真菌结构

Is the structure important?
::结构重要吗?

Of course. Though mushrooms may be the most common type of , fungi also include rusts, smuts, puffballs, truffles, morels, molds, and yeasts, as well as many less well-known organisms . And, except for yeast , they all have similar structures, which are usually hidden deep within their food source.
::当然,虽然蘑菇可能是最常见的类型,但真菌还包括生锈、泥浆、泡泡球、松露、更多、模子和酵母,以及许多不为人所知的生物。 而且,除了酵母,它们都有类似的结构,通常隐藏在食物源的深处。

Structure of Fungi
::菌菌结构结构

Except for yeasts, which grow as single cells, most fungi grow as thread-like filaments, like those shown in Figure . The filaments are called hyphae (singular, hypha). Each hypha consists of one or more cells surrounded by a tubular cell wall . A mass of hyphae make up the body of a fungus, which is called a mycelium (plural, mycelia).
::除了作为单细胞生长的酵母之外,大多数真菌会像图中所示的那样,像丝状丝一样长成丝状线状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状丝状象图图图图象图象图图图图图图象图图图图图图象图图象象象象象象象象象象象象象图图图图图图象象象象象象象象象象象象象象象象图图图图图图图图图图图象象象象象象象象象象象象象象象象象图图图图图图图图图图图图所示。图象象象象象象象象象象象象象象象象象

The hyphae of most fungi are divided into cells by internal walls called septa (singular, septum). Septa usually have little pores that are large enough to allow , and sometimes to flow among cells. Hyphae that are divided into cells are called septate hyphae . However, the hyphae of some fungi are not separated by septa. Hyphae without septae are called coenocytic hyphae . Coenocytic hyphae are big, multinucleated cells.
::大部分真菌的脊椎被称为塞普塔(septa, septum)的内墙分割成细胞。 塞帕通常只有很小的孔孔,其宽度足以允许,有时也足以在细胞之间流动。 被划分为细胞的脑膜被称作静脉,然而,一些真菌的脊椎没有被塞普塔分离。 没有西普塔的脑膜被称作皮细胞。 脑细胞是大而多核的细胞。

A mycelium may range in size from microscopic to very large. In fact, one of the largest living organisms on Earth is the mycelium of a single fungus. A small part of a similar fungus is pictured in Figure . The giant fungus covers 8.9 square kilometers (3.4 square miles) in an Oregon forest. That’s about the size of a small city. The fungus didn’t grow that large overnight. It’s estimated to be 2,400 years old, and it’s still growing!
::的大小可能从微粒到非常大不等。 事实上,地球上最大的活生物体之一是单一真菌的菌类。 图中描绘了类似真菌的一小部分。 巨型真菌覆盖俄勒冈森林的8.9平方公里(3.4平方英里),这与一个小城市的大小差不多。 真菌并没有在一夜之间长得那么大。 据估计,真菌有2 400年的历史,而且仍在生长!

Fruiting Bodies
::果实机构

Some fungi become noticeable only when producing spores (fruiting), either as mushrooms or molds. For example, you can see the fruiting bodies of the Armillaria fungus in the Figure , but the large “body” of the fungus, the mycelium, is hidden underground. This fruiting body, known as the sporocarp , is a multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures form. The fruiting body is part of the sexual phase of a fungal . The rest of the life cycle is characterized by the growth of mycelia.
::有些真菌只有在生产蘑菇或霉菌时才会显露出来。例如,你可以在图中看到阿米利亚真菌的果实体,但菌类的大型“体”即隐藏在地下。这个果实体,即松树,是一个多细胞结构,其产卵结构形成。果实体是真菌性阶段的一部分。整个生命周期的特征是菊花生长。

Dimorphic Fungi
::变形真菌

Some fungi take on different shapes, depending on their environmental conditions. These fungi are called dimorphic fungi , because they have “two forms.” For example, the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum , which causes the disease histoplasmosis, is thermally dimorphic; it has two forms that are dependent on temperature. In temperatures of about 25°C, it grows as a brownish mycelium, and looks like a mass of threads. At body temperature (37°C in humans), it grows as single, round yeast cells.
::有些真菌依其环境条件而具有不同的形状。这些真菌被称为变形真菌,因为它们有“两种形式 ” 。 比如,造成这种疾病的真菌Histoplasma 扇形沙拉图姆(Histoplasma apsultum)是热性畸形的;它有两种形式,取决于温度。在大约25°C的温度下,它长成褐色的,看起来像一串线。在身体温度(人类37°C)下,它会长成单细胞,圆酵形细胞。

Summary
::摘要

播放段落
• Most fungi grow as thread-like filaments called hyphae.
  ::大部分的真菌生长成丝状线状的丝状物 叫做hyphae。
播放段落
• A mass of hyphae make up the body of a fungus, called a mycelium.
  ::一种叫做的真菌体 组成了一种氢合金体 一种叫做的真菌体

Review
::回顾

播放段落
1. Describe the general structure of multicellular fungi.
   ::描述多细胞真菌的一般结构。
播放段落
2. What is a fruiting body?
   ::什么是果实身体?
播放段落
3. Relate the structures of hyphae, mycelia, and fruiting bodies to one another.
   ::将海绵、迷宫和果实体的结构互相联系起来。