章节大纲

  • lesson content

    Goose Bumps
    ::鹅斑

    No doubt you’ve experienced the tiny, hair-raising skin bumps called goose bumps, like those you see in this photo. They happen  when you feel chilly. Do you know what causes goose bumps, or why they pop up when you are cold? The answers to these questions involve the layer of skin known as the dermis.
    ::毫无疑问,你经历过微小的、发型丰满的皮肤肿块,就像你在这张照片中看到的一样,叫做鹅肿。 当你感到寒冷时,它们就会发生。 你知道是什么导致了鹅肿,或者为什么当你寒冷时它们会冒出来吗? 这些问题的答案是皮肤层,也就是皮肤层。

    What is the Dermis?
    ::什么是德米斯号?

    The dermis is the inner of the two major layers that make up the skin, the outer layer being the epidermis . The dermis consists mainly of connective tissues . It also contains most skin structures, such as glands and . The dermis is anchored to the tissues below it by flexible collagen bundles that permit most areas of the skin to move freely over subcutaneous (“below the skin”) tissues. Functions of the dermis include cushioning subcutaneous tissues, regulating body temperature, sensing the environment, and excreting wastes.
    ::皮肤是构成皮肤的两个主要层的内层,外层是皮皮的内层,外层是皮皮的内层。皮肤主要由连接组织组成,它也包含大多数皮肤结构,如腺和皮层。皮层被柔软的科兰根捆绑固定在下面的组织上,使大部分皮肤区域能够自由移动到皮下组织(“皮肤下”)上。皮层的功能包括缓冲皮下组织、调节体温、感测环境以及排泄废物。

    Anatomy of the Dermis
    ::德米斯解剖学

    The basic anatomy of the dermis is a matrix, or sort of scaffolding, composed of connective tissues. These tissues include collagen fibers — which provide toughness — and elastin fibers, which provide elasticity. Surrounding these fibers, the matrix also includes a gel-like substance made of . The tissues of the matrix give the dermis both strength and flexibility.
    ::皮肤的基本解剖是由连接组织组成的矩阵,或是一种脚架,这些组织包括提供坚硬力的钴纤维和提供弹性的弹性弹性的弹性纤维。围绕这些纤维,矩阵还包括一种凝胶类物质。矩阵的组织既提供了皮肤的强度,也提供了弹性。

    The dermis is divided into two layers: the papillary layer and the reticular layer. Both layers are shown in the diagram and described in the text that follows.
    ::皮肤分为两层:毛细层和视网膜层,图中显示两层,下图中则说明两层。

    lesson content

    This photomicrograph shows a cross-section of the papillary and reticular layers of the dermis.
    ::这幅照片显微图显示了皮质层和皮质层的交叉层。

    Papillary Layer
    ::地下层

    The papillary layer is the upper layer of the dermis, just below the basement membrane that connects the dermis to the epidermis above it. The papillary layer is the thinner of the two dermal layers. It is composed mainly of loosely arranged collagen fibers. The papillary layer is named for its fingerlike projections — or papillae — that extend upward into the epidermis. The papillae contain capillaries and sensory touch receptors.
    ::毛细层是皮皮层的上层,就在地下膜下面,将皮皮层与上层皮层连接起来。毛细层是两层皮层的稀薄层,主要由松散排列的椰子纤维组成。毛细层按其指状的投影命名,或称为papillae,向上延伸至皮皮层。毛细层含有毛细和感官感应受体。

    The papillae give the dermis a bumpy surface that interlocks with the epidermis above it, strengthening the connection between the two layers of skin. On the palms and soles, the papillae create epidermal ridges. Epidermal ridges on the fingers are commonly called fingerprints (see the photo ). Fingerprints are genetically determined, so no two people (other than identical twins) have exactly the same fingerprint pattern. Therefore, fingerprints can be used as a means of identification, for example, at crime scenes. Fingerprints were much more commonly used forensically before analysis was introduced for this purpose.
    ::Papillae给皮肤的皮肤上下沉沉的表面,它与上面的皮层交织在一起,加强了两层皮肤之间的联系。在棕榈和鞋底上,papillae制造了皮皮脊。手指上的皮层脊通常被称为指纹(见照片)。指纹是基因确定的,因此,除双胞胎外,没有两个人具有完全相同的指纹模式。因此,指纹可以用作识别手段,例如在犯罪现场。在为此目的进行分析之前,指纹通常在法医上使用。

    lesson content

    This photo is an enlarged image of epidermal ridges on a finger.
    ::这张照片是一只手指上的上皮脊的放大图像。

    Reticular Layer
    ::相交层图层

    The reticular layer is the lower layer of the dermis, located below the papillary layer. It is the thicker of the two dermal layers. It is composed of densely woven collagen and elastin fibers. These protein fibers give the dermis its properties of strength and elasticity. This layer of the dermis cushions subcutaneous tissues of the body from stress and strain. The reticular layer of the dermis also contains most of the structures in the dermis, such as glands and hair follicles .
    ::视网膜层是皮肤下层,位于毛虫层之下,是两层皮肤厚度较深的层,由高密度交织的椰子和弹性纤维组成。这些蛋白纤维使皮肤具有强度和弹性的特性。这一层是皮肤衬垫,从压力和压力中将身体的皮质组织置于下层。皮肤的视网膜层也包含皮肤中的大多数结构,如腺和毛发花囊。

    Structures in the Dermis
    ::德尔米斯结构

    Both papillary and reticular layers of the dermis contain numerous sensory receptors , which make the skin the body’s primary sensory organ for the sense of touch. Both dermal layers also contain blood vessels. They provide nutrients to remove wastes from dermal , as well as cells in the lowest layer of the epidermis, the stratum basale. The circulatory components of the dermis are shown in the diagram .
    ::皮肤的毛虫层和外皮层都含有许多感官受体,使皮肤成为身体的主要感官器官,以产生触感。 皮肤层也含有血管。 皮肤层提供养分,从皮肤中清除废物,并在皮层底层的底层,即直流巴萨的细胞中清除废物。 皮肤的循环元件在图表中显示。

    lesson content

    Both the papillary layer and the reticular layer of the dermis contain blood vessels, as shown in this diagram.
    ::如本图所示,毛细层和皮肤的外表层都含有血管。

    Glands
    ::平地

    Glands in the reticular layer of the dermis include sweat glands and sebaceous (oil) glands. Both are exocrine glands, which are glands that release their secretions through ducts to nearby body surfaces. The diagram shows these glands, as well as several other structures in the dermis.
    ::皮肤的视网膜层中的干地包括出汗的腺和沙丘(石油)腺,两者都是出血的腺,它们都是通过管道向附近身体表面释放分泌的腺,图中显示了这些腺以及皮肤中的其他若干结构。

    lesson content

    The dermis contains sweat and oil (sebaceous) glands, as well as hair follicles and blood vessels.
    ::皮肤含有汗水和油(sebaceous)腺以及毛发泡和血管。

    Sweat Glands
    ::湿草地

    Sweat glands produce the fluid called sweat, which contains mainly and salts. The glands have ducts that carry the sweat to hair follicles, or to the surface of the skin. There are two different types of sweat glands: eccrine glands and apocrine glands.
    ::羊毛状腺产生流体,主要含血和盐类。 羊毛腺有管道,将汗带入毛发囊或皮肤表面。 有两种不同种类的汗腺:羊毛腺和羊皮腺。

    • Eccrine sweat glands occur in skin all over the body. Their ducts empty through tiny openings called pores onto the skin surface. These sweat glands are involved in temperature regulation.
      ::全身皮肤中都存在出汗腺,它们通过小孔空空的管道,称为皮肤表面的孔孔,这些出汗腺与温度调节有关。
    • Apocrine sweat glands are larger than eccrine glands, and occur only in the skin of the armpits and groin. The ducts of apocrine glands empty into hair follicles, and then the sweat travels along hairs to reach the surface. Apocrine glands are inactive until , at which point they start producing an oily sweat that is consumed by living on the skin. The digestion of apocrine sweat by bacteria causes  body odor.
      ::甲状腺的血浆比甲状腺大,只出现在毛皮和腹股沟的皮肤中。 甲状腺的气管空入毛发囊,然后汗水沿着毛发流到地表。 甲状腺不活动,直到该地开始产生一种油性汗水,而这种汗水是活在皮肤上所消耗的。 细菌吸收甲状腺的汗水会导致身体的气味。

    Sebaceous Glands
    ::土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地 土地

    Sebaceous glands are exocrine glands that produce a thick, fatty substance called sebum . Sebum is secreted into hair follicles and makes its way to the skin surface along hairs. It waterproofs the hair and skin, and helps prevent them from drying out. Sebum also has antibacterial properties, so it inhibits the growth of microorganisms on the skin. Sebaceous glands are found in every part of the skin — except for the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, where hair does not grow.
    ::乳腺是出血的腺,产生一种叫做沙本的厚厚脂肪物质。塞布姆被秘密地藏在毛发囊中,沿着毛发进入皮肤表面,为毛发和皮肤防水,帮助防止它们干涸。塞布姆也有抗菌特性,因此抑制皮肤微生物的生长。除手掌和脚底的手掌外,皮肤的每一部分都含有含血腺。

    Hair Follicles
    ::毛发球

    Hair follicles are the structures where hairs originate (see the diagram ). Hairs grow out of follicles , pass through the epidermis, and exit at the surface of the skin. Associated with each hair follicle is a sebaceous gland, which secretes sebum that coats and waterproofs the hair. Each follicle also has a bed of capillaries, a nerve ending, and a tiny muscle called an arrector pili.
    ::毛发是毛发发发源的结构(见图 ) 。 毛发从毛囊中长出来,穿过头部,从皮肤表面出来。 毛发与每个毛发毛囊有关,是一个精细的腺体,它分泌毛发的外衣和防水剂。 每个毛发也有一个毛发床,一个神经端,一个微小的肌肉,一个叫动脉皮的肌肉。

    Functions of the Dermis
    ::Dermis 函数的函数

    The main functions of the dermis are regulating body temperature, enabling the sense of touch, and eliminating wastes from the body.
    ::皮肤的主要功能是调节体温,产生触摸感,消除体内的废物。

    Temperature Regulation
    ::温度调节

    Several structures in the reticular layer of the dermis are involved in regulating body temperature. For example, when body temperature rises, the hypothalamus of the brain sends nerve signals to sweat glands, causing them to release sweat. An adult can sweat up to four liters an hour. As the sweat evaporates from the surface of the body, it uses energy in the form of body heat, thus cooling the body. The hypothalamus also causes dilation of blood vessels in the dermis when body temperature rises. This allows more to flow through the skin, bringing body heat to the surface, where it can radiate into the environment.
    ::皮肤的视网膜层中的一些结构涉及调节身体温度。例如,当身体温度上升时,大脑的下脑膜会向汗腺发出神经信号,导致它们释放出汗。一个成年人每小时可以出汗4升。当汗从身体表面蒸发时,它会使用体温形式的能量,从而冷却身体。当体温上升时,下脑膜也会在皮肤上造成血管膨胀。这样可以让更多的血管通过皮肤流动,将体温带入表面,然后将体温射入环境。

    When the body is too cool, sweat glands stop producing sweat, and blood vessels in the skin constrict, thus conserving body heat. The arrector pili also contract, moving hair follicles and lifting hair shafts. This results in more air being trapped under the hairs to insulate the surface of the skin. These contractions of arrector pili muscles are the cause of goose bumps.
    ::当身体太冷时,汗腺不再产生出汗,皮肤收缩的血管也停止了,从而保持了体温。 气管也收缩,移动毛囊和抬起毛管。 这使得更多的空气被困在毛发下,以绝缘皮肤表面。 气管肌肉的收缩是鹅斑的原因。

    Sensing the Environment
    ::环境遥感

    Sensory receptors in the dermis are mainly responsible for the body’s tactile . The receptors detect such tactile stimuli as warm or cold temperature, shape, texture, pressure, vibration, and pain. They send to the brain, which interprets and responds to the sensory information. Sensory receptors in the dermis can be classified on the basis of the type of touch stimulus they sense. Mechanoreceptors sense mechanical forces such as pressure, roughness, vibration, and stretching. Thermoreceptors sense variations in temperature that are above or below body temperature. Nociceptors sense painful stimuli. The diagram shows several specific kinds of tactile receptors in the dermis. Each kind of receptor senses one or more types of touch stimuli.
    ::皮肤中的感应感应器主要对身体的触动作用力负责。感应器检测到温暖或寒冷的温度、形状、质地、压力、振动和疼痛等触动刺激力。它们发送到大脑,对感应信息进行解释和反应。皮肤中的感应受体可以按感应刺激感应的类型分类。机械感应器感应到压力、粗糙、振动和伸展等机械力。热感应器感应温度在身体温度上或下的变化。感应器感应到痛苦的刺激力。图表显示有几种特定的感应器在皮肤中的感应器。每一种感应器都感应到一种或多种触动刺激力。

    • Free nerve endings sense pain and temperature variations.
      ::自由神经末端感知疼痛和温度变化
    • Merkel cells sense light touch, shapes, and textures.
      ::默克尔细胞感知光触、形状和纹理
    • Meissner’s corpuscles sense light touch.
      ::Meissner的肉身触摸感知光线。
    • Pacinian corpuscles sense pressure and vibration.
      ::帕西尼恩骨骼感应 压力和振动。
    • Ruffini corpuscles sense stretching and sustained pressure.
      ::脊柱骨感应 伸展和持续的压力。

    lesson content

    A variety of types of tactile receptors are located in the dermis of the skin.
    ::皮肤皮质中存在各种类型的触摸受体。

    Excreting Wastes
    ::排泄废物

    The sweat released by eccrine sweat glands is one way the body excretes waste products. Sweat contains excess water, salts (electrolytes), and other waste products that the body must get rid of to maintain . The most common electrolytes in sweat are sodium and chloride. Potassium, calcium , and magnesium electrolytes may be excreted in sweat, as well. When these electrolytes reach high levels in the blood, more are excreted in sweat. This helps to bring their blood levels back into balance . Besides electrolytes, sweat contains small amounts of waste products from metabolism , including ammonia and urea. Sweat may also contain alcohol in someone who has been drinking alcoholic beverages.
    ::粪便中释放的汗水是人体排泄物废物的一种方式。汗水中含有多余的水、盐类(叶酸盐)和身体必须处理的其他废物产品以保持。汗水中最常见的电解液是钠和氯化物。、钙和镁电解液可能通过汗水排出。当这些电解液达到高血浓度时,更多的是排出在汗水中。这有助于使其血液水平恢复平衡。除了电解液外,汗还含有少量新陈代谢的废品,包括氨和尿素。水中也含有酒精饮料。

    Feature: My Human Body
    ::特质:我的人体

    lesson content

    Acne is the most common skin disorder in the United States. At least 40 million Americans have acne at any given time. Acne occurs most commonly in teens and young adults, but it can occur at any age. Even newborn babies can get acne.
    ::苯丙胺是美国最常见的皮肤紊乱症。 至少有4000万美国人在任何特定时间都曾患过。 苯丙胺在青少年和年轻人中最为常见,但可以在任何年龄发生。 即使新生儿也可以患过。

    The main sign of acne is the appearance of pimples (pustules) on the skin, like those in the photo above. Other signs of acne may include whiteheads, blackheads, nodules, and other lesions. Besides the face, acne can appear on the back, chest, neck, shoulders, upper arms, and buttocks. Acne can permanently scar the skin, especially if it isn’t treated appropriately. Besides its physical effects on the skin, acne can also lead to low self-esteem and depression.
    ::蚂蚁的主要症状是皮条客(Prustules)在皮肤上的出现,就像上面照片中的那些。 其他的蚂蚁症状可能包括白头、黑头、结核和其他损伤。 除了脸部外,蚂蚁还可能出现在背部、胸部、颈部、肩部、上臂和臀部。 蚂蚁可以永久伤皮肤,特别是如果皮肤得不到适当治疗的话。 除了对皮肤的物理影响外,蚂蚁还会导致自尊心低落和抑郁。

    Acne is caused by clogged, sebum-filled pores that provide a perfect environment for the growth of bacteria. The bacteria cause infection, and the immune system responds with inflammation. Inflammation, in turn, causes swelling and redness, and may be associated with the formation of pus. If the inflammation goes deep into the skin, it may form an acne nodule.
    ::蚂蚁是由堵塞、塞布姆填充的孔孔造成的,它们为细菌的生长提供了完美的环境。细菌导致感染,免疫系统则因炎症而反应。发炎反过来又造成肿胀和红化,并可能与的形成有关。如果炎症深入皮肤深处,它可能形成蚂蚁结核。

    Mild acne often responds well to treatment with over-the-counter (OTC) products containing benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid. Treatment with these products may take a month or two to clear up the acne. Once the skin clears, treatment generally needs to continue for some time to prevent future breakouts.
    ::灭蚁因子通常对含有苯并基过氧化物或硅酸的场外(OTC)产品的治疗反应良好,对此类产品的治疗可能需要一两个月时间才能清除阴茎。 一旦皮肤脱皮,通常需要持续一段时间才能防止未来的分裂。

    If acne fails to respond to OTC products, nodules develop, or acne is affecting self-esteem, a visit to a dermatologist is in order. A dermatologist can determine which treatment is best for a given patient. A dermatologist can also prescribe prescription medications (which are likely to be more effective than OTC products) and provide other medical treatments, such as laser light therapies or chemical peels.
    ::如果对 OTC 产品、 结核 开发 、 或 丙烷 无法 应对 OTC 产品 、 结核 、 或 丙烷 影响 自尊 , 则需要访问皮肤科医生。 皮肤科医生可以确定哪种治疗对特定病人最合适。 皮肤科医生也可以开处方药( 可能比 OTC 产品更有效 ) , 并提供其他医疗治疗, 如激光光疗或化学皮。

    What can you do to maintain healthy skin and prevent or reduce acne? Dermatologists recommend the following tips:
    ::为保持健康皮肤和防止或减少丙烯,您能做些什么? 皮肤学家建议如下建议:

    • Wash affected or acne-prone skin (such as the face) twice a day, and after sweating.
      ::每天两次在出汗后洗涤受影响的皮肤或易燃性皮肤(如脸部)。
    • Use your fingertips to apply a gentle, non-abrasive cleanser. Avoid scrubbing, which can make acne worse.
      ::使用指尖来应用一个温和的、非擦拭性净化器。 避免洗涤, 这会使蚂蚁更加糟糕 。
    • Use only alcohol-free products and avoid any products that irritate the skin, such as harsh astringents or exfoliants.
      ::仅使用无酒精产品,避免任何刺激皮肤的产品,如苛刻的诱饵或挥发剂。
    • Rinse with lukewarm water, and avoid using very hot or cold water.
      ::用温热的水冲浪,避免使用非常热或冷的水。
    • Shampoo your hair regularly.
      ::洗发水,你的头发经常。
    • Do not pick, pop, or squeeze acne. If you do, it will take longer to heal and is more likely to scar.
      ::不要摘取、弹出或挤压丙烷。 如果您摘取、弹出或挤压丙烷, 愈合需要更长的时间, 并更有可能留下疤痕 。
    • Keep your hands off your face. Avoid touching your skin throughout the day.
      ::手不要碰脸,不要整天碰皮肤
    • Stay out of the sun and tanning beds. Some acne medications make your skin very sensitive to UV light.
      ::远离阳光和日光浴床,一些丙烯药物使你的皮肤对紫外光非常敏感。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • The dermis is the inner and thicker of the two major layers that make up the skin. It consists mainly of a matrix of connective tissues that provide strength and stretch. It also contains almost all skin structures, including sensory receptors and blood vessels.
      ::皮肤是构成皮肤的两个主要层的内层和厚度更高层,主要包括一个提供强度和伸展力的连接组织矩阵,还包括几乎所有皮肤结构,包括感官受体和血管。
    • The dermis has two layers. The upper papillary layer has papillae extending upward into the epidermis and loose connective tissues. The lower reticular layer has denser connective tissues and structures, such as glands and hair follicles. Glands in the dermis include eccrine and apocrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands. Hair follicles are structures where hairs originate.
      ::皮肤有两层,上毛细皮层有皮毛,向上延伸至上部和松散的连接组织;下视线层有较稠密的连接组织和结构,如腺和毛发囊;皮肤中的腺包括羊毛、羊毛、羊毛、羊毛、羊毛、羊毛、毛发发状的腺;毛发发发状结构。
    • Functions of the dermis include cushioning subcutaneous tissues, regulating body temperature, sensing the environment, and excreting wastes. The dense connective tissues of the dermis provide cushioning. The dermis regulates body temperature mainly by sweating and by vasodilation or vasoconstriction. The many tactile sensory receptors in the dermis make it the main organ for the sense of touch. Wastes excreted in sweat include excess water, electrolytes, and certain metabolic wastes.
      ::皮肤的功能包括衬垫下皮组织、调节体温、感知环境和排泄废物。皮肤的稠密连接组织提供衬垫。皮肤主要通过汗水和血管变异或血管收缩调节身体温度。皮肤中许多触感受体使它成为触感的主要器官。汗水中排出的废物包括多余的水、电解剂和某些代谢废物。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is the dermis?
    ::1. 什么是皮肤?

    2. Describe the basic anatomy of the dermis.
    ::2. 描述皮肤的基本解剖。

    3, Compare and contrast the papillary and reticular layers of the dermis.
    ::3 比较和对比皮质层和皮质层。

    4. What causes epidermal ridges, and why can they be used to identify individuals?
    ::4. 造成上皮脊的原因何在,为何可以用来识别个人?

    5. Name the two types of sweat glands in the dermis, and explain  how they differ.
    ::5. 列出皮肤中两种汗腺的名称,并解释它们有何不同。

    6. What is the function of sebaceous glands?
    ::6. 混凝土腺的功能是什么?

    7. Describe the structures associated with hair follicles.
    ::7. 说明与毛囊有关的结构。

    8. Explain how the dermis helps regulate body temperature.
    ::8. 解释皮肤如何帮助调节体温。

    9. Identify three specific kinds of tactile receptors in the dermis, along with the type of stimuli they sense.
    ::9. 在皮肤中确定三种特定的触觉受体,以及它们感知到的刺激类型。

    10. How does the dermis excrete wastes? What waste products does it excrete?
    ::10. 皮肤排泄物废物是如何排出的?是哪些废物排出?

    11. What are subcutaneous tissues?  Which layer of the dermis provides cushioning for subcutaneous tissues? Why does this layer provide most of the cushioning, instead of the other layer?
    ::11. 什么是皮下组织?哪一层皮肤为皮下组织提供衬垫?为什么这一层提供大部分衬垫,而不是另一层?

     

    12. F or each of the functions listed below, describe which structure within the dermis carries it out.
    ::12. 以下列出的每一项职能,请说明在皮革内部执行这一职能的结构。

    a. brings nutrients to and removes wastes from dermal and lower epidermal cells
    ::a. 将养分带入皮肤和下皮下皮革细胞,并将废物从皮肤和下皮革细胞中清除

    b. causes hairs to move
    ::b. 造成毛发移动

    c. detects painful stimuli on the skin
    ::c. 检测皮肤上疼痛刺激

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Do you have hyperhidrosis, or excessive sweating? Watch the video below to learn more about this non-life threatening — but embarrassing — disorder, including how Botox can be used to treat it. 
    ::你是否患有过重中毒症,或出汗过多?看看下面的视频,了解更多关于这种非生命威胁的、但令人尴尬的疾病,包括如何利用Botox治疗这种疾病。

     

     

     

     

     

    Learn more about how our bodies process the "itchy" sensation here:
    ::更多了解我们的身体如何处理这里的“小奇奇”感: