两栖进化和生态学

Would you eat this?
::你会吃这个吗?

This is a pan of frog legs! Many people would view this dish as a tasty treat. As you can see, one way are important to people is that they can be used as a food source.
::这是一片青蛙腿! 许多人会认为这盘菜是美味的。 正如你可以看到的, 一种对人很重要的方法就是可以用作食物来源。

Role of Amphibians
::两栖人的作用

Humans have used amphibians for a number of purposes for thousands of years, if not longer. Amphibians play significant roles in many food webs and are thus an important part of many . For example, frogs keep stable. Extinction of frogs, or just significant decreases in the frog population, would probably have serious consequences for agricultural crops.
::人类在几千年甚至更长的时间里利用两栖动物来达到许多目的。 两栖动物在许多食物网中扮演着重要角色,因此是许多食物网的重要组成部分。 例如,青蛙保持稳定。 青蛙的灭绝,或者青蛙人口的大幅减少,可能会对农作物产生严重后果。

Humans have also consumed amphibians, especially frogs, probably since they first ate meat. More recently, amphibians have been tremendously useful in research.
::人类还消费了两栖动物,特别是青蛙,可能自从他们第一次吃肉以来。 最近,两栖动物在研究中非常有用。

Amphibians as Foods
::作为食物的两栖类

Amphibians play important roles in many ecosystems, especially as middle players in many and food webs. In addition to consuming many worms and insects and other , and even some small and mammals and , they are prey for and snakes, as well as some fish and . Tadpoles keep waterways clean by feeding on .
::两栖动物在许多生态系统中发挥着重要作用,特别是作为许多生态系统和食物网的中环者。 除了食用许多蠕虫、昆虫和其他动物,甚至一些小的哺乳动物和哺乳动物之外,它们还猎食蛇和蛇,以及一些鱼类和。 塔波尔人通过喂食保持水道清洁。

Frogs are raised as a food source for humans. Frog legs are a delicacy in China, France, the Philippines, northern Greece, and the American south, especially the Frensh-speaking parts of Louisiana. Only the upper joint of the hind leg is served, which has a single bone similar to the upper joint of a chicken or turkey wing . They are commonly prepared by grilling or deep frying, sometimes breaded, though they can also be served with garlic, or turned into a soup or stew. Some estimates have well over a billion frogs harvested a year as food. That's about one frog harvested for every seven people on the planet. 
::青蛙是人类的食物来源。 在中国、法国、菲律宾、希腊北部和美国南部,青蛙腿是美味的,特别是路易斯安那州讲弗伦什语的地区。只有后腿的上角才有。后腿的上角只有与鸡翅或火鸡翼的上角相似的一根骨头。它们通常通过烤烤烤或深炸,有时是面包,虽然也可以吃大蒜,或变成汤或炖汤。有些估计一年收获的青蛙超过10亿只,作为食物。这大约是地球上每七个人收获的一只青蛙。

Amphibians in Research
::研究两栖研究组织

Amphibians have long been used in scientific research, especially developmental and physiological processes, largely due to their unique ability to undergo metamorphosis , and in some species , to regenerate limbs.
::长期以来,两栖动物一直被用于科学研究,特别是发展和生理过程,这主要是因为它们具有独特的能力,能够进行变形,在某些物种中,能够使四肢再生。

Amphibians are also used in research. Cloning involves making identical copies of a parent organism , and the large amphibian egg helps in this process. They are also used to study embryos because their eggs lack shells, so it is easy to watch their development.
::两栖动物也被用于研究。克隆涉及亲生生物的相同复制件,大型两栖蛋有助于这一过程。 它们也被用于研究胚胎,因为它们的蛋缺乏贝壳,因此很容易观察它们的发育。

The African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis , ( Figure ) is a species that is studied to understand aspects of developmental biology. It is a good model organism because it is easy to raise in a lab and has a large embryo, which is easy to study. Many Xenopus genes have been identified and cloned, especially those involved in development. Developing Xenopus embryos can be easily observed and studied with a basic , though the eggs are large enough to see without a microscope. Because of their size, the exact developmental stage after can be easily determined. This allows proteins that are used at a specific developmental time to be collected and analyzed. Identification of Xenopus genes and proteins has allowed the identification of corresponding genes and proteins from humans.
::非洲爪青蛙(Xenopus laevis, (Figure))是研究如何了解发育生物学各个方面的物种,是一个很好的模型生物,因为它在实验室里很容易生长,而且胚胎很大,很容易研究。许多Xenopus基因已被识别和克隆,特别是参与开发的基因。发展Xenopus胚胎很容易用基本方法观察和研究,尽管卵子的体积足够大,没有显微镜就能看。由于它们的大小,随后的精确发育阶段可以很容易地确定。这使得在特定发育时期使用的蛋白质可以被收集和分析。确定Xenopus基因和蛋白质可以识别人类的相应基因和蛋白质。

Many environmental scientists believe that amphibians, including frogs, indicate when an environment is damaged. When species of frogs begin to decline, it often indicates that there is a bigger problem within the ecosystem. This could have dramatic effects on food webs and ecosystems.
::许多环境科学家认为,两栖动物,包括青蛙,都指向环境何时遭到破坏。 当青蛙物种开始减少时,它往往表明生态系统中存在更大的问题。 这可能会对食物网和生态系统产生巨大影响。

Amphibians in Popular Culture
::大众文化中的两栖人

Amphibians can be found in folklore, fairy tales, and popular culture . Numerous legends have developed over the centuries around the mystical properties of the . Its name originates from the Persian words for “fire” and “within," so many of these legends are related to fire. This connection likely originates from the tendency of many salamanders to live inside rotting logs. When placed into the fire, salamanders would escape from the logs, lending to the belief that the salamander was created from flames.
::两栖人可以在民俗、童话故事和大众文化中找到。许多传说在几个世纪以来围绕其神秘特性发展起来。它的名字来自波斯语中的“火”和“内”词,许多传说都与火有关。这种联系可能来自许多大猩猩生活在腐烂的原木中的趋势。当被放入火中时,山羊会逃离原木,从而相信山羊是火生的。

Unforgettable amphibians Kermit the Frog ( Figure ) and his popular saying “It’s not easy being green.” Frogger, from the video game of the same name, has been teaching children about the dangers of the road and alligator-filled moats for years. And all it takes is a kiss from a princess to turn a frog into a prince, as told in The Frog Prince story.
::令人难忘的两栖动物柯密特(Kermit the Frog ) ( Figure ) 及其流行的口号 : “ 绿化并不容易。 ”佛罗格(Frogger)从同一个名字的视频游戏中,多年来一直在教导孩子们道路的危险和鳄鱼填满的河谷。 而正如《青蛙王子的故事 》 ( The Frog Prince Story)所讲的那样,只要公主亲吻将青蛙变成王子就够了。

Summary
::摘要

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• Frogs are raised as a food source in many parts of the world.
  ::在世界许多地方,青蛙被用作食物来源。
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• Amphibian embryos are ideal to study development since they lack a shell.
  ::两栖胚胎是研究发育的理想,因为它们缺乏外壳。

Review
::回顾

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1. Describe the role of amphibians in the food chain.
   ::描述两栖动物在食物链中的作用。
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2. How are amphibians important in environmental science?
   ::两栖生物在环境科学中如何重要?
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3. Describe one way amphibians are used in research?
   ::描述研究中使用两栖的一种方式吗?