飓风

 

Ever been to The Big Easy?
::去过"大易事"吗?

New Orleans, Louisiana, in the southern United States, is a city unlike any other. The city is known for its Cajun food, jazz music, and full out celebration of Mardi Gras. Residents love the city with a great intensity. Yet, when Hurricane Katrina struck the city in August of 2005, many people who evacuated and did not return.  Many sections of the city took years to rebuild. According to the 2020 census, the  population  is still about 20% lower than it was in August 2005.
::美国南部的路易斯安那州新奥尔良与其它任何城市都不同。 这座城市以卡琼食品、爵士音乐和欢庆狂欢节而闻名。 居民非常强烈地热爱这座城市。 然而,当2005年8月卡特里娜飓风袭击该城市时,许多疏散而没有返回的人。 城市的许多地区经过多年的重建才得以重建。 根据2020年人口普查,人口仍然比2005年8月低约20%。

Hurricanes
::飓风飓风

 may also come from hurricanes. A  hurricane  ( Figure  ) is an enormous  storm  with high  winds  and heavy rains. Hurricanes may be hundreds of kilometers wide. They may travel for thousands of kilometers. The storm's wind speeds may be greater than 251 kilometers (156 miles) per hour. Hurricanes develop from tropical  . Hurricanes are called typhoons in the Pacific.
::飓风(图)是一场大风暴,暴风大雨大雨,飓风可能长数百公里,可能长数千公里,风速可能超过每小时251公里(156英里),飓风源于热带,台风在太平洋被称为台风。

 

Hurricane Formation
::飓风形成

Hurricanes are cyclones. Since they form in the tropics, they are called tropical cyclones. These storms form over very warm ocean  water  in summer and autumn. The   of the sea surface must be 28 ^o C (82 ^o F) or higher. The air above the water warms and rises. This forms a low pressure cell. The air begins to rotate around the low pressure cell.  Water vapor  condenses. If conditions are right, the storm will build into a hurricane in two to three days.
::飓风是龙卷风。 飓风在热带形成, 被称为热带气旋。 这些风暴在夏季和秋天形成于非常温暖的海水中。 海面必须达到28°C( 82°F) 或更高。 空气在水面上变暖和上升。 这形成一个低压电池。 空气开始在低压电池周围旋转。 水蒸气凝结。 如果条件合适, 风暴将在两到三天内形成飓风 。

Hurricanes are huge and produce high winds. Rainfall can be as high as 2.5 cm (1") per hour. The total rainfall can be 20 billion metric tons daily. The enormous amounts of  energy  released could equal the total annual electrical power consumption of the United States. That's from just one storm. Hurricanes can also generate tornadoes.
::飓风是巨大的,产生高风。降雨量可能高达每小时2.5厘米(1,1),总降雨量可能是每天200亿公吨。释放的大量能源可以相当于美国每年的电力消耗总量。这只是一场风暴。飓风也可以产生龙卷风。

Hurricanes move with the prevailing winds. In the  Northern Hemisphere , they originate in the trade winds and are blown to the west. When they reach the westerlies, they switch direction. So they travel toward the north or northeast. You can look at a   of hurricane tracks to see this happen ( Figure  ). Hurricanes may cover 800 km (500 miles) in one  day .
::飓风随风而动。 在北半球, 飓风起源于贸易风, 吹向西方。 当飓风到达西边时, 它们会改变方向。 因此它们会向北或东北方向移动。 你可以看一看飓风轨迹,看一看飓风轨迹( 图 ) 。 飓风在一天之内可能覆盖800公里( 500英里 ) 。

 

The Eye of a Hurricane
::飓风之眼

At the center of a hurricane is a small area where the air is calm and clear. This is called the eye of the hurricane ( Figure  ). The eye forms at the low-pressure center of the hurricane. Air in the eye sinks downward.
::飓风的中心是空气平静和清澈的小地区。 这是飓风的眼睛(图)。 飓风的低压中心是眼睛的形态, 眼睛中的空气向下沉入。

 

The End
::结束

Since hot water gives a hurricane its energy, the storm will grow stronger as long as it stays over the warm ocean. If it goes ashore or moves over cooler water, it is cut off from the hot water energy. This will cause the storm to lose strength and slowly fade away.
::由于热水给飓风带来能量,只要它停留在温暖的海洋上,风暴就会变得更强。 如果它上岸或移动到更冷的水上,就会与热水能源隔绝。 这会让风暴失去力量,慢慢消退。

Hurricanes typically last for five to ten days. The winds push them until they are over cooler water or land. When a hurricane disintegrates, it is replaced with intense rains and tornadoes.
::飓风通常持续5至10天,风把飓风推到更冷的水或陆地上空。当飓风分崩离析时,飓风会被暴雨和龙卷风所取代。

Classifying Hurricanes
::飓风分类

Like tornadoes, hurricanes are classified on the basis of wind speed and damage ( Table  ).
::飓风与龙卷风一样,根据风速和破坏程度进行分类(表)。

Damage
::损坏 损坏

So much  rain  falling so fast causes some of the damage from a hurricane. But a lot of the damage is caused by  storm surge .  Storm surge  is very high water located in the low pressure eye of the hurricane. The very low pressure of the eye allows the water level to rise above normal  sea level . Storm surge can cause   when it reaches land ( Figure  ). High winds do a great deal of damage in hurricanes. High winds can also create very big waves. If the large waves are atop a storm surge, the high water can  flood  the shore. If the storm happens to occur at  high tide , the water will rise even higher.
::如此之多的雨水降得如此之快,造成了飓风造成的一些破坏。 但许多损害是由风暴潮造成的。 风暴潮是位于飓风低压眼部的非常高的水。 眼部的低压使得水位高于正常的海平面。 风暴潮可能会在到达陆地时造成( 图表 ) 。 高风在飓风中造成了巨大的破坏。 高风也可以造成巨大的波浪。 如果大浪在风暴潮中, 高水会淹没海岸。 如果风暴发生在高潮时, 水会升高。

 

There are about 100 hurricanes around the world each  year . There are many smaller tropical storms and tropical depressions. As people develop coastal regions, property damage from storms continues to rise. However, scientists are becoming better at predicting storms. Fatalities are decreasing, because people have more time to prepare or evacuate.  However some storms can still cause a great deal of damage.
::世界各地每年约有100场飓风,许多热带风暴和热带萧条是较小的。随着人们发展沿海地区,风暴造成的财产损失继续增加。然而,科学家们越来越擅长预测风暴。致命性正在减少,因为人们有更多的时间准备或撤离。然而,一些风暴仍然会造成巨大的破坏。

21st-Century Hurricanes
::21世纪城市飓风

If a hurricane makes landfall in a highly populated area, the damage can be devastating. Hurricane Katrina struck New Orleans, Louisiana in 2005.  When the  levees  that protect the city broke, much of the city was flooded ( Figure  ). At the time, Katrina was the costliest natural disaster in U.S. history. Nearly 2,000 people died, and damage was estimated at over $100 billion.
::如果飓风在人口稠密地区登陆,其破坏可能是毁灭性的。 2005年,卡特里娜飓风袭击了路易斯安那州新奥尔良,当保护城市的堤梯破裂时,该市大部分地区被淹没(图 ) 。 当时,卡特里娜是美国历史上代价最大的自然灾害。 近2 000人死亡,损失估计超过1 000亿美元。

 

The 2017 Atlantic hurricane season was one of the most damaging in recent years. Hurricane Harvey tied Katrina’s record as the costliest storm in U.S. history when over 100 cm (40 inches) of rain caused flooding throughout southeastern Texas.  The following month, two Category 5 hurricanes, Irma and  Maria , swept through the Caribbean.  The island of Puerto Rico was hit by both storms, and most residents were without electricity or clean drinking water for several weeks.
::2017年大西洋飓风季节是近些年来破坏最严重的季节之一。 哈维飓风将卡特里娜作为美国历史上代价最惨重的暴风雨 — — 在美国历史上,100多厘米(40英寸)的降雨引发了整个德克萨斯东南部的洪水。 下个月,两场5级飓风 — — 埃尔马和玛丽亚(Irma和Maria)横扫了加勒比海。 波多黎各岛同时受到风暴袭击,大多数居民数周没有电或清洁饮用水。

Summary
::摘要

• Hurricanes are cyclones that form in tropical latitudes. They are called tropical cyclones.
  ::飓风是热带纬度的旋风,称为热带旋风。

• Hurricanes have high winds that blow around a low pressure zone. In the low pressure zones, air moves upward. This is the eye of the hurricane.
  ::在低压区,空气向上移动,这是飓风的眼睛。

• The damage hurricanes cause is due largely to storm surge. High wind speeds and rain also cause damage.
  ::飓风造成的破坏主要是风暴潮造成的,风速和雨速高也造成损害。

• Hurricane Katrina was so damaging because the levees that protected New Orleans broke.
  ::卡特里娜飓风的破坏力如此之大 因为保护新奥尔良的河堤断了

Review
::回顾

1. What is a hurricane? What is the eye of a hurricane?
   ::飓风是什么?飓风的眼睛是什么?

1. How does a hurricane form?
   ::飓风如何形成?

1. Where does the storm get its energy?
   ::暴风雨哪来的能量?

1. What is storm surge?
   ::什么是风暴潮?

1. Under what circumstances does a hurricane die?
   ::飓风在什么情况下死亡?

1. Why was Hurricane Katrina so damaging?
   ::为什么卡特里娜飓风如此具有破坏性?

Explore More
::探索更多

Use the resources below to answer the questions that follow.
::利用以下资源回答以下问题。

1. What are hurricanes?
   ::什么是飓风?

1. Where do most hurricanes begin to form?
   ::大多数飓风从何而来?

1. How does a hurricane start and build so large?
   ::飓风是如何开始和建造如此庞大的?

1. What direction do hurricanes spin?
   ::飓风是什么方向?

1. What is the eye?
   ::眼睛是什么? 眼睛是什么? What is the eye?

1. What are typhoons and cyclones?
   ::什么是台风和旋风?