Section outline

  • Economic Theories 
    ::经济理论

    Throughout history, numerous economists and philosophers have studied the economic patterns of societies and developed theories to explain how economic systems function. Each thinker has made contributions towards better understanding how and why individuals and societies make particular economic choices. These philosophers have also developed theories that serve as recommendations as to what they believe are the best choices a society can make with respect to its economy.
    ::纵观历史,许多经济学家和哲学家都研究了社会的经济模式,并发展了理论来解释经济体系是如何运作的。 每个思想家都为更好地理解个人和社会如何以及为什么做出特定经济选择做出了贡献。 这些哲学家还制定了一些理论,作为他们认为什么是社会对其经济所能做出的最佳选择的建议。

    Universal Generalizations
    ::普遍化

    • The free enterprise system of today reflects various economic philosophies.
      ::今天的自由企业体系反映了各种经济哲学。
    • An individual country's societal values and culture can affect its economic development.
      ::一个国家的社会价值观和文化会影响其经济发展。

    Guiding Questions
    ::问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问

    1. What are the economic philosophies of John Maynard Keynes, Adam Smith, Milton Friedman, and Friedrich Hayek?
      ::约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯、亚当·史密斯、米尔顿·弗里德曼和弗里德里希·海耶克的经济哲学是什么?
    2. How did these philosopher's ideas contribute to the current U.S. free enterprise system?
      ::这些哲学家的想法如何促进美国目前的自由企业体系?

     Video: Economic Schools of Thought
    ::录像:经济思想学校

    Adam Smith (1723-1790)
    ::亚当·史密斯(1723-1790)

    Adam Smith, a Scottish economist and philosopher, is known within the field of economics as "The Father of Capitalism." Smith introduced capitalist ideas such as the importance of the division of labor and worker productivity in his book The Wealth of Nations . Smith also put forth the idea that a free market system succeeds due to mutual self-interest. This concept is called " the invisible hand ." Essentially, the invisible hand is an unseen force that helps the supply and demand of goods and services in a free market remain in balance. Smith believed in the concept of laissez-faire , an idea that suggests the government should play a minimal role in the economy. Instead, the invisible hand should be allowed to dictate the flow of goods in the market.
    ::苏格兰经济学家和哲学家史密斯(Smith)在经济学领域被称为“资本主义之父 ” 。 史密斯在他的《国家财富》一书中引入了资本主义理念,如劳动分工和工人生产率的重要性。史密斯还提出了自由市场体系因相互私利而成功的想法。 这一概念被称为“无形的手 ” 。 从根本上说,无形的手是一种无形的力量,有助于在自由市场中商品和服务的供求保持平衡。 史密斯相信自由放任的概念,认为政府应该在经济中发挥最小的作用。 相反,应该允许无形的手支配商品在市场上的流动。

    The Wealth of Nations
    ::国家的财富

    To read more about the ideas in Adam Smith's book The Wealth of Nations, follow this link.
    ::在亚当·史密斯的著作《国家财富》中,

     

    John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946)
    ::约翰·梅纳尔德·凯恩斯(1883-1946)

    John Maynard Keynes was a British economist whose theories have greatly influenced modern views of macroeconomics as well as the economic policies of governments. Writing during the Great Depression, Keynes argued that the government could employ fiscal and monetary measures to help neutralize to some extent the effects of economic recessions and depressions. Keynes wrote the book The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money . In this text, Keynes explained that he believed underspending was a primary cause of financial depression; his solution was for the government to taken an increased role in stabilizing a nation's economy during challenging financial times. These ideas were considered revolutionary; his theories changed people's thinking about role of government in the economy.
    ::John Maynard Keynes是一位英国经济学家,其理论极大地影响了现代宏观经济观点和政府经济政策。 在大萧条期间,凯恩斯认为政府可以采取财政和货币措施帮助在一定程度上消除经济衰退和萧条的影响。 凯恩斯撰写了《就业、利益和金钱总论》一书。 凯恩斯在文章中解释说,他认为支出不足是金融萧条的主要原因;他的解决方案是政府在具有挑战性的金融时代在稳定国家经济方面发挥更大的作用。 这些观点被认为是革命性的;他的理论改变了人们对政府在经济中的作用的看法。

    Video: Keynesian Economics
    ::录像:凯恩斯经济学

    View the video below by economics teacher Jacob Clifford for a quick review of the theories of John Maynard Keynes:
    ::以下是经济学老师Jacob Clifford的影片, 快速回顾约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯的理论:

     

    Friedrich Hayek (1899-1992)
    ::弗里德里希·海耶克(1899-1992)

    Friedrich Hayek was an Austrian economist who argued in support of capitalism and free markets. He is known for the school of thought known as Austrian Economics. Two of his most famous books, The Road to Serfdom and The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism , both attack communist and socialist models and defend free-market capitalism. He was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1974.
    ::弗里德里希·海耶克是奥地利经济学家,他主张支持资本主义和自由市场。 他以所谓的奥地利经济学思想学校著称。 他有两本最有名的书《通往塞尔夫敦之路 》 和《致命隐患:社会主义的错误 》 ( The Fatal Conceit ) , 既攻击共产主义和社会主义模式,又捍卫自由市场资本主义。 他于1974年获得诺贝尔经济科学纪念奖。

     Hayek and the Free Market
    ::Hayek和自由市场

    To read more about Hayek's views of the free market and his opposition to socialist theories, read the following two internet articles.
    ::更多关于Hayek对自由市场的看法以及他对社会主义理论的反对,

    Videos: Keynes vs. Hayek Rap Battles
    ::影片:凯恩斯对哈耶克饶舌战

    View the following two videos to see a modern interpretation of the contrasting views of John Maynard Keynes and Friedrich Hayek.
    ::浏览以下两段影片, 以了解对约翰·梅纳尔德·凯恩斯和弗里德里希·海耶克不同观点的现代解读。

    Milton Friedman (1912-2006)
    ::米尔顿·弗里德曼(2012-2006年)

    Milton Friedman was another economist who also supported free-market capitalism; he believed that government intervention in a nation's economy should be limited. In fact, Friedman held that often times the government's or the Federal Reserve Bank's interference in the economy led to economic instability. Friedman supported the Monetarist view of the economy. This view believes that an economy's money supply is important, but that the money supply should be allowed to grow in tandem with the economy itself without the Federal Reserve Bank increasing or decreasing the money supply.
    ::弗里德曼(Milton Friedman)是另一个也支持自由市场资本主义的经济学家;他认为政府干预一个国家的经济应该受到限制。 事实上,弗里德曼认为政府或美联储银行干预经济往往导致经济不稳定。 弗里德曼支持莫内特对经济的看法。 这一看法认为经济的货币供应很重要,但应该允许货币供应与经济本身同时增长,而联邦储备银行则不增加或减少货币供应。

    Milton Friedman
    ::米尔顿·弗里德曼

    Read the article below to learn more about Friedman's theories.
    ::阅读以下文章以了解弗里德曼的理论。

    Video: Four Ways to Spend Money
    ::影片:四种花钱的方式

    View the video below to see economics teacher Jacob Clifford demonstration Milton Friedman's claim that "nobody spends somebody else's money as carefully as he spends his own."
    ::观看下面的影片, 看经济学老师Jacob Clifford演示Milton Friedman的说法, “没有人像花自己的钱那样谨慎地花别人的钱。”

    Video: Government and the Economy
    ::视频:政府和经济

    In this video, Jacob Clifford uses the movie Terminator to talk about the government's role in the economy, as well as the views of Milton Friedman.
    ::Jacob Clifford利用电影《终结者》谈论政府在经济中的作用以及Milton Friedman的看法。

    Answer the self check questions below to monitor your understanding of the concepts in this section.
    ::回答下面的自我核对问题,以监测你对本节概念的理解。

    Self Check Questions 
    ::自查问题

    1. Who is the “father of capitalism” and why is he given this title?
    ::1. 谁是 " 资本主义之父 " ,为什么给他这个头衔?

    2. What is Keynesian economics?
    ::2. 凯恩斯经济学是什么?

    3. According to the videos, what were the contrasting views of Keynes and Hayek?
    ::3. 根据录像,凯恩斯和海耶克有什么不同看法?

    4. Explain Friedman's views of government intervention in the economy. How are his views demonstrated in Jacob Clifford's video using “The Terminator”?
    ::4. 解释弗里德曼对政府干预经济的看法,他在Jacob Clifford的视频中如何用“终结者”来显示他的看法?