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    A mother orangutan cradles her infant in a grassy environment, showcasing their bond and intelligence.

    What are humans' closest cousins?
    ::人类最亲近的堂兄弟是什么?

    Looking at our evolutionary tree , our closest relatives include the orangutans pictured here. Notice the way this mother cradles her child; they look very human-like. Orangutans are also highly intelligent. Notice the detail in the hand. In the wild, they can create and use tools.
    ::看着我们的进化树, 我们最亲近的亲戚包括这里所描绘的猩猩。 注意这个母亲如何抚育她的孩子; 他们看起来非常像人类。 奥兰古塔人也很聪明。 注意手头的细节。 在野外, 他们可以创造和使用工具。

    Humans and Primates
    ::人类和原始人

    The great apes are the members of the biological family Hominidae, which includes four living genera: chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans and humans. Among these four genera are just seven , two of each except humans, which has only one species, Homo sapiens.
    ::巨猿是Hominidae生物家族的成员,它包括四个活基因组:黑猩猩、大猩猩、猩猩和人类。 在这四个基因组中,只有七个,其中除人类之外各有两个,人类只有一个物种,即智人。

    Characteristics
    ::特征特征

    The Great Apes are large, tailless , ranging in size from the pygmy chimpanzee, at 66-88 pounds in weight, to the gorilla, at 300-400 pounds ( Figure ). In all species, the males are, on average, larger and stronger than the females.
    ::大猩猩是大型无尾猿,大小不一,从俾格米黑猩猩,重66-88磅,到大猩猩,重300-400磅(图)。在所有物种中,雄性平均比雌性大、强。

    A Western Lowland gorilla sitting on grass, using its hand to explore food.

    A Western Lowland gorilla, member of the great apes. The gorilla is the largest of the hominids, weighing up to 309-397 lbs.
    ::一只西部低地大猩猩,大猩猩成员。大猩猩是最大的小猩猩,重量达309-397磅。

    Most living primate species are four-footed, but all are able to use their hands for gathering food or nesting materials. In some cases, hands are used as tools, such as when gorillas use sticks to measure the depth of ( Figure ). Chimpanzees sharpen sticks to use as spears in hunting; they also use sticks to gather food and to “fish” for termites.
    ::大多数活灵长类物种有四英尺长,但所有人都能够用手收集食物或筑巢材料。 在某些情况下,手被用作工具,例如猩猩用棍子测量深度(图 ) 。 黑猩猩用尖棒作为猎枪;他们也用棍子收集食物和白蚁的“鱼 ” 。

    A gorilla using a stick to test water depth in a natural setting.

    Tool using in a primate. A gorilla uses a stick to determine the water's depth.
    ::在灵长类动物中使用的工具 猩猩用棍子来确定水的深度

    Most primate species eat both plants and meat ( omnivorous ), but fruit is the preferred food among all but humans. In contrast, humans eat a large amount of highly processed, low fiber foods, and unusual proportions of grains and vertebrate meat. As a result of our diets, human teeth and jaws are markedly smaller for our size than those of other apes. Humans may have been eating cooked food for a million years or more, so perhaps our teeth adapted to eating cooked food.
    ::大部分灵长类物种既吃植物,也吃肉(全食性),但除人类外,水果是人类最喜欢的食物。 相反,人类食用大量高加工、低纤维食品、异乎寻常的谷物和脊椎动物。 由于我们的饮食,人类牙齿和下巴的大小明显小于其他猿类。 人类可能已经吃熟食一百万年或更长的时间了,因此也许我们的牙齿可以用来吃熟食。

    Gestation (pregnancy) lasts 8-9 months and usually results in the birth of a single offspring . The young are born helpless, and thus, they need for long periods of time. Compared with most other mammals , great apes have a long adolescence and are not fully mature until 8-13 years of age (longer in humans). Females usually give birth only once every few years.
    ::与大多数其他哺乳动物相比,大猩猩的青春期很长,直到8-13岁才完全成熟(人类长辈),女性通常每隔几年生育一次。

    Gorillas and chimpanzees live in family groups of approximately five to ten individuals, although larger groups are sometimes observed. The groups include at least one dominant male, and females leave the group when they can mate. Orangutans, however, generally live alone.
    ::大猩猩和黑猩猩生活在大约五至十个人的家庭群体中,尽管有时观察到较大的群体,但这些群体中至少有一个占支配地位的男性,女性在交配时离开该群体,但是,一般只有奥兰古塔人独居。

    Genetic and Behavioral Similarities
    ::遗传和行为相似性

    Gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans have more than 97% of their sequence in common. This means that a similar percent of the amino acid sequences of the will be the same, resulting in many proteins with similar or identical functions.
    ::大猩猩、黑猩猩和人类有超过97%的序列相同。 这意味着其氨基酸序列的类似比例是一样的,导致许多蛋白质的功能相似或相同。

    All organisms in the Hominidae communicate with some kind of language . They can also create simple cultures beyond the family or group of animals. Having a culture means that knowledge and behaviors can be passed on from generation to generation.
    ::在Hominidae,所有生物都用某种语言交流。它们也可以创造超越家庭或动物群的简单文化。拥有一种文化意味着知识和行为可以代代相传。

    Specialized Human Features
    ::专门人文特色

    Specialized features of Homo sapiens include the following:
    ::智人的专业特征包括:

    • small front teeth (canines and incisors) and very large molars relative to other primate species,
      ::相对于其他灵长类物种而言,
    • a fully upright posture resulting in bipedalism (walking on two limbs instead of four),
      ::一种完全直立的姿势,导致两足两足主义(双肢行走,而不是四肢行走),
    • shortening of the arms relative to the legs,
      ::手臂比腿短一点,
    • increased usefulness (dexterity) of the hands,
      ::手的功用增加(体力增加),
    • increase in brain size, especially in the frontal lobes
      ::大脑体积增加,特别是在前额叶
    • and a decrease in mass of the skull and face.
      ::以及头骨和脸部质量的下降

    See - the Jane Goodall Institute at , and Discovering Gibbons at for additional material.
    ::- Jane Goodall研究所在... 和发现Gibbons 的附加材料。

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • The biological family Hominidae includes four living genera: chimpanzees, gorillas, humans, and orangutans.
      ::生物家庭Hominidae包括四个活基因组:黑猩猩、大猩猩、人类和猩猩。
    • Gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans have more than 97% of their DNA in common.
      ::大猩猩、黑猩猩和人类的DNA有97%以上是共同的。
    • All organisms in the family Hominidae can develop language and culture.
      ::家庭内的所有生物都能够发展语言和文化。

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use the resources below to answer the questions that follow.
    ::利用以下资源回答以下问题。

    Explore More I
    ::探索更多

    • Human and Primate Relationship ' at (1:21)
      ::人类和原始关系(1:21)

     

    1. Where do chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ) live geographically?
      ::黑猩猩(Pan Troglodytes)在地理上住在哪里?
    2. What tool are the chimpanzees in the video using?
      ::录像中黑猩猩使用什么工具?

    Explore More II
    ::探索更多情况二

    • Silverback Gorilla and Family at (2:51)
      ::银背大猩猩和家庭(2:51)

     

    1. What do gorillas do when they approach each other or feel other gorillas are around?
      ::当大猩猩互相接近或感觉周围有其他大猩猩的时候,他们该怎么办?
    2. Who is the leader of a gorilla family?
      ::大猩猩家族的领袖是谁?

    Explore More III
    ::探索更多三

    • Amazing DIY Orangutans at (2:41)
      ::惊人的 DIY Oranguutans at (2: : 41)

     

    1. Are the orangutans in the video displaying learned or innate behavior? Explain your answer.
      ::视频中显示的猩猩有学识或天生行为吗? 解释一下你的回答。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What organisms share the same biological family as humans?
      ::哪些生物与人类拥有相同的生物家庭?
    2. Why do chimpanzees and humans have many similar proteins?
      ::为什么黑猩猩和人类 有许多相似的蛋白质?
    3. What is important about a primate culture?
      ::灵长类文化有什么重要?
    4. What are three specialized human features?
      ::三个人类特有特征是什么?