地震安全结构

Why is California Memorial Stadium called a "tectonic time bomb"?
::为什么加利福尼亚纪念体育场 被称为“构造定时炸弹”?

The California Memorial Stadium is the home of football at the University of California, Berkeley. The site probably looked flat and easy to build on in 1922. But now scientists know that the Hayward   passes directly beneath both end zones. The stadium has been renovated in a $321 million project. The renovation involved 10 miles of steel cables, silicone fluid-filled shock absorbers, concrete piers, 3-feet of sand, plastic sheeting, and stone  columns . Go Bears!
::加利福尼亚纪念体育场是加州大学伯克利分校的足球馆,该场地在1922年看起来可能显得平坦,而且很容易发展。但现在科学家们知道海沃德球场直接穿过两端区域之下。体育场在3亿2千1百万美元的工程中进行了翻修。翻修涉及10英里长的钢电缆、硅酮液体充气解压器、混凝土码头、3英尺长的沙子、塑料布和石柱。加油!加油!加油!

New Construction
::新建筑

New construction can be made safer in many ways:
::可通过多种方式使新建筑更安全:

• Skyscrapers and other large structures built on soft ground must be anchored to bedrock. Sometimes the bedrock lies hundreds of meters below the ground surface.
  ::在软地面上建造的摩天大楼和其他大型建筑必须固定在基岩上,有时基岩位于地表下数百米处。

• The correct building materials must be used. Houses should bend and sway. Wood and steel are better than brick, stone, and adobe, which are brittle and will break.
  ::必须使用正确的建筑材料。 房屋应该弯曲和摇摆。 木材和钢铁比砖块、石块和土豆要好,砖块和砖块将破裂。

• Larger buildings must sway, but not so much that they touch nearby buildings. Counterweights and diagonal steel beams are used to hold down sway.
  ::大型建筑必须摇摆,但不能触动附近建筑物。 制衡器和对角钢梁被用来压住路。

• Large buildings can be placed on rollers so that they move with the ground.
  ::大型建筑物可以安装在滚筒上,以便与地面一起移动。

• Buildings may be placed on layers of steel and rubber to absorb the shock of the waves.
  ::建筑物可安装在钢层和橡胶上,以吸收波浪的冲击。

• Connections, such as where the walls meet the foundation, must be made strong.
  ::连接,例如墙壁与地基相匹配的连接,必须变得坚固。

• In a multi-story building, the first story must be well supported.
  ::在一个多层建筑中,必须很好地支持第一个故事。

The Transamerica Building in San Francisco, pictured below, rests on a 52-foot deep steel and concrete foundation. Steel rods reinforce the building internally and X-shaped trusses support it externally. In the 1989 Loma Prieta  , the building shook for more than a minute and swayed more than 12 inches in each direction, but was not damaged.
::如下图所示,旧金山的Transamerica大楼位于52英尺深的钢铁和混凝土地基上。 钢棒在内部加固了大楼,X形铁丝网在外部支撑了大楼。 1989年,在Loma Prieta,大楼震动了1分钟以上,每个方向都摇动了12英寸以上,但没有损坏。

Retrofitting
::重新装修

Older buildings can be made more earthquake safe by  retrofitting . Steel or wood can be used to reinforce a building's structure and its connections. Elevated freeways and bridges can also be retrofitted so that they do not collapse ( Figure   ).
::改造旧建筑可以使老建筑更安全,钢材或木柴可以用来加强建筑物的结构及其连接,高高的高速公路和桥梁也可以改装,以免坍塌(图)。

Preventing Fire Damage
::防止火灾

Fires often cause more damage than the earthquake. Fires start because   rupture gas and electrical lines. Breaks in  water  mains make it difficult to fight the fires ( Figure   ). The shapes of pipes can make a big difference. Straight pipes will break in a quake. Builders zigzag pipes so that they bend and flex when the ground shakes. In San Francisco, water and gas pipelines are separated by valves. Areas can be isolated if one segment breaks.
::火灾往往比地震造成更多的破坏。火灾是因为燃气和电线破裂而起的。水管断裂使得难以扑灭火灾(图 )。管道的形状可以大有不同。直管会在地震中断裂。建造者zigzag管道,以便在地面震动时弯曲和伸缩。在旧金山,水管和天然气管道被阀门隔开。如果一个断裂区段,地区可以隔离。

Making Choices
::作出选择

Strong, sturdy structures are expensive to build. Communities must decide how safe to make their buildings. They must weigh how great the hazard is, what different building strategies will cost, and how much risk they are willing to take.
::坚固、坚固的建筑建设费用昂贵。 社区必须决定如何安全地建造建筑物。 他们必须权衡风险有多大,不同的建筑战略会付出多大的代价,以及他们愿意承担多大的风险。

Summary
::摘要

• New structures that are built to meet earthquake safety codes do much better in earthquakes.
  ::为满足地震安全法规而建造的新结构在地震中做得更好。

• Old buildings can be retrofitted for better safety.
  ::旧建筑可以改建,以增进安全。

• Cost is an important factor in deciding how safe to make the structures in an area.
  ::成本是决定一个地区结构如何安全的一个重要因素。

Review
::回顾

1. What can be done to make a new building safer in an earthquake zone?
   ::怎样才能使地震区的新建筑更安全?

1. What can be done to retrofit an older building in an earthquake zone?
   ::如何改造地震区旧建筑?

1. What can be done to reduce the damage from fire after an earthquake?
   ::如何减少地震后火灾造成的破坏?

1. Should all buildings in all areas be built to the highest earthquake standards? What is a more cost-effective approach?
   ::所有地区的所有建筑物是否应建筑达到最高的地震标准?什么是更具成本效益的方法?

Explore More
::探索更多

Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow.
::利用以下资源回答以下问题。

1. What is LA's most earthquake resistant building?
   ::洛杉矶最耐地震的建筑是什么?

1. Why is this building chosen to be the safest?
   ::为什么这座建筑被选作最安全的建筑?

1. Why is it called a floating building?
   ::为什么它被称为漂浮建筑?

1. How many suspension points are in the building? How do they move?
   ::大楼内有多少悬吊点?它们是如何移动的?

1. What size earthquake should the building be able to withstand?
   ::大楼能承受多大规模的地震?

1. How far is it designed to move?
   ::它设计能移动多远?

1. Why aren't all buildings in Los Angeles designed like this?
   ::为什么洛杉矶的所有建筑 都没有设计成这样?