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  • Statue of Tutankhamen showcasing heavy eyeliner and ornate headdress.

    This image represents a famous ancient Egyptian named Tutankhamen. Do you see his heavy eyeliner? Most likely the eyeliner was made of a mineral containing antimony. This metalloid was commonly used for makeup by Egyptians between four and five thousand years ago. Today we know that antimony is toxic, although Tutankhamen probably didn’t know that. Antimony is found in group 15 of the periodic table . Group 15 is one of four groups of the periodic table that contain .
    ::这幅图象代表了著名的古埃及人,名叫图坦卡明。 你看到他的重眼线了吗? 眼线很可能是用含有纳米的矿物质制成的。 四千年到五千年前,埃及人通常用这种金属来化妆。 今天,我们知道蚂蚁有毒,尽管图坦卡明可能不知道这一点。 蚂蚁在周期表的第15组中发现了。 第15组是定期表的四组之一。

    Groups 13–16
    ::13-16组 13-16组

    Groups 13–16 of the periodic table (orange in the Figure ) are the only groups that contain classified as metalloids. Unlike other groups of the periodic table, which contain elements in just one class, groups 13–16 contain elements in at least two different classes. In addition to metalloids, they also contain , , or both. Groups 13–16 fall between the (in groups 3–12) and the nonmetals called (in group 17).
    ::周期表的第13-16组(图中的Orange ) 是唯一包含类物质分类的组。 与周期表中仅包含一个类别元素的其他组不同,13-16组包含至少两个不同类别元素。 除了类物质,它们也包含,或者两者兼有。 13-16组属于(3-12组)和非金属类(第17组),而13-16组则属于(3-12组)和非金属类(第17组)。

    Periodic table highlighting groups 13–16 with elements classified as metals, metalloids, and nonmetals.

    What Are Metalloids?
    ::什么是代谢物?

    Metalloids are the smallest class of elements, containing just six members: boron (B), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), and tellurium (Te). Metalloids have some properties of metals (elements that can conduct electricity) and some properties of nonmetals (elements that cannot conduct electricity). For example, most metalloids can conduct electricity, but not as well as metals. Metalloids also tend to be shiny like metals, but brittle like nonmetals. Chemically, metalloids may behave like metals or nonmetals, depending on their number of . 
    ::蛋白质是最小的元素类别,仅包含六种元素sadB)、硅(Si)、(Ge)、砷(As)、(Sb)和(Te),蛋白质具有金属的某些特性(可以进行电力的元素)和非金属的某些特性(不能进行电力的元素)。例如,大多数蛋白质可以进行电力生产,但不能进行金属生产。 蛋白质也往往像金属一样闪亮,但像非金属一样易碎。 化学上,类金体可能像金属或非金属,视其数量而定。

    Q: Why does the chemical behavior of an element depend on its number of valence electrons?
    ::问题:为什么元素的化学行为取决于其价值电子的数量?

    A: Valence electrons are the electrons in an atom’s outer that may be involved in with other atoms.
    ::A:valence eeens 是指原子外部可能与其他原子有关的电子。

    Group 13: Boron Group
    ::13集团:哈龙集团

    Group 13 of the periodic table is also called the boron group because boron (B) is the first element at the top of the group (see Figure ). Boron is also the only metalloid in this group. The other four elements in the group—aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), and thallium (Tl)—are all metals. Group 13 elements have three valence electrons and are fairly reactive. All of them are solids at room .
    ::周期表中的第13组也称为组,因为(B)是该组顶部的第一个元素(见图 )。波伦也是该组中唯一的类象体。该组中的其他四个元素——铝(Al)、(Ga)、(in)和(Tl)是全部金属。第13组元素有三个等值电子,具有相当的活性。所有这些元素都是室内的固体。

    Display of Group 13 elements in the periodic table with boron and borax products.

    Boron is a very hard, black metalloid with a high melting point. In the mineral called borax, it is used to wash clothes. In boric acid, it is used as an eyewash and insecticide.
    ::是一种非常硬的、黑色的金属类体,熔点很高。在叫做borax的矿物中,它被用来洗衣服。在酸中,它被用作眼水和杀虫剂。

    Group 14: Carbon Group
    ::14组:碳组

    Group 14 of the periodic table is headed by the nonmetal carbon (C), so this group is also called the carbon group. Carbon is followed by silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge) ( Figure ), which are metalloids, and then by tin (Sn) and lead (Pb), which are metals. Group 14 elements group have four valence electrons, so they generally aren't very reactive. All of them are solids at room temperature.
    ::周期表的第14组由非金属碳(C)领导,所以这个组也称为碳组。碳后面是硅(Si)和(Ge)(图),它们是类金属,然后是锡(Sn)和铅(Pb),它们是金属。第14组元素组有四种价值电子,因此它们一般不是非常被动的。在室温下,它们都是固体。

    Depicts germanium and its position in Group 14 of the periodic table, alongside fiber optic cable.

    Germanium is a brittle, shiny, silvery-white metalloid. Along with silicon, it is used to make the tiny electric circuits on computer chips. It is also used to make fiber optic cables—like the one pictured here—that carry telephone and other communication signals.
    ::它与硅一起用来制造计算机芯片上的微小电路,还用来制造光纤电缆——像这里所描绘的光纤电缆一样——携带电话和其他通信信号。

    Group 15: Nitrogen Group
    ::第15组:氮组

    Group 15 of the periodic table is also called the nitrogen group. The first element in the group is the nonmetal nitrogen (N), followed by phosphorus (P), another nonmetal. Arsenic (As) ( Figure ) and antimony (Sb) are the metalloids in this group, and bismuth (Bi) is a metal . All group 15 elements have five valence electrons, but they vary in their reactivity . Nitrogen, for example, is not very reactive at all, whereas phosphorus is very reactive and found naturally only in combination with other substances. All group 15 elements are solids, except for nitrogen, which is a .
    ::周期表的第15组也称为氮组,该组的第一个元素是非金属氮(N),其次是磷(P),另一个非金属。砷(As)(图)和微粒(Sb)是该组中的金属,而二甲基(Bi)是金属。所有15组元素都有五种等值电子,但它们的回反应性不同。例如,氮反应性不大,而磷反应性很强,并且与其他物质自然结合。所有15组元素都是固体,但氮除外,氮是一种。

    Arsenic with a warning symbol and its periodic table entry from Group 15.

    The most common form of the metalloid arsenic is gray and shiny. Arsenic is extremely toxic, so it is used as rat poison. Surprisingly, we need it (in tiny amounts) for normal growth and a healthy nervous system.
    ::最常见的甲状腺砷形式是灰色和闪亮的。 砷具有剧毒,因此被用作老鼠毒药。 令人惊讶的是,我们需要它(少量)来正常生长和健康神经系统。

    Group 16: Oxygen Group
    ::第16组:氧气组

    Group 16 of the periodic table is also called the oxygen group. The first three elements—oxygen (O), sulfur (S), and selenium (Se)—are nonmetals. They are followed by tellurium (Te) ( Figure ), a metalloid, and polonium (Po), a metal. All group 16 elements have six valence electrons and are very reactive. Oxygen is a gas at room temperature, and the other elements in the group are solids.
    ::周期表中的第16组也称为氧组,前三个元素 -- -- 氧(O)、硫(S)和(Se)是非金属,后面是(Te)(Figure),一种甲类和(Po),一种金属,所有16组元素有六种等值电子,反应性非常强,氧是一种室温气体,而该组中的其他元素是固体。

    Tellurium properties and uses, alongside a solar panel image depicting its application.

    Tellurium is a silvery white, brittle metalloid. It is toxic and may cause birth defects. Tellurium can conduct electricity when exposed to light, so it is used to make solar panels. It has several other uses as well. For example, it makes steel and copper easier to work with and lends color to ceramics.
    ::是一种银白、易碎类金属,具有毒性,可能造成先天缺陷。当暴露于光线之下时,可以进行电力,因此可用于制造太阳能电池板。它还有其他几种用途。例如,它使钢和铜更容易与陶瓷一起工作,并给陶瓷带来颜色。

    Q: With six valence electrons, group 16 elements need to attract two electrons from another element to have a stable arrangement of eight valence electrons. Which group of elements in the periodic table do you think might form compounds with elements in group 16?
    ::问题:使用六种valence 电子,第16组元素需要从另一个元素中吸引两个电子,才能稳定地配置八种valence 电子。在周期表中,哪一组元素可能与第16组元素形成化合物?

    A: Group 2 elements, called the , form compounds with elements in the oxygen group. That’s because group 2 elements have two valence electrons that they are “eager” to give up. An example of a group 2 and group 6 is calcium oxide (CaO).
    ::A:第2组元素,称为第2组元素,形成含有氧组元素的化合物。这是因为第2组元素有两个价值电子,它们“渴望”放弃。第2组和第6组的一个例子是氧化钙(CaO)。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Groups 13–16 of the periodic table contain one or more metalloids, in addition to metals, nonmetals, or both.
      ::周期表中第13-16组除金属、非金属或两者外,还含有一种或多种类金属。
    • Group 13 is called the boron group, and boron is the only metalloid in this group. The other group 13 elements are metals.
      ::第13组称为组,而是该组中唯一的类固醇。其他的13组元素是金属。
    • Group 14 is called the carbon group. This group contains two metalloids: silicon and germanium. Carbon is a nonmetal, and the remaining elements in this group are metals.
      ::第14组称为碳组。该组包含两个类金属:硅和。碳是一种非金属,该组的其余元素是金属。
    • Group 15 is called the nitrogen group. The metalloids in this group are arsenic and antimony. Group 15 also contains two nonmetals and one metal.
      ::第15组称为氮组,该组中的金属类是砷和,第15组还包括两个非金属和一个金属。
    • Group 16 is called the oxygen group. Tellurium is the only metalloid in this group, which also contains three nonmetals and one metal.
      ::第16组称为氧气组。是这一组中唯一的一种金属,其中还含有三种非金属和一种金属。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Which elements in groups 13–16 are metalloids?
      ::13-16组中哪些元素是类物质?
    2. Name two physical properties that boron shares with most metals.
      ::列出与大多数金属共享的的两种物理属性。
    3. What property of the metalloid silicon makes it useful for computer chips?
      ::硅蛋白质的哪些属性能对电脑芯片有用?
    4. A recent investigation found relatively high levels of the metalloid arsenic in samples of apple juice. Why might this be a serious problem?
      ::最近的一项调查发现,苹果汁样本中甲状腺类砷含量较高,为什么这是一个严重的问题?
    5. Why is the metalloid tellurium used to make solar panels?
      ::为什么这些金属质素 用来制造太阳能电池板?

    Resources
    ::资源