Section outline

  •  

    Colorful word cloud featuring greetings in various languages, shaped like the letter J.

    How does the cell translate a message?
    ::单元格如何翻译信息 ?

    The mRNA is the message sent from the to the ribosome , the of . Like a foreign language , the genetic code of the mRNA message must then be translated so that the ribosomes make the correct protein . The process of reading the code of a mRNA to make a protein is called translation.
    ::MRNA是寄给血清的讯息。像外语一样,MRNA讯息的遗传代码必须翻译,以使血清能产生正确的蛋白质。读取 mRNA代码以制造蛋白质的过程被称为翻译。

     

     

    Translation
    ::笔译 笔译

    The mRNA, which is transcribed from the in the nucleus, carries the directions for the protein-making process. mRNA tells the ribosome ( Figure ) how to create a specific protein.
    ::核核中转录的 mRNA 含有蛋白质产生过程的方向。 mRNA 告诉 ribosome (图) 如何生成特定的蛋白质 。

    Ribosome translating mRNA into a protein with amino acids and tRNA.
    Ribosomes translate RNA into a protein with a specific amino acid sequence. The tRNA binds and brings to the ribosome the amino acid encoded by the mRNA.

    The process of reading the mRNA code in the ribosome to make a protein is called translation ( Figure ): the mRNA is translated from the language of nucleic acids (nucleotides) to the language of proteins (amino acids). Sets of three bases, called codons , are read in the ribosome, the organelle responsible for making proteins.
    ::读取血清中 mRNA 代码以制造蛋白质的过程称为翻译(图 ) : mRNA 由核酸语言(核糖核酸)翻译为蛋白语言(氨酸 ) , 由三种基数(称为codons)组成,用负责制造蛋白质的有机体,即核糖核糖核糖核酸(核酸)翻译为蛋白质语言(氨酸 ) 。

    Chart depicting codons and their corresponding amino acids in protein translation.
    This summary of how genes are expressed shows that DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated, in turn, to protein. The one letter code represents amino acids.

    The following are the steps involved in translation:
    ::以下是涉及翻译的步骤:

    • mRNA travels from the nucleus to the ribosome.
      ::mRNA从核到排卵器

    The following steps occur in the ribosome:
    ::以下步骤发生在肋骨中:

    • The base code in the mRNA determines the order of the amino acids in the protein. The genetic code in mRNA is read in “words” of three letters (triplets), called codons. Each codon codes for an amino acid. There are 20 amino acids used to make proteins, and different codons code for different amino acids. For example, GGU codes for the amino acid glycine, while GUC codes for valine.
      ::氨基氨基氨基酸基代码决定蛋白质中氨基酸的顺序。氨基氨基氨基酸的遗传代码以三个字母的“字”来阅读,称为codons。每种氨基酸的codon代码都有20种氨基酸用于制造蛋白,不同的氨基酸的codon代码有不同的codon。例如,氨基酸甘油的GGU代码,而valine的GUC代码。
    • tRNA reads the mRNA code and brings a specific amino acid to attach to the growing chain of amino acids. The anticodon on the tRNA binds to the codon on the mRNA. Each tRNA carries only one type of amino acid and only recognizes one specific codon. For example, a GGC anticodon will bind to a CCG codon,  and a CGA anticodon will bind to a GCU codon.
      ::TRNA 读取 mRNA 代码, 并带来一种特定的氨酸, 以附着在不断增长的氨酸链中。 tRNA 上的抗codon 与 mRNA 上的 Codon 结合。 每个 tRNA 只携带一种氨酸, 只承认一种特定codon 。 例如, GGC 抗codon 与 CCG codon 结合, 而 CGA 抗codon 则与 GCU codon 结合 。
    • tRNA is released from the amino acid.
      ::TRNA从氨基酸中释放出来。
    • Three codons, UGA, UAA, and UAG, indicate that the protein should stop adding amino acids. They are called stop codons and do not code for an amino acid. Once tRNA comes to a stop codon, the protein is set free from the ribosome.
      ::三个codon, UGA, UAAA, UAA, UAA, 和 UAAG, 表示蛋白质应该停止添加氨基酸。 它们被称为停止库don, 不对氨基酸进行编码。 一旦 tRNA 来到一个停止库don, 蛋白质将释放出核糖核酸 。

    The following chart ( Figure ) is used to determine which amino acids correspond to which codons.
    ::下图(图)用于确定哪些氨基酸与哪一种codon对应。

    Chart showing codons and corresponding amino acids for the genetic code in translation.
    This chart shows the genetic code used by all organisms. For example, an RNA codon reading GUU would encode for a valine (Val) according to this chart. Start at the center for the first base of the three base codon, and work your way out. Notice that more than one codon may encode for a single amino acid. For example, glycine (Gly) is encoded by a GGG, GGA, GGC, and GGU. Notice there are 64 codons. Of the 64 codons, three are stop codons.

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Translation is the process of reading the mRNA code in the ribosome to make a protein.
      ::翻译的过程是读取乳房血清中的 mRNA 代码 来制造蛋白质。
    • Sets of three bases on the mRNA, called codons, are read in order to select the correct amino acid for building a protein.
      ::为选择正确的氨基酸用于制造蛋白质,阅读了三组MRNA基底,称为codons。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is translation?
      ::什么是翻译?
    2. What is a codon?
      ::什么是温柔?
    3. What is a stop codon?
      ::什么是停止的codon?
    4. What would happen if the stop codon was mutated to encode for another amino acid?
      ::如果停止的codon变异 编码为另一种氨基酸,会发生什么?
    5. Given the DNA sequence, ATGTTAGCCGTATGC, what is the mRNA sequence? What is the amino acid sequence?
      ::根据DNA序列,亚特加特加特加特加特加特加,什么是MRNA序列?氨基酸序列是什么?