静电荷

Lesson Objectives
::经验教训目标

• Define electric charge and electric force. (Advanced Topic)
  ::界定电费和电力。 (高级专题)

• Identify ways that electric charge is transferred.
  ::确定电费的转移方式。

Lesson Vocabulary
::词汇表课程

• electric charge
  ::电电电费

• electric force (Advanced Topic)
  ::电动电动(高级主题)

• static discharge
  ::静静排放

• static electricity
  ::静电静电

Introduction
::导言

You approach the door of your friend's house. What is the first thing you do before entering? Of course, you wipe your feet. You are a thoughtful visitor. Fortunately, there is a nice piece of carpet by the door to wipe your shoes. Too bad your caring comes at a price. After wiping your feet on the mat you reach out to touch the brass knocker on the door. Ouch! A spark suddenly jumps between your hand and the metal. You feel an electric shock.
::你走进朋友家门前首先做什么?当然,你擦擦脚,你是一个深思熟虑的访客。幸运的是,门边有一块漂亮的地毯来擦鞋。太糟糕了,你的照顾是价格高昂的。在擦擦脚后,你伸出门来触摸门上的黄铜敲门机。哦!一束火花突然从你的手和金属之间跳出来,你感到电击。

Why do you think an electric shock occurs? An electric shock occurs when there is a sudden discharge of static electricity. Has this ever happened to you? You reached out to touch a metal doorknob and received an unpleasant electric shock? The reason you get a shock is because of moving electric charges. Moving electric charges also create lightning bolts. It is also the same reason electric current flows through cables and wires.
::你为什么认为电休克会发生?电休克会发生,当静电突然释放时,电休克会发生。这是否曾经发生在你身上?你伸出手去触摸金属门把手并受到不愉快的电休克?你之所以受到电休克是因为电击。动电电电电电也会产生闪电。电流通过电缆和电线流动也是同样的原因。

 

What Is Static Electricity?
::什么是静电?

You can think about static electricity like a teeter-totter. Things are fine as long as they are balanced. The same can be said about electrons. Too many or too few can be shocking! Static electricity is all about that balance.  
::你可以像电塔一样考虑静电。 只要是平衡的,一切都会好起来。对电子也可以这样说。太多或太少的电是令人震惊的。静电就是这个平衡。

Charges can build up through friction. Some materials freely give away electrons. Other items easily gain electrons. Have you ever rubbed your feet on a wool mat or carpet? Rubber soled shoes readily accept electrons. The wool carpet easily gives up electrons to the shoes. This combination provides for a large transfer of electrons. This buildup of electric charges is known as static electricity. 
::充电可以通过摩擦积累。 有些材料可以自由提供电子。 其他物品很容易获得电子。 您有没有在毛垫或地毯上擦过脚? 橡胶溶胶鞋很容易接受电子。 毛毯很容易放弃鞋子电子。 这种组合可以提供大量的电子转移。 这种电费的积累被称为静电。

Positive charges build up on the mat and negative charges build up on you. What happens when an object becomes charged? A material is likely to remain charged until it touches another object. Sometimes it will discharge if you just come close to another object. What comes next may be shocking. "Ouch!" you say, when you get close to a metal object like a door knob. What else can happen as a result of electrical charge?
::在垫子上积聚了正电荷,负电荷在你身上积聚了。当一个物体受到电荷时会发生什么情况?一个材料在接触另一个物体之前很可能继续充电。有时,如果你靠近另一个物体,它就会释放出来。接下来的会是令人震惊的。“哦!”你说,当你接近一个金属物体时,就像一个门把手。电荷还能有什么结果呢?

Electric Charge and Electric Force (Advanced Topic)
::电电电和电动部队(高级专题)

Electric charge  is a physical property. It occurs between particles or objects. It causes them to attract or repel each other. They do not even have to touch. This is unlike the typical push or pull you may be familiar with. All electric charge is based on the protons and electrons in atoms. A proton has a positive electric charge. An electron has a negative electric charge (see  Figure  ). 
::电荷是一种物理属性。 它在粒子或物体之间发生, 导致它们相互吸引或击退。 它们甚至不需要触碰。 这与通常的推力或拉力不同, 通常您可能熟悉。 所有电荷都以原子质子和电子为基础。 质子有正电荷。 电子有负电荷( 见图 )。

Forces on Charged Objects
::对被充装物体的武力

Most atoms are balanced electrically. They have the same number of positive and negative charges. Therefore, the number of protons equals the number of electrons. Neutrons do not matter as they have no charge. When an object loses some electrons, it becomes positively charged.  There are now more protons than electrons inside the atom. The lost electrons may remain free. Or, they may attach to another object. The new object now has more electrons than protons. It then becomes negatively charged.
::大多数原子都是平衡的。 它们有相同数量的正电荷和负电荷。 因此, 质子的数量等于电子的数量。 中子并不重要, 因为它们没有电荷。 当一个物体失去一些电子时, 它会变得正电。 现在原子内有更多的质子而不是电子。 丢失的电子可能仍然自由。 或者, 它们可能附加在另一个物体上。 新对象现在的电量比质子多。 然后它就会变得负电荷。

When it comes to electric charges, opposites attract. In other words, positive and negative particles are attracted to each other. Like charges repel each other. If two positive charges are brought close to each other, they will repel. The same is true with two negative charges. They too will repel each other. What if a negative and a positive charge are brought near each other? Can you figure it out by studying  Figure  ? The force of attraction or repulsion between charged particles is called  electric force . It is illustrated in  Figure  . The strength of electric force depends on the amount of electric charge. It depends on how many extra electrons or protons there are. It also depends on the distance between the charged particles. The larger the charge, or the closer together the charges are, the greater is the electric force.
::当涉及到电荷时,反向会吸引对方。换句话说,正和负粒子会相互吸引。就像电量互相反射一样。如果两个正电量相互接近,它们就会反射。两个负电量也是一样。两个负电量也会反射。如果负电量和正电量相互接近,它们也会反射。如果一个负电量和正电量相互接近,你能通过研究图解出来吗?充电粒子之间的吸引力或反射力被称作电力。图中说明了电力的强度取决于电荷的数量。这取决于电量的多寡或质子。它也取决于充电量之间的距离。电量越大,或电量越近,电力就越大。

 

 

Static Electricity and Static Discharge
::静电和静电消减

Think back to when you wiped your feet at the front door. You were being a courteous guest. What might happen as your hand gets close to the metal doorknob? Remember that large buildup of electrons? The electrons suddenly flow from your hand to the knocker. The sudden flow of electrons is called  static discharge . The discharge of electrons is the spark you see. It is also the shock you feel.
::回想一下,当你在前门擦脚的时候,你曾是一个礼貌的客人。当你的手接近金属门把手时,会发生什么情况?记得那个巨大的电子积聚吗?电子突然从你的手流向敲门机。电子的突然流动被称为静态释放。电子的释放就是你看到的火花。它也是你感到的震撼。

How Lightning Occurs
::闪电暗点如何

You may wonder if there are other examples of static discharge. The answer is yes. Lightning is a form of static discharge. It is much more dramatic than what happens between you and the door knocker, but it is the same principle. You can see how it occurs in the following diagram and animation.
::您可能会怀疑是否还有其他静态放电的例子。 答案是是 。 闪电是一种静态放电的形式。 它比您和敲门器之间发生的事情要戏剧化得多, 但原则是一样的。 您可以在下图和动画中看到它是如何发生的 。

 

You have no doubt seen lightning in a rainstorm. What does lighting have to do with static electricity? As it turns out, everything! During a rainstorm, clouds develop regions of different charges. This happens due to the movement of air molecules, water drops, and ice particles. The negative charges are concentrated at the base of the clouds. The positive charges are concentrated at the top. The negative charges repel electrons on the ground below. The ground then becomes positively charged. Over time the differences increase. Eventually the electrons are discharged. This is what we see as lightning.
::毫无疑问,你在暴风雨中看到了闪电。照明与静电有什么关系? 事实证明,一切都是这样! 在暴雨中,云层会发展出不同电量的区域。 这是因为空气分子、 水滴和冰粒的移动。 负电荷集中在云底。 正电荷集中在顶部。 负电荷在顶部反射。 负电荷在下面的地面上反射电子。 然后地面就会被正电压。 随着时间的推移, 差异会增加。 电子最终会被释放。 这就是我们所看到的闪电。

You can watch an awesome slow-motion lightning strike below. Be sure to wait for the real-time lightning strike at the end of the video. You’ll be amazed when you realize how much has occurred during that split-second.
::你可以在下面观看一次惊人的慢动作闪电打击。 一定要在视频结尾等待实时闪电打击。 当你意识到在片断的秒间发生了多少事时, 你会感到惊讶的。

Lesson Summary
::经验教训摘要

• Electric charge is a physical property of particles or objects. It causes them to attract or repel each other without touching. Positive and negative particles attract each other. Particles with the same charge repel each other. The force of attraction or repulsion between charged particles is called electric force.
  ::电荷是粒子或物体的物理属性, 导致它们相互吸引或击退, 不触碰。 正反粒子相互吸引。 具有相同电荷的粒子互相击退。 电磁粒之间的吸引或击退力被称为电力 。

• A charged particle can attract or repel other, nearby particles. They do not need to be touching. 
  ::带电粒子可以吸引或击退附近的其他粒子。 它们不需要触摸 。

• Objects become charged when they transfer electrons. Static discharge occurs when the built-up charges suddenly flow from the object. An example of static discharge is lightning.
  ::当物体转移电子时即开始充电。静态排出发生于积聚电荷突然从物体流出时。静态排出的例子之一是闪电。

Lesson Review Questions
::经验回顾问题

Recall
::回顾

1. Define electric charge.
   ::界定电费。

1. Describe the forces between charged particles.
   ::描述有电粒子之间的力。

1. Outline how lightning occurs.
   ::概要说明闪电是如何发生的。

Apply Concepts
::应用概念

4. If you rub a piece of tissue paper on a plastic comb, the paper and comb stick together. Based on lesson concepts, explain why this happens.
   ::如果你在塑料梳子上擦一块组织纸,纸和梳子就粘在一起。根据课程概念,解释为什么发生这种情况。