章节大纲

  • Moss

    How are mosses used?
    ::藻类是如何使用的?

    Mosses can be used in gardens, as shown here. have many other uses, some of which are discussed in this concept.
    ::如本文所示,花卉可用于菜园,还有其他许多用途,其中一些用途将在这一概念中讨论。

    Human Uses of Bryophytes
    ::Bryophite的人类用途

    Humans have many uses for Bryophytes; two of the more important and widely used resources are described below.
    ::人类对 Bryophites有许多用途;下文将说明两个较重要和广泛使用的资源。

    Uses for Sphagnum moss
    ::Sphagnum 苔 草用

    One of the most economically important genera of nonvascular plants is Sphagnum, a genus of perhaps 300 of mosses which carpet bogs throughout the northern hemisphere ( Figure ). Sphagnum resists decay and builds up into thick layers beneath bogs, where some people (as in Ireland) harvest or mine it for fuel.
    ::非血管植物中经济上最重要的基因之一是Sphagnum,这是整个北半球(菲古尔)大约有300只苔的基因,它覆盖了整个北半球(菲古尔),它抵抗腐蚀,并堆积到沼泽下厚厚的层层,有些人(如爱尔兰)在那里收获或开采这些植物作为燃料。

    Sphagnum mosses thrive in bogs, where acid prevents them from decaying.
    Sphagnum mosses thrive in bogs, where acid prevents them from decaying.

    Sphagnum gametophytes ( Figure ) grow up to 30 cm (12 inches) long, and their “leaves” contain large which hold up to 20 times their own dry weight in ( Figure ). For this reason, Sphagnum moss has been used as an additive to condition sandy soils, a growing medium for orchids and other , a fire extinguisher, and even in diapers. Because its chemistry makes it acidic and resistant to decay, Sphagnum mosses have also been used to dress wounds, raise mushrooms and tarantulas, and filter septic system waste. These same characteristics have preserved bodies for thousands of years, allowing us to study past humans and their cultures (see the Haraldskaerwoman from the Iron Age in  Figure ). A unique use of Sphagnum is as smoking malt to flavor Scotch whisky. In times of famine, it has been used to make bread.
    ::Sphagnumgametophites(Figure)长达30厘米(12英寸),它们的“叶子”在(Figure)中含有大到20倍的干重,因此,Sphagnum mos被用作沙质土壤的添加剂,一种种植兰花和其他植物的介质,一种灭火器,甚至尿布。由于它的化学作用使其酸性地和耐腐蚀性,Sphagnum moses也被用于穿戴伤口、培养蘑菇和薄膜,以及过滤化粪系统废物。这些特征还保护了数千年的身体,使我们能够研究过去的人及其文化(见图中来自铁时代的Haraldskaer妇人)。Sphagnum的独特用途是熏制威士忌。在饥荒时期,它被用来做面包。

     

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      ::编辑此标题
    • lesson content
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      ::编辑此标题
    Sphagnum moss (A) has physical and chemical properties which make it useful for purposes other than fuel. Large dead cells (B) within its “leaves” hold up to 20 times its weight in water, so it is often used to condition sandy soils or grow epiphytes.

    As with so many other resources, over-harvesting and habitat destruction have begun to endanger Sphagnum moss reserves. However, countries such as New Zealand have begun to take action to ensure preservation of this useful moss. New Zealand has developed sustainable management policies which ensure that the resources remain viable. Peat consists of layers upon layers of compressed plants (often predominantly Sphagnum ) and can be mined and used for fuel. But mining of moss peat (as opposed to live moss) can permanently destroy peat bogs, causing extensive environmental damage.
    ::与如此多的其他资源一样,过度收获和生境破坏已开始危及Sphagnum mos的储备,然而,新西兰等国家已开始采取行动,确保保存这些有用的苔胱,新西兰已制定了确保资源能够维持生存的可持续管理政策,在压缩工厂(通常主要是Sphagnum)的层层层上,可以开采和用作燃料,但(相对于活的苔胱)苔的开采可以永久地摧毁泥炭沼泽,造成广泛的环境破坏。

    Uses for Liverworts
    ::活性活性物的用途

    Humans use liverworts to a much lesser extent. In the past, we have consulted the medieval “Doctrine of Signatures,” which shows that reveal their uses to humans. Because the lobed shape of certain liverworts resembled the human liver , people in the past used them to treat diseases of the liver. At least one species of liverwort is sold for use in home aquariums ( Figure ), but liverworts otherwise have more value for their roles in nature. Both mosses and liverworts retain soil and water, preventing erosion, especially along stream banks. A few species of liverworts form erosion-limiting crusts on soils in deserts and Polar Regions. Mosses can sometimes be unwanted as well - a few species of liverworts and hornworts are weeds in greenhouses and gardens.
    ::过去,我们曾咨询过中世纪的“签名工具”,它揭示了人类的用途。由于某些肝脏的枕头形状类似于人类肝脏,人们过去用它们治疗肝脏疾病。至少有一种肝脏的品种被出售用于水族馆(Figure),但肝脏在自然中的角色具有更大的价值。软糖和肝脏保留土壤和水,防止水土流失,特别是河岸上的水土流失。少数几种肝脏在沙漠和极地地区的土壤上形成侵蚀限制质的结壳。 蚊子有时也无用 — — 少数种肝脏和黄毛在温室和花园中都有杂草。

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    The aquatic liverwort Riccia flutans is often sold for use in freshwater aquariums (left). Other liverworts are useful primarily in their native habitats, holding water and preventing erosion along streams (right).

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Sphagnum moss is used predominantly for fuel. It is extremely resistant to decay and harsh conditions, so it has many other uses, such as being an additive to condition sandy soils, a fire extinguisher, a treatment for wounds, etc.
      ::Sphagnum mos主要用于燃料,极耐腐蚀和恶劣条件,因此还有其他许多用途,例如作为沙质土壤的添加剂、灭火器、伤口治疗等。
    • Sphagnum habitats have become endangered, so countries such as New Zealand have taken action to prevent further damage by creating policies that limit mining of peat moss. Mining peat moss, as opposed to live moss, can permanently damage or destroy peat bogs.
      ::硫核生境已经濒临灭绝,因此新西兰等国家已经采取行动,通过制定限制开采泥炭苔类的政策来防止进一步破坏。 泥炭苔类与活苔类相比,可以永久破坏或摧毁泥炭沼泽。
    • Both mosses and liverworts retain soil and water, preventing erosion, especially along stream banks.
      ::藻类和肝脏结壳保留土壤和水,防止侵蚀,特别是沿河岸的侵蚀。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. List a few uses for Sphagnum moss.
      ::列出一些用于Sphagnum mos的用途。
    2. What makes Sphagnum moss a good preservative?
      ::是什么使斯法纳姆·莫斯 成为一个好的防腐剂?
    3. Which moss do we want to prevent harvesting and why?
      ::我们想阻止哪些苔胱收获? 为什么?
    4. How are mosses and liverworts both useful in the environment?
      ::藻类和肝脏结壳在环境中如何有用?