Section outline

  • lesson content

    What's the most important part of the female menstrual cycle?
    ::女性月经周期最重要的部分是什么?

    A menstrual cycle calendar. A lot of things to keep track of. And for a few very important reasons, it is important to know when a woman is ovulating. But what's the most important part of the female menstrual cycle? That depends on whom you ask.
    ::月经周期日历。 很多事情需要跟踪。 出于一些非常重要的原因, 有必要知道女性何时在排卵。 但是女性月经周期中最重要的部分是什么? 这取决于你问谁。

    Menstrual Cycle and Menstruation
    ::月经周期和月经

    Ovulation is part of the menstrual cycle, which occurs each month in a sexually mature female. Another part of the cycle is menstruation . Menstruation is the process in which and other tissues are shed from the uterus and leave the body through the vagina . It is also called a menstrual period or menses. The menstrual cycle is sometimes divided into two cycles, called the ovarian cycle and the uterine cycle. The ovarian cycle includes the events that occur in the ovary . The uterine cycle refer to the events that occur in the uterus. The two cycles are closely related, so here they are described together and referred to jointly as the menstrual cycle.
    ::月经是月经的一部分,月经是月经的一部分,月经是月经是月经的一部分,月经是月经是月经的另一个部分,月经是子宫外出的过程和其他组织通过阴道离开身体的过程,也称为月经期或月经,月经周期有时分为两个周期,称为卵巢周期和子宫周期,卵巢周期包括卵巢中发生的事件,子宫周期是指子宫内发生的事件。两种周期是密切相关的,因此在这里将它们一起描述,并称为月经周期。

    Phases of the Menstrual Cycle
    ::月经周期阶段

    The phases of the menstrual cycle are summarized in Table  . The cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which typically lasts from one to four days. This is when menstruation occurs. During the menstrual phase, arteries that supply the endometrium of the uterus constrict and break. Gradually, blood and endometrial tissues detach from the inside of the uterus and pass from the uterus to the vagina and then out of the body. If there is an immature egg in the uterus, it passes out of the body with the menstrual flow.
    ::月经周期的各个阶段汇总于表 。月经周期从月经阶段开始,通常为一至四天,这是月经发生的时候;在月经阶段,提供子宫收缩和断裂的动脉,从子宫内分解出血液和内部组织,从子宫到阴道,然后从身体中分解出来;如果子宫内有一个不成熟的蛋,则随着月经流动从身体中流出。

    The menstrual cycle (as shown in Table  ) includes an ovarian and a uterine cycle. Events in the ovarian cycle include maturation of a follicle , release of an egg, and formation of the corpus luteum . Events in the uterine cycle include menstruation, of the endometrium, and thickening of the endometrium in preparation for an egg.
    ::月经周期(如上表所示)包括卵巢和子宫周期,卵巢周期中的事件包括卵囊成熟、卵子释放和月球形成,子宫周期中的事件包括月经、内宫和内宫增厚以备卵。

    The Phases of the Menstrual Cycle
    Name of Phase Days Events
    Menstrual Phase 1–4 Menstruation occurs
    Follicular Phase 5–13 Follicle matures and endometrium develops
    Ovulation 14 Ovary releases an egg
    Luteal Phase 15–28 Follicle becomes the corpus luteum and endometrium prepares for an egg

    The next phase of the cycle is called the follicular phase. After menstruation, the endometrium in the uterus begins to build up again. At the same time, several follicles start maturing in the ovaries. Only one of these maturing follicles will complete maturation. The rest will eventually deteriorate and disappear. By the middle of the menstrual cycle, around day 14, the remaining mature follicle releases its oocyte from the ovary in the process of ovulation.
    ::周期的下一个阶段被称为卵巢阶段。 月经过后, 子宫的末宫开始重新形成。 与此同时, 几个卵囊开始在卵巢中成熟。 只有这些成熟的卵囊中的一个能完成成熟, 其余的会最终恶化和消失。 到月经周期的中间, 大约第14天, 剩下的成熟的卵囊会在排卵过程中从卵巢中释放出卵细胞。

    Following ovulation, the luteal phase begins. During the luteal phase, the endometrium of the uterus continues to prepare for a fertilized egg. For example, it becomes thicker and develops more . At the same time, the mature follicle that just released its egg develops into a structure called a corpus luteum.
    ::排卵后, 润滑阶段开始。 在润滑阶段, 子宫的内分子继续准备受精蛋。 例如, 它变厚并发展得更多。 与此同时, 刚释放出蛋的成熟的卵子会发展成一种叫做的结构 。

    If the egg is fertilized and implants, or embeds itself, in the endometrium of the uterus, the endometrium will be maintained and help nourish the embryo . If the egg is not fertilized, the endometrium will break down, leading to menstruation. This begins a new cycle.
    ::如果卵被施肥、植入或嵌入在子宫末子宫内,则子宫末子将得以保持,有助于胚胎的生长。如果不施肥,子宫末子将崩溃,导致月经。这开始了一个新的循环。

    The events of the menstrual cycle always occur in the same sequence, but their timing may vary considerably. There is a great deal of normal variation in the length of the overall cycle and of the individual phases. Variation may occur from one female to another and also from one cycle to the next for a given female.
    ::月经周期的事件总是在同一顺序下发生,但时间可能有很大差异,整个周期和各个阶段的长度都有很大的正常变化,女性之间可能发生差异,女性之间也可能发生差异,女性之间也可能发生差异。

    Some females have symptoms—such as bloating, abdominal cramps, and mood swings—for several days before or during menstruation each month. If the symptoms are severe enough to interfere with daily life, the condition is called premenstrual syndrome, or PMS. Symptoms of PMS often can be helped with medications or lifestyle changes.
    ::有些女性每月在月经前或月经期间有几天的症状,如腹部肿胀、腹部抽搐和情绪波动等,如果症状严重到足以干扰日常生活,则病症称为产前综合症,或PMS。 PMS的症状通常可以因药物或生活方式的改变而得到帮助。

    Role of Hormones
    ::荷尔蒙的作用

    The same that control female and oogenesis also control the menstrual cycle: estrogen , LH, and FSH. Estrogen controls the secretion of the two pituitary hormones by acting on the hypothalamus , which controls the pituitary gland . This is shown in  Figure  . When the estrogen level rises in the blood, it stimulates the pituitary (via the hypothalamus) to secrete more or less LH and FSH.
    ::同样,控制雌性和卵性也控制着月经循环:雌激素、LH和FSH。Estrogen控制两种垂体荷尔蒙的分泌,对控制垂体腺的皮下脑瘤采取行动。图中显示了这一点。当雌激素水平在血液中上升时,它刺激了垂体(通过低脑)对LH和FSH进行或多或少的秘密。

    lesson content
    This diagram shows how hormones control the menstrual cycle with negative and positive feedback.

    In negative feedback , rising levels of hormones feedback to the to decrease the production of the hormones. In positive feedback , rising levels of hormones feedback to increase hormone production. During most of the menstrual cycle, estrogen and progesterone provide negative feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. This keeps their levels more or less constant. During days 12–14, however, estrogen provides positive feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. This causes a rapid rise in the production of estrogen by the ovaries and leads to ovulation.
    ::在负面反馈中,荷尔蒙水平的上升回馈有助于降低荷尔蒙的产量。在正面反馈中,荷尔蒙水平的上升回馈有助于增加荷尔蒙的产量。在大部分月经周期中,雌激素和蛋白酮对低脑和垂体腺提供了负面回馈。这使得其含量基本保持不变。但在12至14天中,雌激素为低脑和无脊椎腺提供了积极回馈。这导致卵巢雌激素产量迅速上升,并导致卵巢排卵。

    Another hormone involved in the menstrual cycle is progesterone. The word "progesterone" literally means “pro-gestational hormone.” Progesterone is a hormone that promotes gestation, or the carrying of a fetus . The function of progesterone in the menstrual cycle is to maintain the endometrium of the uterus.
    ::月经周期中涉及的另一个荷尔蒙是 prognesterone 。 “ proganesterone ” 字面上的意思是“前孕荷尔蒙 ” 。 Progone 是一种刺激妊娠或胎儿携带的荷尔蒙。 月经周期中 progone 的功能是保持子宫的末宫。

    Changes in the levels of these four hormones (estrogen, LH, FSH, and progesterone) occur during the menstrual cycle ( Figure  ). After menstruation occurs, estrogen secreted by the ovaries increases. This causes the endometrium of the uterus to thicken. FSH from the pituitary stimulates follicles in the ovaries to mature. The maturing follicles produce estrogen, and the level of estrogen in the blood rises. When estrogen reaches a high level in the blood, it stimulates the pituitary gland to release a surge of LH. The spike in LH stimulates the one remaining mature follicle to burst open and release its oocyte.
    ::这四种荷尔蒙(雌激素、LH、FSH、和progoneone)水平的变化发生在月经周期(图)期间。经经期发生后,卵巢分泌的雌激素会增加。这导致子宫的内分泌变厚。从垂体刺激卵巢中的卵蛋白逐渐成熟。成熟的卵卵蛋会产生雌激素,以及血液上升的雌激素水平。当雌激素达到高血水平时,它会刺激下垂腺释放出液态。LH的上升刺激了剩下的成熟的卵囊破裂并释放出卵细胞。

    Menstrual cycle
    Menstrual cycle

     

    During the first half of the cycle, negative feedback keeps levels of FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone relatively stable. During ovulation, positive feedback causes a burst of FSH, LH, and estrogen. During the second half of the cycle, progesterone rises as the corpus luteum in the ovary matures and produces this hormone. Negative feedback helps keep levels of the other three hormones fairly constant.
    ::在周期的上半期,负反馈使FSH、LH、雌激素和蛋白质的水平相对稳定。在排卵期间,正反馈导致FSH、LH和雌激素爆发。在周期的下半期,蛋白质随着卵巢中的质成熟而上升并产生这种荷尔蒙。负反馈有助于保持其他三种激素水平的相对稳定。

    After the oocyte is released, LH stimulates the mature follicle to develop into a corpus luteum. The corpus luteum then starts secreting progesterone, which maintains the endometrium of the uterus. What happens next depends on whether the egg has been fertilized or not.
    ::卵细胞释放后, LH 刺激成熟的卵囊发展成一个体。 然后, 体开始分泌 progesterone, 它维持子宫的内分母。 接下来会发生什么取决于蛋是否受精了 。

    • If the egg has been fertilized, it will soon start producing a hormone that helps maintain the corpus luteum. As a result, the corpus luteum will continue producing progesterone and maintain the endometrium.
      ::如果卵已经受精,它很快会开始产生有助于保持的荷尔蒙。 结果,会继续产生蛋白质并保持内分泌。
    • If the egg has not been fertilized, the corpus luteum will disintegrate and stop producing progesterone. Without progesterone, the endometrium will break down, detach from the uterus, and pass out of the body during menstruation.
      ::如果蛋未受精,细胞润滑剂将分解并停止生产蛋白质。 没有蛋白质,内分子宫将破裂,从子宫分离出来,在月经期间从身体中跳出。

    Menopause
    ::更年期

    For most women in the U.S., the menstrual cycle continues into their forties. Then it gradually becomes more and more irregular until it finally stops altogether, generally by their early fifties. Menopause occurs when a woman has gone through 12 consecutive months without a menstrual period. She can no longer reproduce because her ovaries no longer produce eggs.
    ::对大多数美国妇女来说,月经周期持续到四十多岁。 然后,月经周期逐渐变得越来越不规律,直到最终完全停止,一般情况下,是50岁早期。 更年期发生于妇女连续12个月而没有月经期时。 由于卵巢不再产卵,她无法再繁殖。

    The cause of menopause is a natural decline in estrogen secretion by the ovaries as a woman ages. It may take from several months to a few years for her body to adjust to the drop in estrogen. During this time, she may experience hot flashes, mood swings, and other symptoms.
    ::更年期的原因是卵巢在女性年龄阶段的雌激素分泌自然下降,可能要几个月到几年的时间才能适应雌激素的下降。 在此期间,她可能会经历热热潮、情绪波动和其他症状。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • The menstrual cycle includes a menstrual phase, a follicular phase, ovulation, and a luteal phase.
      ::月经周期包括月经期、胎儿期、排卵和润滑期。
    • Changes in the levels of four hormones (estrogen, LH, FSH, and progesterone) occur during the menstrual cycle.
      ::在月经周期期间,四种荷尔蒙(原生、LH、FSH和 progoneone)的水平发生变化。
    • Menopause occurs when menstruation stops occurring; for women this is usually in their early fifties.
      ::更年期发生于月经停止发生时;对于妇女来说,这通常发生在她们早期的五十岁。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What happens during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?
      ::在月经周期的润滑阶段会发生什么?
    2. How many days into the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?
      ::排卵在月经周期中持续了多少天?
    3. What is premenstrual syndrome?
      ::什么是产前综合症?
    4. How is estrogen regulated during the menstrual cycle?
      ::在月经周期中,雌激素是如何调节的?
    5. What role does progesterone play in the menstrual cycle?
      ::孕酮在月经周期中发挥什么作用?
    6. What causes the symptoms of menopause?
      ::是什么导致更年期的症状?