经济体系 经济体系

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Economic Systems
::经济体系 经济体系

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Every society has an economy or economic system that helps it provide necessities for the people.  The economy or economic system is an organized way of providing for the wants and needs of their people. Every economy has to deal with the concept of scarcity and must answer the questions “what to produce?”, “how to produce?” and “for whom to produce?”
::每一个社会都有经济或经济制度帮助它为人民提供必需品,经济或经济制度是满足人民需要和需要的有组织方式,每个经济都必须处理匮乏的概念,必须回答“生产什么?” 、“生产什么?” 和“为谁生产?” 的问题。

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Universal Generalizations
::普遍化

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• Capitalism, socialism, and communism are the three major economic systems.
  ::资本主义、社会主义和共产主义是三大经济体系。
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• All economic systems have advantages and disadvantages.
  ::所有经济体系都有利弊。

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Guiding Questions
::问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问

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1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of capitalism?
   ::资本主义的利弊何在?
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2. What is the difference between socialism and communism?
   ::社会主义和共产主义有什么区别?
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3. How is communism both an economic and a political system?
   ::共产主义如何成为一个经济和政治制度?

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Think about what a complex system a modern economy is. It includes all production of goods and services, all buying and selling, and all employment. The economic life of every individual is interrelated, at least to a small extent, with the economic lives of thousands or even millions of other individuals. Who organizes and coordinates this system? Who ensures that the number of televisions a society provides is the same as the amount it needs and wants? Who ensures that the right number of employees work in the electronics industry? Who insures that televisions are produced in the best way possible? How does it all get done?
::想想一个复杂的现代经济体系是什么。它包括所有商品和服务的生产,所有买卖,以及所有就业。每个人的经济生活都与成千上万甚至数百万其他个人的经济生活相互关联,至少在很小的程度上如此。谁组织和协调这个体系?谁确保一个社会提供的电视数量与它所需要的和想要的数量相同?谁确保适当的雇员数量在电子工业中工作?谁保证电视是用尽可能好的方式制作的?它是如何做到的?

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Traditional Economy
::传统经济

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There are at least three ways societies have found to organize an economy. The first is the traditional economy, which is the oldest economic system and can be found in parts of Asia, Africa, and South America. Traditional economies organize their economic affairs the way they have always done (i.e., tradition). Occupations stay in the family. Most families are farmers who grow the crops they have always grown using traditional methods. What you produce is what you get to consume. Because things are driven by tradition, there is little economic progress or development.
::社会组织经济的方式至少有三种:第一是传统经济,这是最古老的经济体系,在亚洲、非洲和南美洲部分地区可以找到。传统经济按照他们一贯的做法(即传统)组织经济事务。职业留在家庭中。大多数家庭是农民,他们用传统方法种植作物。你生产的东西就是消费的东西。由于事情是由传统驱动的,因此经济进步或发展是微不足道的。

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In a society with a traditional economy, the allocation of resources stems from ritual, habit, or custom. This type of economic system also guides the society since the roles regarding people's jobs are defined by the custom of elders and ancestors. The expectation is that the members of the community carry on the skills of the previous generation Therefore, the custom is for children to continue to practice the same role as the parents. Girls learn their role from their mothers and other female adults, while boys learn their economic and social role from their fathers or other male adults. If you are a son of a farmer, you too will be a farmer. This type of social conformity makes it possible for the group to survive from one generation to the next.
::在一个传统经济社会中,资源分配来自仪式、习惯或习俗,这种经济制度也指导社会,因为人们的工作角色是由长辈和祖先的习俗确定的,期望社区成员继续掌握前一代人的技能,因此,习惯是让儿童继续发挥与父母相同的作用,女孩从母亲和其他成年女性中学习自己的作用,而男孩从父亲或其他成年男性中学习自己的经济和社会角色,如果你是农民的儿子,你也将是农民,这种社会一致性使该群体能够从一代到下一代生存下去。

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A Command Economy
::指令经济

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Command economies are very different. In a command economy,  economic  effort is devoted to goals passed down from a ruler or ruling class. Ancient Egypt was a good example: a large part of economic life was devoted to building pyramids, for the pharaohs [Figure 1] . Medieval manor life is another example: the lord provided the land for growing crops and protection in the event of war. In return, vassals provided labor and soldiers to do the  lord’s  bidding. In the last century, communism emphasized command economies.
::指挥经济大相径庭。 在指挥经济中,经济努力专注于统治者或统治阶级通过的目标。 古埃及就是一个很好的例子:经济生活的一大部分用于建设金字塔、法老(图1 ) 。 中世纪的农夫生活是另一个例子:在战争时期,主为种植庄稼和提供保护提供了土地。 反过来,武士们则提供劳动力和士兵做主的投标。 在上个世纪,共产主义强调指挥经济。

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[Figure 1] - Ancient Egypt was an example of a command economy. (Credit: Jay Bergesen/Flickr Creative Commons)
::[图1] -- -- 古埃及是指挥经济的一个例子。 (Credit:Jay Bergesen/Flickr Creative Commons)

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In a command economy, the government decides which goods and services will be produced and what prices will be charged for them. The government decides what methods of production will be used and how much workers will be paid. Many necessities like healthcare and education are provided for free and may be considered a strength of the economy.  However, the disadvantages of the system, such as not catering to consumers, little incentive to work harder or better, the large bureaucracy, lack of flexibility, and no rewards for individual initiative or unique ideas, creates a stagnant marketplace. Currently, Cuba and North Korea have command economies.
::在指令经济中,政府决定生产哪些商品和服务,收取哪些价格;政府决定使用哪些生产方法和工人的薪酬;许多必需品,如保健和教育是免费的,可以被视为经济的强国;然而,该制度的不利之处,如不向消费者提供餐饮、不鼓励努力工作或更好工作、庞大的官僚主义、缺乏灵活性、不奖励个人主动性或独特想法等,造成了一个停滞的市场。 目前,古巴和北朝鲜拥有指挥经济。

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A Market Economy
::市场经济

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A market is an institution that brings together buyers and sellers of goods or services, who may be either individuals or businesses.  Although command economies have a very centralized structure for economic decisions, market economies have a very decentralized structure.  In a market economy, decision-making is decentralized. Market economies are based on private enterprise: the means of production (resources and businesses) are owned and operated by private individuals or groups of private individuals.
::市场是一个将货物或服务的买卖双方(可以是个人或企业)聚集在一起的机构,虽然指挥经济有一个非常集中的经济决策结构,但市场经济有一个非常分散的结构,在市场经济中,决策是分散的,市场经济以私营企业为基础:生产手段(资源和企业)由私人个人或私人团体拥有和经营。

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[Figure 2] Nothing says “market” more than The New York Stock Exchange. (Credit: Erik Drost/Flickr Creative Commons)
::[图2] 没有什么比纽约证券交易所更能说明“市场”的了。 (Credit: Erik Drost/Flickr Creative Commons)

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 The New York Stock Exchange, shown in [Figure 2] , is a prime example of a market in which buyers and sellers are brought together. Businesses supply goods and services based on demand. (In a command economy, by contrast, resources and businesses are owned by the government.) The goods and services supplied depend on what is demanded. A person’s income is based on his or her ability to convert resources (especially labor) into something that society values. The more society values the person’s output, the higher that person's income (think Lady Gaga or LeBron James). In this scenario, economic decisions are determined by market forces, not governments.
::[图2]显示的纽约证券交易所是买方和卖方聚集在一起的市场的主要范例。 企业根据需求提供商品和服务。 (相比之下,在指令经济中,资源和企业归政府所有。 )所供应的商品和服务取决于需求。 一个人的收入取决于他或她将资源(特别是劳动力)转化为社会价值的东西的能力。 社会越重视个人产出,个人收入越高(认为是Lady Gaga或LeBron James ) 。 在这种情况下,经济决定是由市场力量而不是政府决定的。

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Most economies in the real world are mixed; they combine elements of command and market (and even traditional) systems. The U.S. economy is positioned toward the market-oriented end of the spectrum. Many countries in Europe and Latin America, while primarily market-oriented, have a greater degree of government involvement in economic decisions than the U.S. economy does . China and Russia, while they are closer to having a market-oriented system now than several decades ago, remain closer to the command economy end of the spectrum. A rich resource of information about countries and their economies can be found on the Heritage Foundation’s website.
::现实世界的多数经济体是混合的;它们结合了指挥和市场(甚至传统)体系的要素。 美国经济处于面向市场的边缘。 欧洲和拉丁美洲的许多国家虽然主要面向市场,但政府参与经济决策的程度比美国经济大得多。 中国和俄罗斯虽然比几十年前更接近市场导向体系,但仍更接近于控制经济。 有关国家及其经济的丰富信息可以在传统基金会的网站上找到。

	播放段落 Traditional ::传统传统	播放段落 Command ::命令命令命令	播放段落 Market ::市场市场市场
播放段落 Advantages ::优点	播放段落 Stable, predictable, self-perpetuating ::稳定、可预测、自生自灭 播放段落 Specific economic roles determined by gender and family (children have the same roles/jobs as parents) ::按性别和家庭确定的具体经济角色(儿童与父母具有相同的角色/工作)	播放段落 Provides basic services such as education, public health, for little or no cost ::提供诸如教育、公共卫生等基本服务,费用很少或免费; 播放段落 Limited choice of career, where to work or losing job ::职业选择有限,在何处工作或失去工作 播放段落 Can change quickly in a short period of time ::可以在短短的时间内迅速变化	播放段落 High consumer satisfaction ::消费者满意度高 播放段落 Large variety of goods/services ::货物/服务种类种类繁多 播放段落 Decentralized decision making ::权力下放决策 播放段落 Little government interference ::很少政府干预 播放段落 Individual freedom ::个人自由 播放段落 Able to adjust to change gradually ::能够适应逐步变化
播放段落 Disadvantages ::缺点	播放段落 Low standard of living ::低生活水平 播放段落 Lack of progress ::缺乏进展 播放段落 Discourages new ideas or ways of doing things ::阻止新的想法或做事方式	播放段落 Discourages new ideas ::驱使新思想 播放段落 Little flexibility on a day to day basis ::每天几乎没有多少灵活性 播放段落 Has a large bureaucracy ::拥有庞大的官僚机构 播放段落 Lack of incentive to work hard/better ::缺乏努力/更好地工作的积极性 播放段落 Does not address the wants/needs of consumers ::不解决消费者的需求/需求	播放段落 Must guard against failure ::必须防止失败 播放段落 Does not produce enough public goods such as health care ::没有生产足够的公共产品,如保健等 播放段落 Workers and businesses face the uncertainty and competition ::工人和企业面临不确定性和竞争 播放段落 Rewards only productive resources ::仅奖励生产性资源 播放段落 does not provide for the old, sick, or young ::年老、患病、年老、年老、

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Each year, researchers at the Heritage Foundation and the Wall Street Journal look at 50 different categories of economic freedom for countries around the world. They give each nation a score based on the extent of economic freedom in each category.
::每年,遗产基金会和《华尔街日报》的研究人员都研究世界各国50种不同的经济自由类别,根据每一类别经济自由的程度给每个国家一个分数。

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The 2013 Heritage Foundation’s Index of Economic Freedom report ranked 177 countries around the world: some examples of the most free and the least free countries are listed in . Several countries were not ranked because of extreme instability that made judgments about economic freedom impossible. These countries include Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, and Somalia.
::2013年遗产基金会的《经济自由指数报告 》 ( Economic Foundation of Economic Freedom Report of Economic Freedom ) ( Economic Freedom ) ( Economic Freedom ) ( Economic Foundation of Economic Freedom ) ( Index of Economic Freedomy ) ( Economic Freederity ) ( Education)报告将全世界177个国家排在第一位:其中列出了一些最自由、最自由、最自由的国家的例子。 几个国家由于极端的不稳定无法做出经济自由判断而没有排名。 这些国家包括阿富汗、伊拉克、叙利亚和索马里。

播放段落 Most Economic Freedom ::最经济自由组织	播放段落 Least Economic Freedom ::最经济自由组织
播放段落 1. Hong Kong ::1. 香港	播放段落 168. Iran ::168. 伊朗
播放段落 2. Singapore ::2. 新加坡	播放段落 169. Turkmenistan ::169. 土库曼斯坦
播放段落 3. Australia ::3. 澳大利亚 3. 澳大利亚	播放段落 170. Equatorial Guinea ::170. 赤道几内亚
播放段落 4. New Zealand ::4. 新西兰 新西兰	播放段落 171. Democratic Republic of Congo ::171. 刚果民主共和国
播放段落 5. Switzerland ::5. 瑞士	播放段落 172. Burma ::172. 缅甸
播放段落 6. Canada ::6. 加拿大 加拿大	播放段落 173. Eritrea ::173. 厄立特里亚
播放段落 7. Chile ::7. 智利	播放段落 174. Venezuela ::174. 委内瑞拉
播放段落 8. Mauritius ::8. 毛里求斯	播放段落 175. Zimbabwe ::175. 津巴布韦
播放段落 9. Denmark ::9. 丹麦	播放段落 176. Cuba ::176. 古巴
播放段落 10. United States ::10. 美国	播放段落 177. North Korea ::177. 北朝鲜

Table 1: Economic Freedoms, 2013 (Source: The Heritage Foundation, 2013 Index of Economic Freedom, Country Rankings, 

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The assigned rankings are inevitably based on estimates, yet even these rough measures can be useful for discerning trends. In 2013, 91 of the 177 included countries shifted toward greater economic freedom, although 78 of the countries shifted toward less economic freedom. In recent decades, the overall trend has been a higher level of economic freedom around the world .
::所分配的排名不可避免地基于估计,但即使是这些粗略的衡量方法也可能有助于辨别趋势。 2013年,177个国家中的91个国家转向了更大的经济自由,尽管其中78个国家转向了经济自由程度较低的国家。 近几十年来,总体趋势是全世界经济自由水平的提高。

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Video: Economic Systems and Macroeconomics
::录像:经济体系和宏观经济

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As previously addressed, market systems and command systems in their pure form are on the extremes of the economic spectrum, and in reality each fails to exist entirely in isolation of the other. More accurately, all nations operate under a "mixed economic system" that emulates certain characteristics of each type of economy to varying degrees.
::如前所述,纯粹形式的市场系统和指挥系统处于经济最极端,在现实中,每个系统都不可能完全孤立于另一系统而存在。 更准确地说,所有国家都在“混合经济体系”下运作,在不同程度上仿效每一种经济的某些特点。

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In a pure command economy, rather than businesses and individuals, because government owns the means of production, they determine what to produce, how to produce it, and who gets it once it has been produced. This is an incredibly difficult and complicated process that limits the free will of the people living within its rules. Central planners (government officials) make decisions based on what they believe is best for the population.
::在一个纯粹的指令经济中,而不是企业和个人,因为政府拥有生产手段,他们决定生产什么、生产什么、如何生产,一旦生产出来谁能得到。 这是一个极其困难和复杂的过程,它限制了生活在其规则范围内的人民的自由意志。 中央规划者(政府官员)根据他们认为对人民最有利的决定。

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In a pure market economy, there is no government intervention. The prices of goods and services are entirely set by the demand and supply of what is available. This is known as the "price system." Thus there is competition amongst buyers and sellers in a market economy. Buyers are trying to outbid other buyers by offering a higher price. Whereas sellers are competing with other sellers by offering lower prices and/or higher quality goods and services.
::在纯粹的市场经济中,政府没有干预,货物和服务的价格完全由可用物品的供求决定,这被称为“价格体系”。因此,市场经济中的买卖双方之间有竞争。买方试图通过提供更高的价格来比其他买家高价。而卖方则通过提供较低的价格和/或质量更高的商品和服务来与其他卖家竞争。

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Regardless of what type of economic system a nation has, there are three questions that each must answer. How the nation answers these questions determines whether it is a more market or command-leaning economic system. These three questions were covered in an earlier section, but to review:
::无论一个国家拥有何种经济体系,每个经济体系都必须回答三个问题。 国家如何回答这些问题决定它是一个更市场化的经济体系,还是一个更具有指令性的经济体系。 这三个问题在前面的一节中已有论述,但要回顾一下:

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• What is to be produced?
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  • Given the resources a country has at its disposal, it could make any great number of things. Who decides how an economy is going to utilize those productive resources to produce things determines whether the economy is more command or market.
    ::考虑到一个国家拥有的资源,它可以做很多事情。 由谁来决定一个经济体如何利用这些生产资源生产事物,决定经济是否更具有指令性还是市场性。
  
  ::生产什么?鉴于一国拥有的资源,它可以做很多事情。 由谁来决定一个经济体如何利用这些生产资源生产事物。 由谁来决定经济是否更具有指令性还是市场性。

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• How are those goods and services going to be produced?
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  • In a market economy, businesses (firms) decide how goods and services are going to be produced. They hire labor as they see fit and pay accordingly.
    ::在市场经济中,企业(公司)决定如何生产商品和服务。 他们按自己认为合适的方式雇用劳动力并支付相应的工资。
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  • In a command economy, the government plays a large part in directing certain people to be responsible for producing goods and providing services, and is likely to set a wage that is very similar to other wages for different work.
    ::在指挥经济中,政府在指示某些人负责生产货物和提供服务方面起着很大的作用,并有可能为不同工作确定与其他工资非常相似的工资。
  
  ::如何生产这些商品和服务? 在市场经济中,企业(公司)决定如何生产商品和服务。 他们雇用他们认为合适的劳动力并相应支付工资。 在指令经济中,政府在引导某些人负责生产货物和提供服务方面扮演了重要角色,并有可能为不同工作设定与其他工资非常相似的工资。

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• For whom are goods and services going to be produced?
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  • This is a question that focuses on who is going to receive the goods and services that are being produced. In a market economy, this would be largely determined by the consumers who can afford to purchase the goods and services they demand.
    ::这是一个侧重于谁将获得正在生产的商品和服务的问题。 在市场经济中,这在很大程度上将由有能力购买他们所需要的商品和服务的消费者来决定。
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  • In a command economy the government would decide who receives which goods and services.
    ::在指挥经济中,政府将决定由谁接收哪些货物和服务。
  
  ::对于谁将生产商品和服务?这是一个侧重于谁将获得正在生产的商品和服务的问题。 在市场经济中,这在很大程度上将由有能力购买其所需商品和服务的消费者决定。 在指挥经济中,政府将决定谁将获得哪些商品和服务。

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Whether a nation's economy is labeled as a market or command economy is determined by who makes these decisions. In a market economy, most of the decisions are made privately by consumers and firms about what to produce, how to produce it, and who receives it. In a command economy, all decisions are carried out by government officials. As stated earlier, most economies are mixed, where economic decisions are sometimes made by individuals and private firms, while others are put in place by government officials.
::在市场经济中,大多数决定都由消费者和公司私下作出,涉及什么生产、如何生产以及谁接受。在指挥经济中,所有决定都由政府官员执行。如前所述,大多数经济是混合的,有时由个人和私人公司作出经济决定,而其他决定则由政府官员作出。

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Economic Goals
::经济目标

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Countries go about attempting to create stability for their economy by fulfilling various economic goals. While all societies work toward each of the goals listed below to some extent, societal values are the differentiating factors that determine to what degree each goal is pursued. Economic efficiency, freedom, security, equity, and growth are all values that determine to what extent the economic players are involved, and since countries do not always agree on what the most important economic goals are, some goals are more valued than others. Below is a brief explanation of each economic goal. As you read through the numbered list, contemplate which goals would be more important to a market economy and which would be more important for a country with a command economy.
::各国都试图通过实现各种经济目标为本国经济创造稳定;尽管所有社会都在某种程度上努力实现下列每项目标,但社会价值观是决定每个目标追求程度的不同因素;经济效率、自由、安全、公平、增长都是决定经济参与者参与程度的所有价值观,而且由于各国并非总能就最重要的经济目标达成一致,有些目标比其他目标更受重视。下面是每个经济目标的简短解释。正如你从编号清单中看到的那样,考虑哪些目标对市场经济更为重要,哪些目标对有支配性经济的国家更为重要。

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1. Economic Efficiency
::1. 经济效益

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Efficiency is focused on making sure that the available resources are used to the fullest extent to produce the most wanted goods and services demanded by the people. When an economy is efficient, it is organized and maximizes production.
::效率的重点是确保现有资源得到最充分的利用,以生产人民最需要的商品和服务;经济效率高时,即组织有序,生产最大化。

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When an economy isn't focused on efficiency, it may be more wasteful in the utilization of its resources and less responsive to the demands of the people.
::当一个经济不注重效率时, 它可能更浪费它的资源, 更不适应人民的需求。

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2. Economic Equity
::2. 经济公平

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Equity refers to promoting fairness. To ensure equity, a government may redistribute wealth among its citizens. This means the government may tax wealthier people at a higher percentage than the rest of the population and then provide social welfare programs to the poorer populations. Low income families would receive assistance in terms of food stamps, cheaper housing, medical care, or qualifying education grants.
::为了确保公平,政府可以在公民中重新分配财富,也就是说,政府可以对较富有的人征收比其他人口更高的税率,然后向较贫穷的人口提供社会福利方案,低收入家庭将获得食品券、廉价住房、医疗保健或合格教育补助金等方面的援助。

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When an economy isn't focused on equity, it would do little to ensure that the poor or lower-income population have access to the goods and services readily available to those who can easily afford them.
::当经济不注重公平时,确保穷人或低收入人口有机会获得容易买得起的商品和服务,则无济于事。

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3. Economic Freedom
::3. 经济自由

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Freedom in an economic sense means that one is able to make decisions about what goods and services to buy or sell, and how to live without any restrictions by a governing body. Obviously complete freedom would be problematic because potentially harmful trade would be legal, putting the safety of citizens at risk. For this reason, no economy can be entirely free.
::经济意义上的自由意味着人们能够决定购买或出售哪些商品和服务,以及如何不受管理机构的任何限制地生活。 显然,完全自由将成问题,因为潜在的有害贸易将是合法的,危及公民的安全,因此,任何经济都不可能完全自由。

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Economies become less free when they tax more, restrict certain forms of trade, and control the means of production.
::经济如果征收更多的税,限制某些贸易形式,控制生产手段,就会变得较不自由。

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4. Economic Growth
::4. 经济增长

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Growth in an economy is measured by a continual increase in the production of goods and services. As a result of economic growth, the standard of living improves, meaning people are making more money, the population is able to grow, and education levels rise.
::经济的增长是以商品和服务生产持续增长来衡量的。 由于经济增长、生活水平的提高、人民赚更多的钱、人口的增长以及教育水平的提高。

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Countries that lack economic growth tend to be inefficient with their resources and lack a feeling of optimism about the future. Without adequate economic growth these countries face problems with their security as well.
::缺乏经济增长的国家往往资源效率低下,对未来缺乏乐观感,没有适当的经济增长,这些国家的安全也面临问题。

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5. Economic Security
::5. 经济安全

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A country that provides a high level of economic security alleviates the fear individuals might feel when it comes to the occurrence of economic risks over which an individual has very little control. For example, if a country were to suffer a natural disaster, or go to war, experience massive unemployment, individuals would want to know that they are going to have their needs met so they can provide for themselves and their families.
::提供高水平经济安全的国家可以缓解个人在出现个人无法控制的经济风险时可能感到的恐惧。 比如,如果一个国家遭受自然灾害,或者陷入战争,面临大规模失业,个人会想知道他们的需求将会得到满足,从而能够养活自己和家人。

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Countries that lack economic security usually have no safety net available for those who are affected by forces outside of their control. These systems lack government programs like food stamps, unemployment benefits, public housing, and Social Security. Without these programs in place, those who are affected by such events have little chance of surviving on their own financially.
::缺乏经济保障的国家通常没有安全网来保护那些受到其控制之外势力影响的国家。 这些体系缺乏诸如食品券、失业补助、公共住房和社会保障等政府方案。 没有这些方案,那些受这些事件影响的国家在财政上靠自己生存的机会微乎其微。

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6. Economic Stability
::6. 经济稳定

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Stability comes when three major measures of economic well-being are met:
::经济福祉的三项主要措施得到满足,即:

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• The economy is consistently growing.
  ::经济持续增长。
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• Unemployment rates are relatively low and consistent.
  ::失业率相对较低,而且始终如一。
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• Prices are maintained at the same level.
  ::价格维持在同一水平。

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Countries that lack economic stability will experience harmful swings that discourage people from spending money in their economy which stalls growth and improvement.
::缺乏经济稳定的国家将经历有害波动,使人们不愿在经济中花钱,从而阻碍增长和改善。

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In conclusion, all economic systems are designed to manage the production, consumption, and distribution of goods and services, they simply have varying degrees of control along the economic spectrum.
::最后,所有经济体系的设计都是为了管理货物和服务的生产、消费和分配,它们只是在经济范围内有不同程度的控制。

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Use the resources below to further investigate these concepts:
::利用以下资源进一步调查这些概念:

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Index of Economic Freedom
::经济自由指数

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Explore the interactive heat map of economic freedom at the website below.  This map demonstrates the relative economic freedom of different countries throughout the world. Which are more likely to be market economies? Which are more likely to be command economies?
::在下面的网站上探索经济自由的互动热量图。 该图显示了世界各国相对的经济自由。 哪些更有可能是市场经济? 哪些更有可能是指令经济?

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Communism or Socialism?
::共产主义还是社会主义?

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For clarification on the difference between communism and socialism, read the following article by David Floyd:
::将澄清共产主义和社会主义之间的区别改为David Floyd撰写的以下文章:

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Video: Why is Communist China Doing So Well?
::影片:中国共产主义为何进展如此顺利?

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Watch this video by economics teacher Jacob Clifford to learn how a the communist country of China has been using the free market to grow its economy.
::学习中国共产主义国家如何利用自由市场发展经济。

 

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Self Check Questions
::自查问题

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1. What are at least three ways societies have found to organize economy?
::1. 社会组织经济的至少三种方式有哪些?

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2. Describe the  differences between traditional, command and market economies. Give advantages and disadvantages for each.
::2. 描述传统经济、指挥经济与市场经济之间的差异,给每个经济体带来利弊。

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3. List the six economic goals and give a brief description for each.
::3. 列出六个经济目标,并对每个目标作简要说明。

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4. What are some differences between communism and socialism?
::4. 共产主义和社会主义之间有什么区别?

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5. Why might a country move from one economic system to another?
::5. 为什么一个国家会从一个经济体系转向另一个经济体系?