光合作用

 

What can a tiny plant do that you can't do?
::一个小植物能做什么 你无法做的?

This tiny plant can use the  energy  of the sun to make its own food. You can't make food by just sitting in the sun. Plants are not the only  organisms  that can get energy from the sun, however. Some  protists , such as  , and some  bacteria  can also use the energy of the sun to make their own food.
::这个小植物可以使用太阳的能量来制造自己的食物。 你不能仅仅靠坐在太阳里做饭。 但是植物并不是能够从太阳中得到能量的唯一生物。一些原生生物,比如,和一些细菌也可以利用太阳的能量来制造自己的食物。

What is Photosynthesis?
::什么是光合作用?

If a plant gets hungry, it cannot walk to a local restaurant and buy a slice of pizza. So, how does a plant get the food it needs to survive? Plants are  , also known as  autotrophs , which means they are able to make, or produce, their own food. They also produce the "food" for other organisms. Plants are a type of autotroph   that collects the energy from the sun and turns it into  . Using the energy from the sun, they produce complex organic compounds from simple inorganic molecules. So once again, how does a plant get the food it needs to survive?
::如果植物挨饿,它不能步行到当地餐馆买一块比萨饼。那么,植物如何获得生存所需的食物?植物又被称为自给营养,这意味着它们能够制造或生产自己的食物。它们也为其他生物生产“食品 ” 。植物是一种从日晒中收集能量并将其转化成的自给营养。利用太阳的能量,它们从简单的无机分子中产生复杂的有机化合物。因此,植物又是如何获得生存所需的食物的?

Through  .  Photosynthesis  is the process plants use to make their own “food” from the sun's energy, carbon dioxide, and water. During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water combine with  solar energy  to create  glucose , a  carbohydrate  (C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ ), and oxygen.
::通过光合作用,光合作用是用太阳的能量、二氧化碳和水来制造自己的“食物”的加工工厂。在光合作用期间,二氧化碳和水与太阳能相结合,制造甘蔗、碳水化合物(C6H12O6)和氧气。

The process can be summarized as: in the presence of sunlight, carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen.
::这一过程可以归纳为:在阳光下,二氧化碳+水+葡萄糖+氧。

Glucose, the main product of photosynthesis, is a sugar that acts as the "food" source for plants. The glucose is then converted into usable chemical energy,  ATP , during  . The oxygen formed during photosynthesis, which is necessary for  animal  life, is essentially a waste product of the photosynthesis process.
::Glucose是光合作用的主要产物,它是一种糖,可以作为植物的“食物”来源。然后,葡萄糖转换成可用的化学能量,ATP。光合作用期间形成的氧气是动物生命所必需的,基本上是光合作用过程的废物产物。

Actually, almost all organisms obtain their energy from photosynthetic organisms. For example, if a   eats a caterpillar, then the bird gets the energy that the caterpillar gets from the plants it eats. So the bird indirectly gets energy that began with the glucose formed through photosynthesis. Therefore, the process of photosynthesis is central to sustaining life on Earth. In eukaryotic organisms, photosynthesis occurs in  chloroplasts . Only  cells  with chloroplasts—plant cells and algal (protist) cells—can perform photosynthesis. Animal cells and fungal cells do not have chloroplasts and, therefore, cannot photosynthesize. That is why these organisms, as well as the non-photosynthetic protists, rely on other organisms to obtain their energy. These organisms are  heterotrophs .
::事实上,几乎所有生物都从光合生物中获得能量。例如,如果吃毛虫,鸟就会得到毛虫从植物获得的能量。这样鸟就间接获得从光合体形成的葡萄糖开始的能量。因此,光合体过程是维持地球上生命的核心。在尿道生物中,光合体在叶片中出现。只有含有叶片的细胞——植物细胞和藻类细胞——才能进行光合。动物细胞和真藻细胞没有叶片,因此不能进行光合体。这就是为什么这些生物以及非光合体先质生物依靠其他生物来获得它们的能量。这些生物是血化生物。

Watch the  Amoeba  Sister's video to learn how the light dependent and light independent cycle work together to create glucose for plants.
::观察Amoeba修女的视频, 学习光依赖和光独立的循环如何合作, 为植物创造葡萄糖。

Photosynthesis - Amoeba Sisters.
::光合作用——Amoeba修女会。

Why do leaves change color each fall? This MIT video demonstrates an  experiment  about the different pigments in leaves. See the video at  .
::叶子为什么每年秋天都改变颜色?这段麻省理工学院的视频展示了有关叶子中不同色素的实验。

Summary
::摘要

• All the energy used by living things on Earth came from the process of photosynthesis.
  ::地球上所有生物的能量 都来自光合作用过程

• During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water combine with solar energy to create glucose and oxygen.
  ::在光合作用期间,二氧化碳和水与太阳能相结合,产生葡萄糖和氧气。

Explore More
::探索更多

Use the resource below to answer the following questions.
::使用以下资源回答下列问题。

• Photosynthesis  at   (5:04)
  ::5:04时的光合作用

1. Where does the energy for photosynthesis come from?
   ::光合作用能量来自何方?

1. In photosynthesis, how does the movement of electrons along the electron transport chain affect hydrogen ions (H ⁺ )? How does this compare to what happens in the mitochondria during cellular respiration?
   ::在光合作用中,电子运输链上电子的移动如何影响氢离子(H+)?这与细胞呼吸期间在微小孔氏体中发生的情况相比如何?

1. Do all organisms which carry out photosynthesis have chloroplasts? Explain your answer as fully as you can.
   ::执行光合作用的所有生物是否都有叶绿板? 请尽可能充分地解释你的答复。

1. What is the function of mobile electron carriers? What is their relationship to the embedded protein complexes in the membrane?
   ::移动电子载体的功能是什么?它们与膜内嵌的蛋白质综合体有什么关系?

Review
::回顾

1. How is the process of photosynthesis central to sustaining life on Earth?
   ::光合作用过程对维持地球上的生命有何核心作用?

1. What are the two products produced by photosynthesis?
   ::光合作用制作的两种产品是什么?

1. What two raw materials are needed by plants in order to perform phot osynthesis?
   ::工厂需要两种原料来进行光合作用?