章节大纲

  • Lesson Objectives
    ::经验教训目标

    • Identify independent and dependent clauses.
      ::指明独立和附属条款。
    • Identify prepositions and prepositional phrases.
      ::确定序言和前置短语。
    • Distinguish between participle phrases and gerund phrases.
      ::区分参加方的词组和格伦德的词组。
    • Identify infinitives and infinitive phrases.
      ::指明无限和无限短语。

    The Clause

    A clause is any group of words that contains both a subject and a verb. The subject can be a simple noun, a group of words known as a phrase (see below), or another clause. Clauses can be split into two categories: independent and dependent clauses.
    ::条款是指既包含主题也包含动词的任何一组词。主题可以是简单的名词、称为短语(见下文)的一组词或另一个条款。条款可以分为两类:独立条款和附属条款。

    Independent Clause
    ::独立条款

    The independent clause can always stand on its own as a complete sentence; it does not rely on other clauses or phrases for its meaning. A sentence may contain more than one independent clause, but each independent clause can always be separated into a separate complete sentence.
    ::独立条款始终可以作为一个完整的句子站立;它不依赖其他条款或短语来表达它的含义;一个句子可能包含一个以上的独立条款,但每个独立条款总是可以单独分为一个完整的句子。

    Example 1  - Hand me that socket wrench.
    ::例一 - 把扳手递给我

    Here a single independent clause is used as a complete sentence. The verb in this clause is  hand . The subject is the implied  pronoun   you , which is usually omitted in orders or requests.
    ::这里使用一个独立条款作为完整的句子。 该条款中的动词是手语。 主题就是暗含的代名词, 通常在命令或请求中被省略 。

    Example 2  - Tell my sister that I miss her; tell my brother that it gets much easier.
    ::例2 - 告诉姐姐,我想念她;告诉我哥哥,事情会容易得多。

    Here two related independent clauses are joined together with a semicolon to form a  compound sentence , which is defined as any sentence that has more than one independent clause.
    ::这里将两个相关的独立条款与分号合并,形成一个复合句子,该句子的定义是任何含有一个以上独立条款的句子。

    Example 3  - She is going to be a schoolteacher because she believes education is the most fundamental pillar of the republic.
    ::例3 -- -- 她将成为一名教师,因为她认为教育是共和国最基本的支柱。

    This sentence is made up of an independent clause and a subordinate (dependent) clause. A sentence with one independent clause and one or more dependent clause is called a  complex sentence.
    ::这一句由一个独立条款和附属(依附)条款组成,有一个独立条款和一个或多个依附条款的句子称为复杂句子。

    Example 4  - This peach is way beyond ripe, and I refuse to pay for it.
    ::例4 - 这桃子已经太成熟了 我拒绝付钱

    This sentence consists of two independent clauses joined by a  coordinating conjunction.
    ::本句由两个独立条款组成,加上一个协调连结。

    lesson content

    For a definition and complete list of  coordinating conjunctions,  see Chapter 12, Lesson 1.
    ::关于协调协作的定义和完整清单,见第12章,第1课。

    Dependent Clause
    ::附属条款

    Like the independent clause, the dependent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. However, the dependent clause relies on an independent clause to complete its meaning.
    ::与独立条款一样,依赖条款是一组含有一个主题和一个动词的词语,但依赖条款依赖独立条款来完成其含义。

    Example 1  - If you chase two rabbits, you will lose them both.
    ::例1 - 如果你追着两只兔子, 你就会失去它们两个。

    The first clause is dependent because it begins with “if,” which is classified as a  subordinating conjunction . All clauses that  begin  with  subordinating conjunctions  are considered dependent. Notice that the dependent clause still contains both a subject and a verb.
    ::第一个条款是依附于第一个条款的,因为它从“如果”开始,它被归类为从属关系,所有从从从属关系开始的条款都被视为从属关系。

    Example 2  - Janis spent her vacation in Goa, which is on the west coast of the Indian subcontinent.
    ::例2 -- -- Janis在位于印度次大陆西海岸的果阿度假。

    Here the dependent clause is being used like one big adjective to modify or describe “Goa.” The dependent clause begins with the  relative pronoun  “which,” which stands in for “Goa” as the subject of the clause.
    ::在这里,从属条款被当作一个大形容词,用来修改或描述“Goa ” 。 依属条款从相对的代名词“what ” 开始,即“Goa”作为该条款的主题。

    lesson content

    Here is a list of common  subordinating conjunctions.  Remember that any clause beginning with these words is considered dependent and cannot stand on its own as a complete sentence.
    ::这是一份共同的从属关系清单。 请记住,以这些词开头的任何条款都被视为依赖,不能作为完整的句子单独站立。

    After How Till Although
    If Unless As Though
    Until As if In order that When
    As long as Lest Whenever As much as
    Now that Where Before Wherever
    Since While Because So that

    Review Questions
    ::回顾问题

    lesson content

    Identify the clause(s) in each example sentence. Mark each clause as either an independent clause (IC) or dependent clause (DC).
    ::将每一条款标为独立条款(IC)或附属条款(DC)。

    1. There are a thousand little restaurants tucked into the corners, basements, and alleyways of Manhattan, and many of them are worth discovering.
      ::曼哈顿的角落、地下室和小巷 都有上千家小餐馆 其中许多值得发现
    2. My uncle was not dull: he was uncommonly clever.
      ::我叔叔不沉闷:他非常聪明。
    3. If you speak the truth, have a foot in the stirrup.
      ::如果你说的是真话,你就在搅拌机里插一脚吧。
    4. Take your shoes off before you walk on my new carpet.
      ::在你踏上我的新地毯之前 把鞋脱了
    5. Is Jason really moving to Portland to look for a job after he graduates?
      ::杰森毕业后真的要搬到波特兰找工作吗?

    The Phrase

    A phrase is defined as any word or group of words, excluding clauses, that functions as a unit within a sentence. In other words, a phrase can be any group of words that is missing either a subject or a verb. There are many different types of phrases; here we will outline those more commonly seen in English sentences.
    ::短语被定义为任何单词或一组单词,排除条款,在句子内作为单位发挥作用。换句话说,短语可以是缺少的一组词,可以是主题或动词。 短语有多种不同类型;在这里,我们将概述在英文句子中比较常见的词。

    Prepositional Phrase
    ::预定位词句

    lesson content

    Any phrase (with a handful of exceptions) that begins with a preposition is considered a  prepositional phrase.  There are dozens of different prepositions; the following is a list of common prepositions.
    ::任何以先发制人开头的短语(除少数例外情况外)都被视为先发制人的短语。 有几十种不同的预言;下面是共同的预言清单。

    Aboard Below In Since About Beneath Into
    Through Above Beside Like Throughout Across Between
    Near Till After Beyond Of To Against
    But Off Toward Along By On Under
    Amid Concerning Onto Underneath Among Despite Out
    Until Around Down Outside Up As During
    Over Upon At Except Past With Atop
    For Per Within Before From Regarding Without

    Example 1  - After swimming in the ocean, Marco jumped in the pool.
    ::例1-在海洋游泳后,Marco跳进游泳池。

    There are three prepositional phrases in this sentence; the second, “in the ocean,” is contained within the first. Remember that a preposition will always be modifying either a noun or a verb. All three, in this case, are adverbial: “after swimming” is describing when Marco jumped, while “in the pool” is describing where.
    ::这句话有三个预言语;第二个词“在海洋中 ” 包含在第一句话中。 记住,预言总是在修改名词或动词。 这三个词都具有交替性:“游泳后”是指马可跳跃时,“游泳中”是指“游泳中”是指哪里,而“游泳中”是指哪里。

    Example 2  - Our company now imports semiconductors from the Republic of China.
    ::实例2 - 我们的公司现在从中华民国进口半导体。

    Here is an example of two prepositional phrases acting adjectivally. “From” is telling us the origin of the semiconductors (though, in this case, it could also be functioning adverbially—that is, describing the verb “imports”), while “of” tells us which republic we're talking about.
    ::这里可以举两个预言性短语的推论。 “起源”告诉我们半导体的起源(不过,在这个例子中,它也可能是可自动发挥作用的——即描述动词“进口”),而“来源”告诉我们我们谈论的共和国是什么。

    Participial Phrase
    ::参与词组

    A participle is defined as any verb that ends with - ing  or - ed  (with regular verbs) and functions as either an adjective or adverb. The participle may also have an  object  (something receiving the action of the verb) after it, causing it to become a  participle phrase.
    ::参加方被定义为以 -- -- 或 -- -- 以(经常动词)或(经常动词)或作为形容词或形容词而结束和发挥功能的任何动词。参加方也可以在其之后有一个物体(接受动词动作的动作),从而使其成为参加方的短语。

    Example 1  - Skipping along the forested path, the dwarfs whistled in a merry chorus.
    ::例1 - 跳过森林之路,矮人吹着欢乐合唱的口哨。

    Here the participle phrase is modifying the subject “dwarfs.” Notice that you can move the participial phrase to different parts of the sentence. It could go either after the subject or at the end of the sentence.
    ::这里的辅助语句正在修改“dwarfs”这个主题。 请注意, 您可以将这个附带语句移到句子的不同部分, 它可以在主题之后或句子结尾处进行 。

    Example 2  - The kids went bounding down the stairs.
    ::例2 -- -- 孩子们被捆绑在楼梯上。

    The participial phrase is acting adverbially in this sentence. In other words, the participle is modifying the verb “went.”
    ::部分语句是在本句中用方字表示,换句话说,部分语句是修改动词“went ” 。

    Gerund Phrase
    ::Gerund 语句

    The gerund is defined as any - ing  verb that functions as a noun. In other words, you can place a gerund phrase in any place in the sentence where a noun could normally function. When the gerund verb has an attendant object or modifiers, we describe it as a  gerund phrase.
    ::Gerund 被定义为任何 - ing 动词, 其函数为名词 。 换句话说, 您可以在句子中任何有名词通常可以起作用的地方放置 Gerund 动词 。 当 gerund 动词有随附对象或修饰者时, 我们把它描述为 gerund 词 。

    Example 1  - For thirty years, Marcel has started every morning by swimming around the bay.
    ::例1 - 三十年来,马赛尔每天早上都在海湾周围游泳。

    This gerund phrase is functioning as the object of the preposition “by.”
    ::这一格伦德语短语作为“由”一词前言的客体发挥作用。

    Example 2  - Snooping around Facebook is the new way to vet potential employees.
    ::例2 - 环顾脸书是审查潜在雇员的新方法。

    The gerund phrase here is functioning as the subject of the sentence.
    ::这里的格伦德语语句作为句子的主题发挥作用。

    Infinitive Phrase
    ::无限词句

    The infinitive is defined as the base (present tense) form of a verb preceded by the word  to . An  infinitive phrase  can function nominally (as a noun), adverbially, or adjectivally.
    ::无限(infinitive) 的定义是, 以单词为前奏的动词的基础( 当前时态) 形式。 无限短语可以名义上( 名词 ) 、 直观上或直观上发挥功能 。

    1. To talk about poll numbers at this stage of the election is simply counterproductive.
    ::1. 在选举的这一阶段谈论投票人数只会适得其反。

    The infinitive phrase is functioning as a noun by being the subject of the sentence. Notice that there are two  prepositional phrases  proceeding the infinitive verb: “about poll numbers” and “at this stage of the election.” Because these phrases are both modifying the infinitive verb, we consider them part of the infinitive phrase.
    ::无限期的语句是该句的主题词,因此作为名词发挥作用。 请注意,有两种预先的语句在进行无限动词:“关于投票数字”和“在选举的这一阶段”。 由于这两个语句都在修改无尽动词,我们认为它们是无尽的语句的一部分。

    2. To ensure a full refund, you must also bring your receipt.
    ::2. 为确保全额退款,您还必须携带收据。

    The infinitive phrase is functioning as an adverb modifying the main verb “bring.” Notice that when the infinitive is positioned at the beginning of the sentence and is acting as an adverb (not as the subject), we place a comma after it.
    ::无限短语是修改主要动词“bring”的副词。 请注意,当无限动词位于句首,并且作为副词(而不是主体)发挥作用时,我们在其后面放一个逗号。

    3. A fistfight is no way to resolve an argument.
    ::3. 拳击不是解决争论的办法。

    The infinitive phrase is functioning as an adjective modifying the noun “way.”
    ::无限期的短语是作为一个形容词发挥作用的,它改变了名词“道路”。

    Review Questions
    ::审 查 问 问 问 问 题

    lesson content

    Underline and identify the participial, prepositional, gerund, or infinitive phrase(s) in each sentence.
    ::下划线并标明每一句中的参加语、预置语、格伦德语或无限语句。

    1. On Thursday I drove up north to move a couch for a friend.
      ::星期四我开车到北边去 帮一个朋友搬沙发
    2. If your shoes have a lot of surface area, hiking through a snow drift gets a lot easier.
      ::如果你的鞋子有很多表面积, 徒步穿越雪流会容易得多。
    3. Already exhausted by the second quarter, we were no match for the division champions.
      ::到第二季度,我们已经精疲力尽了, 我们没有对手 师冠军。
    4. That award, offered once a year to only one teacher in the entire state, is quite an honor to win.
      ::该奖每年只颁发给全国仅有一名教师,非常荣幸能获胜。
    5. Hoping against all hope that the balding tires would hold and the rusting fuel pump would continue to work, I loaded up all of the possessions that would fit, discarded the rest in a dumpster behind a truck stop, and set out to cross the country.
      ::我满怀希望地希望秃顶轮胎能保持住, 生锈的燃料泵能继续工作,