BAISDiomicota - 高级

Is this a mushroom ?
::这是蘑菇吗?

It is actually a stinkhorn. Stinkhorns are known for their foul-smelling, sticky spore masses. The spore mass typically smells of dung or carrion, which is the dead and decaying flesh of an , and attracts flies and other to help disperse the spores.
::它其实是一个臭角。 臭角以其肮脏的熔炼、粘粘的粪便而闻名。 粪便或腐烂的粪便一般闻起来都是粪便或腐烂的味道。 粪便或腐烂的肉是一具死尸和腐烂的肉,吸引苍蝇和其他东西来帮助驱散螺丝。

Phylum Basidiomycota
::苯丙胺菌

The phylum Basidiomycota is a group of with many different shapes, as shown in Figure . It includes mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, jelly fungi, and yeasts. Basidiomycota are filamentous fungi that are made of hyphae (except for yeasts). They reproduce sexually by the formation of specialized club-shaped called basidia. The basidia normally produce four haploid spores, called basidiospores.
::如图所示,Basidiomycota植物是由多种不同形状组成的群体,包括蘑菇、泡泡、臭角、果冻真菌和酵母。Basidiomycota是丝状的真菌,由制成(酵母除外),它们通过专门俱乐部形状的称为basidia的形成进行性繁殖。Basidia通常产生4个,称为basidiospories。

The spore-bearing structure of a Basidiomycete is called a  basidiocarp, shown in  Figure . The basidiocarps of some fungi are commonly called mushrooms and puffballs.
::象图所示,一个巴西迪奥米切特人的卵巢结构称为“巴西迪奥卡片”,一些真菌的卵巢形结构通常称为蘑菇和泡泡。

Some Basidiomycota reproduce asexually, and some reproduce sexually. Asexually reproducing Basidiomycota are recognized as members of this phylum because they are similar to others members of the phylum in terms of both the make up of their cell walls and phylogenetic analyses of their . The sexual structures of a Basidiomycete are show in  Figure .
::有些Basidiomycota性繁殖,有些性繁殖。性复制Basidiomycota被承认为该植物群的成员,因为他们在细胞墙的构成和对植物基因分析方面与其他植物群的成员相似。一个Basidiomycote的性结构在图中显示了。

Basidiomycota Life-Cycle
::生命 -- -- 生命 -- -- 循环

Bacidiomycota do not have male and female gametes . Except for the Rust fungi, they tend to have identical-looking haploid hyphae that are opposite mating types. Unlike humans, Bacidiomycetes have more then two mating types. Two haploid mycelia of different mating types fuse, and one moves into the other’s hyphae. There, the two nuclei pair up, but they do not fuse immediately. The pair of nuclei is called a dikaryon, and the hyphae are said to be dikaryotic, which contrast with monokaryons: hyphal cells with only one nucleus. In a single mass of mycelia, some of the mycelia can be dikaryotic and the rest monokaryotic. The dikaryotic mycelia form the fruiting bodies, or basidiocarps, of the fungus. The dikaryotic mycelia of Basidiomycetes can be long-lived, lasting years, decades, or centuries.
::巴西迪奥米科塔没有男女交配。 除了鲁斯特真菌外,它们往往有相似的长相短发合肢,它们与交配类型相反。与人类不同,巴西迪奥密斯有两种不同的交配类型。两种不同交配型的杂交幻觉,一种进入另一个交配型。那里,两对核核核结对,但没有立即融为一体。两对核核结膜被称为二丙烯,据说是双丙烯酸,与单丙烯酸不同的是:只有一颗核的催眠细胞。在科西里亚的单一质量中,某些单晶晶片可以是二甲基质的,其余的单晶体。二甲基细菌形成真菌的果体,或者说它们不会立即融化。巴西迪迪奥切片的底晶体可以长、长年、几十年或几个世纪。

The hyphae in the gills of basidiocarps contain cells that are dikaryotic. This means the cells contain two nuclei. These dikaryotic cells give rise to basidia, shown in  Figure . Before spores can be produced, the two nuclei in the basidia fuse, making a diploid cell. The fusion of the nuclei in dikaryotic cells is called karyogamy. The resulting diploid cell then divides by to produce four haploid basidiospores, also shown in Figure .
::Basidiocarps 胶囊中的合金含有有二相色的细胞。 这意味着细胞包含两个核。 这些二相色的细胞产生asidia, 如图所示。 在产生螺旋之前, 贝西迪亚引信中的两个核, 形成一个浸泡细胞。 将核聚入二相色细胞称为 karyogamy 。 由此形成的双相色细胞, 然后通过分离产生 4 个 haploid basidospores, 也在图中显示 。

In most , the basidiospores disperse, and each can start a new haploid mycelium, continuing the lifecycle. The basidiospores of certain Basidiomycetes bud off, or fall off, the parent, while others are projected, or “shot” off, away from the parent.
::在多数情况下,蓝底动物会分散,每个人都可以开始一个新的薄荷菌菌,继续生命周期。 某些白底菌芽的粘膜菌,或者说从母细胞中脱落,而其他的则从母细胞中“射出 ” , 或说从母细胞中“射出 ” 。

Variations in Life Cycles
::生命周期中的差异

Many variations in basidiomycota life cycles occur. Some species form only two spores per basidium, but that also varies. Following meiosis, mitotic divisions can occur in the basidium. Multiple numbers of basidiospores can be formed, including odd numbers due to degeneration of nuclei, pairing up of nuclei, or lack of of nuclei. For example, the cultivated button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, can sometimes have 1, 2, 3, or 4-spored basidia.
::在巴西迪奥米科塔生命周期中存在许多变化。 有些物种每仅形成两个,但也有差异。 在中度后, 中可能会出现线性分裂。 多种可以形成, 包括因核素衰减、核素结合或缺乏核素而导致的奇数。 例如, 种植的纽扣蘑菇, Agaricus biporus, 有时可能有 1, 2, 3 或 4 个波状的。

Summary
::摘要

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• The phylum Basidiomycota is a group of fungi characterized by the formation of specialized club-shaped cells, called basidia, during reproduction.
  ::植物巴西迪奥米科塔是一组真菌,其特点是在生殖过程中形成专门的俱乐部形细胞,称为巴西迪亚。
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• The basidia normally produce four haploid spores, called basidiospores.
  ::巴西迪亚通常产出4个杂质,叫做“杂质”。
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• Some Basidiomycota reproduce asexually, and some reproduce sexually.
  ::有些巴西迪奥米科塔性繁殖,有些性繁殖。

Review
::回顾

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1. What reproductive structures characterize basidiomycetes?
   ::哪些生殖结构是易变性的特征?
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2. What part of the fungus is the mushroom?
   ::蘑菇是真菌的哪一部分?
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3. Do basidiomycetes reproduce sexually or asexually?
   ::巴西氏菌是性繁殖还是性繁殖?
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4. Describe the typical life cycle of a basidiomycete.
   ::描述一个易碎虫的典型生命周期。