性传播疾病 -- -- 晚期

What does "safe sex" truly mean?
::"安全性行为"到底意味着什么?

"Safe Sex." The thought of a sexually transmitted infection should be enough to make you think about and believe in this saying.
::"安全性爱" 性传染病毒的念头应该足以让你 思考并相信这个说法

Sexually Transmitted Diseases
::性传播疾病

A sexually transmitted disease (STD) is an illness caused by a that is transmitted from one person to another mainly through sexual contact. Worldwide, as many as one million people a day become infected with STDs. The majority of these infections occur in people under the age of 25. 
::性传染疾病(性病)是主要通过性接触从一个人传染给另一个人引起的疾病,在全世界,每天有多达100万人感染性传染疾病,其中多数感染者年龄在25岁以下。

Common STDs include chlamydia , gonorrhea , syphilis , human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), genital herpes , hepatitis B , and genital warts . To be considered a STD, a disease must have only a small chance of spreading naturally in ways other than sexual contact. Many diseases that can spread through sexual contact are spread more commonly by other means. These diseases are not considered STDs.
::常见性传染疾病包括衣原体、淋病、梅毒、人体免疫机能丧失病毒(艾滋病毒)、生殖器性疹、乙型肝炎和生殖器激素,如果认为是性病,除了性接触之外,一种疾病只能有很小的机会自然传播,许多通过性接触传播的疾病通过其他方式传播更为普遍,这些疾病不被视为性病。

Pathogens that Cause STDs
::导致性传播疾病的病原体

STDs may be caused by several different types of pathogens including , , , and .
::性病可能由几种不同类型的病原体引起,包括、、和.。

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• The protozoa Trichomonas vaginalis causes an STD called trichomoniasis . This is an infection of the vagina in females and the urethra in males.
  ::Trichomonas阴道病导致一种叫做三氯龙线虫病的性病,这是雌性阴道感染和雄性尿道感染。
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• Pubic lice , like the one in  Figure , are insect parasites that can be transmitted sexually. They suck the of their host and irritate the skin in the pubic area.
  ::象图中那样,小虱子是昆虫寄生虫,可以进行性传播。它们吸食宿主,刺激阴部的皮肤。

Although these STDs are common, the majority of STDs are caused by bacteria or viruses. Several bacterial and viral STDs are described in the next two concepts. It is important to note that most bacterial STDs can be cured with antibiotics , whereas viral STDs do not have cures, although some can be prevented with vaccines .
::尽管这些性传播疾病很常见,但大多数性传播疾病是由细菌或病毒引起的,以下两个概念描述了几种细菌和病毒性传染疾病,必须指出,大多数细菌性传染疾病都可以用抗生素治愈,而病毒性传染疾病没有治疗方法,尽管有些可以通过疫苗预防。

How STDs Spread
::性病如何传播

Most of the pathogens that cause STDs enter the body through mucous membranes of the reproductive organs . All sexual behaviors that involve contact between mucous membranes put a person at risk for infection. This includes vaginal, anal, and oral sexual behaviors.
::导致性传播疾病的大多数病原体通过生殖器官的粘膜膜进入人体,所有涉及粘膜间接触的性行为都使人面临感染风险,包括阴道、肛门和口腔性行为。

Many STDs can also be transmitted through body fluids such as blood, semen , and breast milk. For example, in the past, and hepatitis B were transmitted through blood transfusions. This no longer occurs because donated blood is now screened for both pathogens. Use of shared injection or tattoo needles is another way in which blood and pathogens can be transferred from one person to another. A number of STDs can also be transmitted from a mother to her baby through her blood during childbirth or through her breast milk after birth.
::许多性传染疾病也可以通过血液、精液和母乳等体液传播,例如过去,乙型肝炎是通过输血传播的,这种情况不再发生,因为捐赠的血液现在对两种病原体都进行了检查,使用共用注射针或纹身针是将血液和病原体从一个人转移到另一个人的另一方式,一些性传染疾病也可以通过分娩期间的血液或通过产后的母乳从母亲传染给婴儿。

STDs are much more common in young adults and teens than they are in older people. One reason is that young people are more likely to take risks and to think “It can’t happen to me.” They also may not know how STDs are spread. In addition, younger people may be more sexually active than older people.
::性传播疾病在年轻人和青少年中比在老年人中更为常见。 原因之一是年轻人更可能承担风险并思考“不能发生在我身上 ” 。 他们也可能不知道性传播疾病是如何传播的。 此外,年轻人可能比老年人更活跃。

Preventing STDs
::预防性传播疾病

The only completely effective way to prevent infection with STDs is to avoid sexual activity and other known risk behaviors such as using contaminated needles. Using condoms can decrease the risk of contracting STDs during some types of sexual activity. However, using condoms is not a foolproof method. Pathogens may be present on areas of the body not covered by condoms. Condoms can also break or be used incorrectly.
::防止性传播疾病感染的唯一完全有效的办法是避免性活动和其他已知的危险行为,如使用被污染针头;使用避孕套可以减少在某些类型的性活动期间感染性病的风险;但是,使用避孕套并不是一种万无一失的方法;在安全套未覆盖的人体地区可能存在病原体;安全套也可能被打破或误用。

Summary
::摘要

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• Common STDs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), genital herpes, hepatitis B, and genital warts.
  ::常见性传染疾病包括衣原体、淋病、梅毒、人体免疫机能丧失病毒(艾滋病毒)、生殖器疹、乙型肝炎和生殖器结壳。
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• To be considered an STD, a disease must have only a small chance of spreading naturally in ways other than sexual contact.
  ::要被视为性病,一种疾病必须只有很小的机会以除性接触之外的其他方式自然传播。
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• Most of the pathogens that cause STDs enter the body through mucous membranes of the reproductive organs.
  ::大多数导致性病的病原体通过生殖器官的粘膜进入人体。
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• Many STDs can also be transmitted through body fluids such as blood, semen, and breast milk.
  ::许多性传播疾病也可以通过血液、精液和母乳等体液传播。
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• The only completely effective way to prevent infection with STDs is to avoid sexual activity and other known risk behaviors such as using contaminated needles.
  ::防止性传播疾病感染的唯一完全有效的办法是避免性活动和其他已知的危险行为,如使用被污染针头。

Review
::回顾

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1. What diseases are considered STDs?
   ::哪些疾病被视为性传播疾病?
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2. What kinds of pathogens cause the majority of STDs?
   ::哪种病原体导致大多数性病?
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3. How are most STDs spread?
   ::大多数性传播疾病是如何传播的?