世界气候

Lesson Objectives
::经验教训目标

• Identify world climate zones and where they are found.
  ::查明世界气候区及其所在地。

• Identify world climate types based on precipitation amounts and vegetation.
  ::根据降水量和植被确定世界气候类型。

• Define microclimate and give an example. 
  ::定义微观气候并举一个例子。

Lesson Vocabulary 
::词汇表课程

• continental climate
  ::大陆气候

• desert
  ::沙漠 沙漠

• microclimate
  ::微气候

• polar climate
  ::极地气候

• temperate climate
  ::温温气候

• tropical climate
  ::热带热带气候

• tropical rainforest
  ::热带热带雨林

Introduction
::导言

The world can be divided into three climate zones. The first climate zone is the polar zone. As it sounds, the polar zone is near earth's poles. The polar zone has very long and cold winters. Brrr!!!! Near the equator is the tropical zone. The tropical zone is known for being hot and wet. Between these two zones is the temperate zone. Temperatures there tend to be mild. It's not too hot and not too cold. 
::世界可以分为三个气候区。 第一个气候区是极地区。 听上去, 极地区靠近地极。 极地区冬季长而冷。 极地区是热带区。 热带区是热带区。 热带区以炎热和潮湿闻名。 这两个区之间是温带。 那里的温度一般比较温和。 极地区不热,也不太冷 。

You might expect places near the equator to be hot and wet. That's not always the case. Sometimes there are other factors at work. These factors can affect the local climate type or a region. Oceans and mountain ranges can have a major impact. They can greatly influence the climate of an area. You can see this in  Figure  . Many factors influence an area's climate. Only one of those factors is the distance from the equator. You can see where the climate types are on the map below. 
::赤道附近的地方可能会热湿。 情况并非总是这样。 有时还有其他因素在起作用。 这些因素可以影响当地的气候类型或区域。 海洋和山脉可以产生重大影响。 它们可以对一个区域的气候产生重大影响。 您可以在图中看到这一点。 许多因素影响一个区域的气候。 其中只有一个因素是赤道的距离。 您可以在下面的地图上看到气候类型。

 

Climate Zones versus Climate Types
::气候区相对于气候类型

Should places at the same distance from the equator have the same climate? You might think they should. Unfortunately, you would not be correct to think this. Climate types vary due to other factors besides distance from the equator. So what are these factors? How can they have such a large impact on local climates? For one thing, these factors are big. You may wonder, are they as big as a car. Think bigger. Are they bigger than a house? Think bigger. Are they bigger than a football stadium? You are still not close. We are talking about mountains and oceans. They are big features and big factors. Oceans and mountains play a huge role in climates around the world. You can see this in  Figure  .   Only one of those factors is latitude, or distance from the equator.
::位于赤道同一距离的地方是否应该有同样的气候? 你可能会认为它们应该有同样的气候? 不幸的是,你不应该这样想。 气候类型因与赤道的距离之外的其他因素而不同。 因此, 这些因素是什么? 它们如何能对当地气候产生如此大的影响? 首先, 这些因素是巨大的。 你可能会怀疑, 它们是否和汽车一样大。 想象更大些; 它们比房子大些吗? 想象更大些? 它们比房子大些吗? 它们比足球场还大些吗? 你仍然不近吗? 我们谈论的是山脉和海洋,它们是巨大的特征和大因素。 海洋和山脉在世界各地的气候中扮演着巨大的角色。 你可以在图中看到这一点。 只有其中的一个因素是纬度或距离赤道的距离。

Mountain ranges can cause local climates to vary. For example, mountain ranges can block moisture. This places to be dry in areas that would otherwise be wet. 
::山区山脉可导致当地气候变化,例如,山区山脉可阻塞水分,在否则会湿的地区,这些地方会干燥。

Major climate types are based on temperature and precipitation. These two factors determine what types of plants can grow. The types of plants are very important. Animals and other living things depend on plants. So each climate is related to a certain type of living things. Climate types and its living things make up a  biome . 
::主要气候类型以温度和降水量为基础。 这两个因素决定了哪些类型的植物可以生长。 植物类型非常重要。 动物和其他生物依赖植物。 所以每种气候都与某类生物相关。 气候类型及其生物构成生物群落。

Tropical Climates Zones
::热带气候区

Tropical climates  are found around the equator. These climates have warm temperatures year round. Tropical climates may be very wet or wet and dry.
::赤道周围有热带气候,这些气候全年有温暖的温度,热带气候可能非常湿或湿或干。

• Tropical wet climates occur at or very near the equator. They have high rainfall year round.  Tropical rainforests  grow in this type of climate.
  ::热带湿气候发生在赤道或极近赤道地区,全年降雨量高,热带雨林在这种气候中生长。

• Tropical wet and dry climates also occur near the equator. They receive less rainfall. Most of the rain falls in a single season. The rest of the year is dry. Few trees can withstand the long dry season. The main plants are grasses (see  Figure  ).
  ::热带潮湿和干燥气候也发生在赤道附近,降雨较少,大部分降雨都是在一个季节降下的,其余部分是干燥的,很少有树木能够承受漫长的旱季,主要植物是草(见图 )。

 

Dry climates  receive very little rainfall. They also have high rates of evaporation. This makes them even drier. Deserts can get less than 25 centimeters of rain per year. That's less than 10 inches per year. How much rain do you get at your house? These areas may be covered with sand dunes. Plants in these areas are sparse. What plants that do grow are hardy (see  Figure   ). With few clouds, deserts have hot days and cool nights.
::干燥气候得到的降雨量很少, 也有很高的蒸发率。 这使得它们更加干燥。 沙漠每年的降雨量不到25厘米。 每年的降雨量不到10英寸。 你家里有多少降雨量? 这些地区可能布满沙丘。 这些地区的植物稀少。 生长的植物很硬( 见图 ) 。 云少, 沙漠有炎热的天气和凉爽的夜晚。

 

Temperate Climates Zones
::温度气候区

Temperate climates  have mild temperatures. They are found on western edges of continents. The US west coast has this type of climate. The weather is not too hot and not too cold. These climates vary in how much rain they get. 
::温和气候具有温和的温度,它们存在于大陆的西部边缘。 美国西海岸有这种气候。 天气不热也不冷。 这些气候在降雨量上各不相同。

 

Continental climates  are found in inland areas. They are too far from oceans to feel any of its effects. The summer are usually hot. The winters are cold. 
::大陆气候存在于内陆地区,离海洋太远,无法感受到任何影响,夏季通常炎热,冬季寒冷。

 

Polar Climate Zones
::极地气候区

Polar climates  are found near the North and South Poles. These climates can also be found on high mountains not near the poles. The summers are very cool. The winters are frigid. Precipitation is very low due to the cold. The cold air cannot hold as much moisture. You can see examples of polar climates in  Figure   .
::北极和南极附近有极地气候。 这些气候也可以在离极不近的高山上找到。 夏季非常凉爽。 冬季寒冷, 寒冷导致降水量非常低。 寒冷的空气无法保持同样的水分。 您可以在图中看到极地气候的例子 。

 

Microclimates
::微气候

A place might have a different climate than the major climate type around it. This is called a  microclimate . Look at  Figure  . The south-facing side of the hill gets a lot of sunlight> It gets much more than the north side of a hill. This gives the south side a warmer microclimate. A microclimate can also be due to a place being deeper. As you already know, cold air sinks. Hot air rises. Cold air sinks to the bottom of a valley. It becomes colder than the nearby areas. 
::某个地方的气候可能与周围的主要气候类型不同。 这叫做微气候。 看看图。 山南面的山丘阳光多。 它比山北面大得多。 这让南面的气候更暖和。 微气候也可能是由于某个地方更深。 如你所知, 冷空气汇、 热空气上升、 冷空气沉入山谷底部。 它比附近地区冷得多 。

 

Lesson Summary
::经验教训摘要

• Climate types are based on temperature and precipitation. A major climate type and its living things make up a biome. Climate types include tropical, temperate, continental, and polar climates.
  ::气候类型基于温度和降水量,主要气候类型及其生物构成生物群落,气候类型包括热带、温带、大陆和极地气候。

• A microclimate is a local climate that differs from the major climate type around it. For example, the south-facing side of a hill may have a warmer microclimate. 
  ::微气候是一种与周围主要气候类型不同的局部气候。 比如,山的南侧可能有一个更温暖的微气候。

Lesson Review Questions
::经验回顾问题

Recall
::回顾

1. Define biome.
   ::定义生物群落。

1. Identify two types of tropical climates.
   ::查明两种热带气候。

1. How do steppes differ from deserts?
   ::草原和沙漠有什么不同?

1. Describe a marine west coast climate.
   ::描述西海岸海洋气候。

1. What is permafrost?
   ::什么是永久冻土?

1. What is a microclimate? Give an example.
   ::什么是微气候?举个例子。

Apply Concepts
::应用概念

7. Identify the type of climate in the green-shaded areas in the  Figure  . Describe this type of climate.
   ::图中标明绿阴影地区的气候类型。描述这种类型的气候。

Think Critically
::仔细仔细思考

8. Some tropical climates have rainforests. Others have grasslands. What explains the difference?
   ::有些热带气候有雨林,另一些则有草原,有什么区别?

8. Compare and contrast two types of continental climates.
   ::比较和对比两种类型的大陆气候。

Points to Consider
::需要考虑的要点

Earth’s overall climate is getting warmer.
::地球的整体气候越来越暖和。

• Why is Earth’s climate changing?
  ::为什么地球的气候变化?

• How is climate change affecting living things?
  ::气候变化如何影响生活?