物的。但是,它们确实在进化,这是生物生物的特征。

Viruses do have significant use in research and medicine, including . Understanding the structure of viruses and understanding their interaction with host organisms (including how they infect and exploit host cells to reproduce) and understanding their physiology and is beneficial to human health.
::病毒确实在研究和医学方面有重大用途,包括了解病毒的结构,了解病毒与宿主生物的相互作用(包括如何感染和利用宿主细胞繁殖),了解其生理学,并有利于人类健康。

Viruses were first described by Dmitri Ivanovsky in 1892. He described a "non-bacterial pathogen" infecting tobacco plants. This was soon followed by the identification of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898. Since then, about 5,000 viruses have been described in detail, although it is believed that there are millions of different types. Viruses are found in almost every on Earth, and are the most abundant type of biological entity. Viruses can be classified with a taxonomic structure from order to . No exists. Viruses, not being made of cells, do not fall into any of the six prokaryotic or eukaryotic kingdoms.
::1892年,Dmitri Ivanovsky首次描述了病毒。他描述了一种感染烟草植物的“非活性病原体 ” 。随后不久,Martinus Beijerinck于1898年对烟草马赛克病毒进行了鉴定。自那时以来,大约5,000种病毒得到了详细描述,尽管据信有数百万种不同的病毒。病毒几乎存在于地球上的每一个地方,并且是最丰富的生物体类型。病毒可以按照分类结构分类,从顺序分类到顺序分类。不存在。病毒不是细胞制造的,而是不属于六个Prokaritology或eukaryaty帝国的任何一个。

Summary
::摘要

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• Viruses are neither prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
  ::病毒既不是蛋白质,也不是蛋白质。
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• Viruses are not made of cells. Viruses cannot replicate on their own.
  ::病毒不是细胞制造的,病毒不能自行复制。
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• Most scientists do not consider viruses to be living.
  ::大多数科学家不认为病毒是活生生的。

Review
::回顾

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1. What is a virus?
   ::什么是病毒?
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2. Are viruses considered living? Explain your answer.
   ::病毒是活生生的吗?