Section outline

  • Glowing sphere representing the sun with a bright, fiery surface and radiating energy.

    This glowing sphere represents the sun, which has a diameter of 1.4 × 10 9 meters. The sun has a special relationship to another object that is only about 1.7 × 10 -17 meters in diameter—the subatomic particle called the proton. How is the gigantic sun related to the extremely tiny proton? Read on to find out.
    ::这个发光球代表太阳,太阳直径为1.4×109米。太阳与另一个物体有着特殊的关系,后者直径只有1.7×10-17米左右——亚原子粒子叫做质子。巨大的太阳如何与极小质子相关?阅读以了解。

    What Is a Proton?
    ::什么是质子?

    A proton is one of three main particles that make up the . The other two particles are the and . Protons are found in the nucleus of the atom. This is a tiny, dense region at the center of the atom. Protons have a positive electrical charge of one (+1) and a mass of 1 atomic mass unit (amu), which is about 1.67 × 10 -27 kilograms. Together with neutrons, they make up virtually all of the mass of an atom.
    ::质子是构成质子的三个主要粒子之一。 另外两个粒子是质子和。 质子在原子核心中发现。 这是原子中心一个很小的密集区域。 质子的正电荷为1( +1) , 质量为1原子质量单位( amu) , 约1.67× 10- 27公斤。 它们与中子一起, 几乎构成原子的所有质量 。

     

     

     

     

     

    Q: How do you think the sun is related to protons?
    ::问:你觉得太阳和质子有什么关系?

    A: The sun’s tremendous is the result of proton interactions. In the sun, as well as in other stars, protons from hydrogen atoms combine, or fuse, to form nuclei of helium atoms. This fusion reaction releases a huge amount of energy and takes place in nature only at the extremely high temperatures of stars such as the sun.
    ::甲:太阳的巨大变化是质子相互作用的结果。 在太阳和其他恒星中,氢原子质子合在一起或结合,形成氦原子核。 这种聚变反应释放了大量能量,并且只有在太阳等恒星极高的温度下才能在大自然中发生。

    Identical Protons, Different Elements
    ::同质子, 不同元素

    All protons are identical. For example, hydrogen protons are exactly the same as protons of helium and all other , or pure substances. However, atoms of different elements have different numbers of protons. In fact, atoms of any given element have a unique number of protons that is different from the numbers of protons of all other elements. For example, a hydrogen atom has just one proton, whereas a helium atom has two protons. The number of protons in an atom determines the electrical charge of the nucleus. The nucleus also contains neutrons, but they are neutral in charge. The one proton in a hydrogen nucleus, for example, gives it a charge of +1, and the two protons in a helium nucleus give it a charge of +2. 
    ::所有质子都是相同的。 例如, 氢质子与 和所有其他物质或纯物质的质子完全相同。 但是, 不同元素的原子有不同的质子数量。 事实上, 任何元素的原子有独特的质子数量, 与所有其他元素的质子数量不同。 例如, 氢原子只有一个质子, 而一个原子有两个质子。 原子中的质子数量决定着核的电荷。 核核中也包含中子, 但它们负责中性。 例如, 氢核中的质子数量为+1, 氢核中的2个质子为+2。

    What Do Protons Contain ?
    ::质子含有什么?

    Protons are made of called quarks and gluons. As you can see in the Figure , a proton contains three quarks (colored circles) and three streams of gluons (wavy black lines). Two of the quarks are called up quarks (u), and the third quark is called a down quark (d). The gluons carry the strong nuclear force between quarks, binding them together. This force is needed to overcome the electric force of repulsion between positive protons. Although protons were discovered almost 100 years ago, the quarks and gluons inside them were discovered much more recently. Scientists are still learning more about these fundamental particles. 
    ::如图所示,质子含有三夸克(彩色圆圈)和三流格子(大黑线 ) 。 其中两个夸克被称为夸克(u),第三个夸克称为下方夸克(d) 。 格鲁克在夸克之间携带强大的核力量,把它们捆绑在一起。这股力量对于克服正质子之间反弹的电力是必要的。 尽管质子是近100年前发现的,但其中的夸克和格鲁恩是最近才发现的。科学家们仍在更多地了解这些基本粒子。

    A proton with three quarks (two up, one down) and gluons connecting them.

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • A proton one of three main particles that make up the atom. It is found in the nucleus. It has an electrical charge of one +1 and a mass of 1 atomic mass unit (amu).
      ::质子1是组成原子的三个主要粒子中的质子之一。 它在核中被发现。 它的电荷为1+1, 质量为1原子质量单位( AMU ) 。
    • Atoms of any given element have a unique number of protons that is different from the numbers of protons of all other elements.
      ::任何特定元素的原子都有独特的质子数量,与所有其他元素的质子数量不同。
    • Protons consist of fundamental particles called quarks and gluons. Gluons carry the strong nuclear force between quarks, binding them together.
      ::质子由被称为夸克和格伦的基本粒子组成,格伦斯在夸克之间携带强大的核力量,把它们捆绑在一起。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Describe protons.
      ::描述质子。
    2. What is the relationship between protons and elements?
      ::质子和元素之间的关系是什么?
    3. Atoms, which are always neutral in electric charge, contain electrons as well as protons and neutrons. An electron has an electrical charge of -1. If an atom has three electrons, infer how many protons it has.
      ::原子在电荷中总是中性,含有电子以及质子和中子,电子的电荷为 -1. 如果原子有三个电子,则可以推断它有多少质子。
    4. Identify the fundamental particles that make up a proton.
      ::识别组成质子的基本粒子。