加拿大(2天)

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Student Learning Objectives
::学生学习目标

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Canada
::加拿大 加拿大 加拿大

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Canadian Provinces and Territories
::加拿大各省和地区

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Canada’s  democratic state shares a similar developmental history and economic status with the United States. As of 2011, Canada had a population of just over 34 million, which is less than the population of California. Canada is larger than the United States, making it the second largest country in the world. However, despite this vast territory for a relatively small population, more than 90 percent of Canadians live within 150 miles of the US border.
::加拿大的民主国家与美国有着相似的发展历史和经济地位。 截至2011年,加拿大人口仅超过3,400万,低于加利福尼亚州人口。 加拿大比美国大,成为世界第二大国家。 然而,尽管人口相对较少的加拿大国土面积辽阔,但90%以上的加拿大人生活在距离美国边境150英里以内。

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Northern Canada is not considered part of Canada’s habitable zone for permanent human settlement. Only a narrow band of territory in southern and eastern Canada has the climate and physical geography suitable for agricultural production and widespread settlement. Moreover, Canada’s economy is so closely tied to that of the United States that it makes sense for people to live close to the US border.
::加拿大北部并不被视为加拿大永久人类住区居住区的一部分。 只有加拿大南部和东部的狭小领土区拥有适合农业生产和广泛定居的气候和地理条件。 此外,加拿大经济与美国经济紧密相连,因此人们可以居住在美国边境附近。

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Physical Geography of Canada
::加拿大自然地理

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Ontario has by far the largest population of any of Canada’s provinces, with about 39 percent of the total. Quebec, the dominantly French-speaking province, is home to about 23 percent. Almost everyone else lives in British Colombia, west of the Rocky Mountains (13 percent); in the prairies (18 percent); or along the Atlantic coast (7 percent). The wide-open areas of Canada’s far north are occupied by only one-third of one percent of the population.
::安大略省是加拿大任何省份中人口最多的地方,约占总人口的39%。 以法语为主的魁北克省约占23%。 几乎所有其他人都居住在不列颠哥伦比亚、落基山脉以西(13% ) 、 草原(18% ) 、 大西洋沿岸(7% ) 。 加拿大远北宽阔地区的人口只占总人口的三分之一。

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The continental Type D climate dominates most of central Canada, with its characteristically warm summers and cold winters. However, summers are cooler as you move farther north. Canada’s west coast receives the most precipitation—between 80 and 100 inches per year. The coastal areas in the Maritime Provinces can receive up to 60 inches per year. The northern territory of Nunavut barely receives 10 inches per year, usually in the form of snow.
::加拿大中部大部分地区以D型大陆气候为主,其特点是温暖的夏季和寒冷的冬季,然而,随着你向北移动,夏季更凉爽,加拿大西海岸每年降水量最多,在80至100英寸之间,海省沿海地区每年可达60英寸,努纳武特北部地区每年很少得到10英寸,通常是雪。

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The far northern region of Canada has an arctic type E climate. The conditions there are so harsh that only a very few people inhabit it. The cultural influence of the colder climates and the long winters on the people is evident by the sports that are enjoyed by most Canadian citizens. Ice hockey is Canada’s most popular sport and its most popular spectator sport. Other sports such as curling are also common in Canada.
::加拿大最北端地区有着极北E型气候。那里的条件非常严酷,只有极少数人居住。 寒冷气候和长冬对人们的文化影响从大多数加拿大公民享受的体育运动中可见一斑。 冰球是加拿大最受欢迎的运动,也是最受欢迎的观众运动。 其他运动,如卷轴运动在加拿大也很常见。

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Canada has abundant natural resources for its population. The is an area of rock and forest that covers much of central Canada around the . This region, and the area to the east and west of it provides timber and minerals for Canadian industries and for export. In the of the east, the main economic activities include fishing and agriculture.
::加拿大人口拥有丰富的自然资源,是覆盖加拿大中部大部分地区的岩石和森林地区。这个地区是加拿大东部和西部地区,为加拿大工业和出口提供木材和矿物。在东部地区,主要经济活动包括渔业和农业。

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Some of Canada’s best farmland is located along the and in the southern Prairie Provinces of , , and . The St. Lawrence River region includes dairy farms and agriculture, which provide food for the larger cities of the region. The province of has fertile farmland on the north and east sides of the Great Lakes. The farmland in the Prairie Provinces has much larger grain and beef operations.
::圣劳伦斯河地区包括奶制品农场和农业,为该地区较大的城市提供粮食,大湖以北和以东有肥沃的农田,帕蕊省的农田有大得多的谷物和牛肉作业。

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Centered in the province of Alberta is a large region of fossil fuel exploration. Coal, oil, and natural gas are found there in abundance, and much of it is exported to the United States for profit. Oil is found absorbed in surface soil called tar sands and is being extracted for energy. When tar sands are heated, the oil is separated and refined for fuel. Projections are that there is more oil in the tar sands of Canada than in the underground reserves of Saudi Arabia. Natural resources have even filtered into the cultural arena: Edmonton’s professional hockey team is called the .
::以艾伯塔省为中心,是一个大面积的化石燃料勘探地区。 煤炭、石油和天然气富饶,大部分出口到美国以牟利。 石油被地表土壤吸收,被称作焦油沙,正在采掘以获取能源。 当焦油沙被加热时,石油被分离和提炼为燃料。 据预测,加拿大焦油沙中的油比沙特阿拉伯地下储油量还要多。 自然资源甚至被渗透到文化领域:埃德蒙顿的专业曲棍球队被称作曲棍球队。

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The Rocky Mountains and the coastal ranges located in western Canada provide for mining and lumber mills. , on the coast in , has become a major port for Canada to export and import goods to and from the Pacific Rim. The , also located in the mountains, has experienced a gold rush in years past. Canada has adequate natural resources to provide for its people and gain wealth.
::加拿大西部的落基山脉和沿海山脉提供采矿和木材磨坊。 在加拿大的海岸上,它已成为加拿大进出口进出太平洋沿岸货物的主要港口。 多年来,加拿大同样位于山区,也经历了黄金的潮流。 加拿大有足够的自然资源供养其人民并获得财富。

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Comparing British and French Canada
::比较英国和法属加拿大

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French fishermen and fur traders initially colonized Canada. The British later took it from the French, and immigrants from various other countries moved there to make a living off of the land. Although none of the provinces retain French names, countless cities have French names. Some of these cities include Montreal, Lacombe, Leduc, Trois-Rivières, Charlesbourg, and Beauport.
::法国渔民和毛皮商人最初将加拿大殖民化。 英国人后来从法国人手中夺走了土地,来自其他国家移民则搬到那里靠土地谋生。 虽然没有一个省份保留法国名字,但无数城市都有法国名字。 其中一些城市包括蒙特利尔、拉科姆、莱杜克、特洛伊斯-里维埃雷斯、查尔斯堡和博波特。

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The names of several provinces have a British etymology. Nova Scotia means “New Scotland,” and it was so named by the British when they took over the island from the French. Prince Edward Island was named for the father of the famous 19th-century British queen, Victoria. You can see remnants of British colonialism in the way the Canadian government is organized. Canada, like many countries of Europe, including Great Britain, is a parliamentary democracy.
::几个省份的名称都有一个英国的民族学。 新斯科舍省的意思是“新苏格兰 ” , 英国人从法国人手中接管这个岛时就以这个名字命名。 爱德华王子岛被命名为十九世纪著名的英国女王维多利亚之父。 你可以在加拿大政府的组织方式中看到英国殖民主义的残余。 加拿大与包括英国在内的许多欧洲国家一样,是一个议会民主国家。

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The monarch of the United Kingdom is still the top-ranking government official in Canada, but only as a figurehead. The queen (or king) appoints a governor general to be her (or his) representative in the Canadian federal government. Again, this is a symbolic position. There are two chambers, a House of Commons and a Senate. Members of the House of Commons are elected and are called members of Parliament. Senators are appointed to a lifelong term by the prime minister.
::联合王国君主仍然是加拿大政府最高层官员,但只是作为一名副首脑,女王(或国王)任命一位总督担任她(或他)在加拿大联邦政府的代表,这也是一个象征性的职位,包括两院、下议院和参议院,下议院议员由选举产生,被称为议会议员,参议员由总理任命,终身任职。

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As of 2006, about 58 percent of Canadians spoke English as their primary language, French was the language of 22 percent, and 20 percent spoke a language other than English or French.  ^[1]  For most of Canada, the  lingua franca  remains English. The French-speaking portion of Canada is a reminder of Canada’s history as a French colony. Many of today’s French speakers are descendants of those earlier French settlers.
::截至2006年,约58%的加拿大人主要语言是英语,法语占22%,20%的语言是英语或法语以外的语言。 [1]对于加拿大大部分国家来说,法语仍然是英语。加拿大法语部分提醒人们加拿大作为一个法国殖民地的历史。 今天许多讲法语的人是早期法国定居者的后代。

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The proportion of French speakers in Canada is declining as more immigrants, who also have higher fertility rates than French speaking citizens, arrive from other parts of the world.  In addition, more French speakers are using English instead of French as their primary language. These immigrants to Canada, along with indigenous people, make up 20 percent of Canada’s population who do not speak English or French as their native language. About 90 percent of Canadian people who speak French live in Quebec, which is a center of French culture in Canada.
::讲法语的加拿大人比例正在下降,因为更多的移民从世界其他地方来,他们的生育率也高于讲法语的公民。 此外,更多的讲法语的人使用英语而不是法语作为他们的主要语言。 这些移民与土著人一起来到加拿大,占加拿大人口中20%,他们不讲英语或法语作为母语。 讲法语的加拿大人中约有90%居住在魁北克,而魁北克是加拿大法语文化的中心。

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The separation between French Canada and British Canada goes back to colonial times. Beginning in the 1530s, the French were the first to begin fur trading in the region and colonize what is present-day Canada, calling it  New France . The French claimed much of the St. Lawrence River valley and the Great Lakes region, including the region that is now Ontario. When Britain began to dominate the eastern coast of North America in the 1680s, they entered into a series of wars with France. As a result of these wars, New France was eventually turned over to Britain.
::法属加拿大和英属加拿大的分离可追溯到殖民时代。 从1530年代开始,法国人首先开始在该地区进行毛皮交易,并殖民化了今天的加拿大,称之为新法国。法国人声称大部分是圣劳伦斯河谷和大湖地区,包括现在的安大略地区。当英国在1680年代开始统治北美东海岸时,他们开始与法国进行一系列战争。由于这些战争,新法国最终被移交给英国。

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Not wanting continued war with France, Britain allowed the French-dominated region to retain its land ownership system, civil laws, and Catholic faith. The , which granted the United States independence from Great Britain, also pushed many people of English descent (especially those who sided with Britain), from the United States into Canada. British North America no longer included the United States. Canada became the main British colony in North America.
::英国不想继续与法国开战,而是让以法国为主的地区保留其土地所有权制度、民法和天主教信仰。 英国让美国脱离英国独立,也把许多英国裔人(特别是那些支持英国的人)从美国推到了加拿大。 英国北美不再包括美国。 加拿大成为英国在北美的主要殖民地。

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In an attempt to keep the peace between French and English settlers, in 1791 the British Parliament divided Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada, which later evolved into the provinces of English-speaking Ontario and French-speaking Quebec. The Maritime Provinces of the east were then separated into individual provinces.
::1791年,英国议会为了维持法语和英语定居者之间的和平,将魁北克省划分为上加拿大省和下加拿大省,后来又演变为讲英语的安大略省和讲法语的魁北克省,然后将东部的海洋省划分为个别省份。

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The cultural differences between French-speaking Canada and the rest of Canada have erupted into serious political conflicts. The French-speaking areas, mainly southern Quebec, argue that they are treated unfairly since they have to learn English when the rest of the country is not required to learn French.
::加拿大法语区与加拿大其他地区之间的文化差异已演变成严重的政治冲突。 法语区,主要是魁北克南部,认为他们受到不公正的待遇,因为当该国其他地区不需要学习法语时,他们必须学习英语。

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During the second half of the 20th century, many people in Quebec supported a separatist movement that sought to break Quebec off from the rest of Canada into an independent country. In the 1980s, the separatist initiative lost in a public vote by a small margin. The issue of Quebec’s sovereignty continued to be raised in the public arena. In 1998, Canada’s Supreme Court ruled that Quebec could not separate from the rest of Canada under international law. However, the matter would have to be negotiated between Quebec and the rest of Canada if secession was to proceed.
::20世纪下半叶,魁北克的许多人支持一个分裂主义运动,该运动试图将魁北克从加拿大其他地区分裂为一个独立的国家。 1980年代,分裂主义倡议在一次公开投票中略微失败。 魁北克的主权问题继续在公共场合提出。 1998年,加拿大最高法院裁定魁北克不能根据国际法与加拿大其他地区分离。 但是,如果分离要继续下去,则魁北克和加拿大其他地区之间必须就此进行谈判。

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French and English are the two official languages of the Canadian government as a whole. However, the French people in Quebec, fearing that English was dominating the media, the Internet, and industry to such an extent that it was endangering their French culture, have declared French as the only official language of the province. To combat the encroachment of English, laws were enacted in Quebec requiring all public advertising to be in French, or if other languages are used, they must be half the size of the French letters. All businesses employing more than 50 employees are required to conduct all business in French.
::然而,魁北克的法国人担心英语在媒体、互联网和工业中占据主导地位,以致危及他们的法语文化,因此宣布法语为该省唯一的官方语言,为了制止英语的侵占,魁北克颁布了法律,要求所有公共广告都用法语,或者如果使用其他语言,他们必须是法语字母的一半,所有雇用50名以上雇员的企业都必须用法语经营所有业务。

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Immigrants who wish to be citizens of Quebec must learn French. All primary and secondary education takes place in French unless the child’s parents were educated in English elsewhere in Canada. Civil servants dubbed the “language police” monitor and enforce the French language laws. A business found to be out of compliance with the language laws could be fined or shut down. Even though the official language of Quebec is French, since the national government takes place in both English and French, some services are still available in Quebec in English.
::想要成为魁北克公民的移民必须学习法语。所有初等和中等教育都以法语进行,除非孩子的父母在加拿大其他地方以英语接受教育。 公务员称“语言警察”监督和执行法语法律。 被发现不符合语言法律的企业可以被罚款或关闭。 尽管魁北克的官方语言是法语,因为中央政府以英语和法语同时进行,但魁北克仍然有一些英语服务。

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French Canada does not include the entire province of Quebec. Northern Quebec has traditionally been native territory. When the initiative for Quebec to secede from Canada was being considered, an additional initiative was presented by the Cree to separate northern Quebec from the French region of Quebec. This would have caused the French separatist region of Quebec to lose major hydroelectric dams and important mineral and timber reserves. Other regions of Quebec that did not hold a French majority would then have promoted separating from Quebec and joining Ontario.
::法国的加拿大并不包括整个魁北克省,魁北克省北部历来是本土领土,在审议魁北克省脱离加拿大的倡议时,克里人又提出了另一项倡议,将魁北克省北部与法国魁北克地区分开,这将使法国的魁北克分裂主义地区失去大型水电大坝和重要的矿物和木材储备,而没有占法国多数的魁北克其他地区则会促进与魁北克省分离并加入安大略省。

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For Quebec to remain economically competitive, they would need the northern Cree region to remain part of the province to use the resources and energy found there. They would also need the businesses currently in Quebec to stay there. However, many would have left if Quebec had become an independent state with French as the only language. When secession was being considered, it was found that many businesses employing more than 50 employees did not want to switch over and conduct all their business in French. They were conducting their business in English to work with the global economic community.
::魁北克省要保持经济竞争力,就必须让北部克里地区继续留在该省,以便利用那里找到的资源和能源,还需要让目前在魁北克的企业留在该省,不过,如果魁北克省成为一个以法语为唯一语言的独立国家,那么许多企业就会离开,在考虑脱离时,发现许多雇用50名以上雇员的企业不愿意用法语转业和经营所有业务,他们正在用英语经营业务,与全球经济社会合作。

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In 1994, the was established between Canada, the United States, and Mexico. The goal was to open up new lines of business operations amongst the three countries and to increase economic opportunities to better compete with the and the Pacific Rim nations. What would Quebec do if it separated from Canada? Would Quebec be able to join NAFTA? What if the other NAFTA partners cut off Quebec? Quebec would have faced serious economic consequences if they had separated from Canada. A number of English-speaking businesses have already moved to Ontario, Canada’s most populous province, to avoid changing to French. It appears Quebec will remain with the rest of Canada for the time being.
::1994年,加拿大、美国和墨西哥之间建立了关系。目标是在三国之间开辟新的商业业务线,增加经济机会,以便更好地与环太平洋国家和环太平洋国家竞争。如果魁北克脱离加拿大,它会做什么?魁北克能加入北美自由贸易协定吗?如果其他北美自由贸易协定伙伴切断了魁北克?如果它们与加拿大分离,魁北克将面临严重的经济后果。 一些说英语的企业已经迁至加拿大人口最多的省安大略,以避免改用法语。看起来魁北克将暂时留在加拿大其他地区。

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Other Ethnic Groups in Canada
::加拿大境内其他族裔群体

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When the Europeans arrived in Canada, the indigenous people were displaced.  About 1.2 million people who identify themselves as Aboriginal live in Canada (about 3.8 percent of the total population). They include North American Indians (also called First Nations), Métis (descendants of both Europeans and American Indians), and Inuit (inhabitants of the far Arctic north). Of these three groups, Inuit have the smallest population, with only about 50,000 remaining. These native people represent more than 600 recognized groups and 65 language dialects. Only a handful of these languages are still spoken by enough people to remain viable languages.
::当欧洲人抵达加拿大时,土著人流离失所。大约120万自称为土著人的人居住在加拿大(约占总人口的3.8%),其中包括北美印第安人(又称第一民族)、梅蒂斯人(欧洲人和美国印第安人的后裔)和因努伊特人(北极北部远处的居民 ) 。在这三类人中,因努伊特人人口最少,仅剩下大约50 000人。这些土著人代表了600多个得到承认的群体和65种方言。这些语言中只有少数人仍然能够继续使用。

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Countless place names in Canada have native language etymologies. For example, the city of Quebec is built at the original head of navigation on the St. Lawrence River. Its name comes from an Algonquin word for “where the river narrows.” The word  Canada  is likely derived from the St. Lawrence Iroquois word  Kanata , meaning “village” or “settlement.” While the French explorer was traveling up the St. Lawrence River in 1535, the indigenous peoples directed him to a specific village, the future Quebec City, using the word  Kanata . He later used  Canada  to refer to the general area, and European mapmakers adopted it for the entire region.
::例如,魁北克市建在圣劳伦斯河原航长处,其名称来自“河流狭窄之处”的阿尔贡金字。 加拿大这个词可能来自圣劳伦斯·伊罗柯伊斯的Kanata字,意思是“村庄”或“定居 ” 。 法国探险家于1535年登上圣劳伦斯河时,土著人民用卡纳塔一词将他指向一个特定村庄,即未来的魁北克市。 他后来利用加拿大来指整个地区,欧洲地图绘制者为整个地区采用了该词。

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Quebec is not the only place where devolutionary forces have been dividing cultural groups in Canada. In 1999, Nunavut officially broke from the Northwest Territory to become its own territory. Nunavut has only about 30,000 people in an area larger than any other province or territory in Canada. It comprises about one-fifth of Canada’s land area. Most of the people who had claimed the land before the Europeans arrived are Inuit. , the capital city of Nunavut, is on near Canada’s east coast.
::魁北克并不是权力移交力量分裂加拿大文化群体的唯一地方。 1999年,努纳武特正式从西北地区断绝,成为自己的领土。 努纳武特在比加拿大其他任何省或地区都大的地区只有大约30,000人。 其面积大约占加拿大土地面积的五分之一。 在欧洲人抵达之前拥有土地的大多数人是因努伊特人。 纽纳武特首府努纳武特位于加拿大东海岸附近。

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Canada has a great deal of ethnic diversity. One measure of this is the number of languages spoken there. One source estimates that there are about 145 languages spoken in Canada, including English and French. This reflects both the rich native heritage and the history of immigration from around the world. As of 2006, the foreign-born population was 6.2 million, or nearly 20 percent of Canada’s population.
::加拿大有着丰富的民族多样性。 其中的一个衡量标准就是那里所讲的语言数量。 据一个来源估计,加拿大大约有145种语言,包括英语和法语。 这既反映了丰富的本地遗产,也反映了来自世界各地的移民历史。 截至2006年,外国出生的人口为620万,占加拿大人口的近20%。

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There are few countries that match this level of immigration. Even the United States had only about a 12.5 percent foreign-born population in 2006. If Canada’s current immigration rates continue, by 2017 more than 22 percent of Canada’s population will be foreign born, which equals the high rate seen in the early 20th century, during the golden age of Eastern European immigration to North America. During this period, people from all the countries of Eastern Europe immigrated to all parts of Canada.  ^[2]
::与移民水平相当的国家寥寥无几。 即使美国在2006年也只有大约12.5%的外国出生人口。 如果加拿大目前的移民率继续下去,到2017年,加拿大22%以上的人口将出生在外国,这相当于20世纪初东欧移民到北美黄金时代的高移民率。 在此期间,来自东欧所有国家的人移民到加拿大各地。 [2]

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The current surge of immigrants to Canada does not include many Europeans. Instead, these immigrants come from Asian countries, especially China and countries in South Asia such as India and Pakistan. If immigration patterns stay the same, by 2017 about one in five people in Canada will belong to a nonwhite minority group. According to the 2010 Canadian census, more than one million Chinese and more than one-half of a million South Asians lived in Canada. Other groups increasing rapidly include people from the Middle East and Korea.
::目前移民到加拿大的激增并不包括许多欧洲人。 相反,这些移民来自亚洲国家,特别是中国和南亚国家,如印度和巴基斯坦。 如果移民模式保持不变,到2017年,加拿大的五分之一人口将属于非白人少数群体。 根据2010年加拿大人口普查,超过100万中国人和超过150万南亚人生活在加拿大,其他群体增长迅速,包括来自中东和韩国的人。

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The Canadian Economy
::加拿大经济

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Not surprisingly, Canada and the Unites States are each others’ largest trading partners. More than 80 percent of Canadian exports go to the United States and 70 percent of imports to Canada come from the United States. Except for some natural resource industries, most businesses are centered in Canadian cities to take advantage of the available labor force. Canada is rapidly moving toward a knowledge-based economy built on innovation and technology. Industries such as biotechnology and information technology are on the rise, and these are typically located in cities to facilitate partnering with universities and other researchers.
::毫不奇怪,加拿大和美联储是彼此最大的贸易伙伴。 加拿大出口的80%以上来自美国,加拿大进口的70%来自美国。 除了一些自然资源产业,大多数企业都集中在加拿大城市,以利用现有的劳动力。 加拿大正在迅速走向以创新和技术为基础的知识型经济。 生物技术和信息技术等行业正在增长,这些行业通常位于城市,以促进与大学和其他研究人员的合作。

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Although Canada is developing into a knowledge-based economy, the foundations of the Canadian economy have always been its abundant natural resources. Canada’s primary industries have traditionally been agriculture, fishing, mining, energy, and forestry. Success in tapping these natural resources for their economic benefit allowed the country to double in population since 1960 while the economy has increased sevenfold.
::尽管加拿大正在发展成知识型经济,但加拿大经济的基础始终是丰富的自然资源。 加拿大的初级工业传统上是农业、渔业、采矿业、能源和林业。 成功地开发这些自然资源以谋取经济利益使加拿大人口自1960年以来翻了一番,而经济却增长了七倍。

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The primary industries now make up less than 10 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP). Just as in the United States, the most dramatic structural change in the economy has been the rise of the service sector, which now employs about three-quarters of all Canadians and generates over 60 percent of the GDP. Canadian manufacturing has been a strong sector of the economy with close ties to the United States and multinational corporations.
::如今,初级产业占GDP(GDP)的不到10%。 与美国一样,经济中最剧烈的结构性变化是服务部门的崛起,服务业目前雇用了大约四分之三的加拿大人,占GDP的60%以上。 加拿大制造业是与美国和多国公司关系密切的强大经济部门。

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Canada’s economy is tightly tied to that of the United States. One of the best examples is how the Canadian economy fluctuates depending on whether the Canadian dollar is weak or strong compared with the US dollar. For example, in 2002, one American dollar was worth about $1.60 in Canada.
::加拿大经济与美国经济紧密相连。 最佳例子之一是加拿大经济如何波动取决于加拿大美元是否与美元相比疲软或坚挺。 比如,2002年,加拿大的美元价值约为160美元。

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For many years, the American dollar was much stronger on the world market than the Canadian dollar. Therefore, Canadian goods and labor were less expensive for Americans than comparable US labor and goods.
::多年来,美元在世界市场上比加拿大元强得多。 因此,加拿大的商品和劳动力对美国人来说比美国可比的劳动力和货物便宜得多。

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During the time of the weak Canadian dollar, many film and television industries moved to Canada to film television shows and movies because it was less expensive to do so in Canada. Many popular television shows and movies have been filmed in Canada, especially in Toronto and Vancouver.
::在加拿大美元疲软时期,许多电影和电视行业搬到加拿大拍摄电视节目和电影,因为加拿大的电影成本较低。 许多流行电视节目和电影在加拿大,特别是在多伦多和温哥华被拍摄。

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More recently, the value of the American dollar declined against other major currencies. The Canadian dollar remained strong, which meant that goods produced in Canada became much less affordable in the United States. This resulted in the television and film industries to move back south of the border and Canadian exports to the United States to decline.
::最近,美元对其他主要货币的汇率下跌,加拿大元保持坚挺,这意味着加拿大生产的商品在美国的价格要低得多,导致电视和电影业向边境以南转移,加拿大对美国的出口下降。

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 In 2007, the Canadian dollar and the US dollar became equal for the first time in 30 years. The two currencies continue to fluctuate with market values.
::2007年,加拿大元和美元30年来首次持平,两种货币继续随市场价值波动。

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NAFTA was one of the most significant economic events in North American history. For Canada, the agreement has meant more secure, stable access to US and Mexican markets. The agreement eliminated many tariffs; opened previously protected sectors in agriculture, energy, textiles, and automotive trade; and set specific rules for trade in services such as finance, transportation, and telecommunications. Perhaps most importantly for Canada, the agreement set rules for settling trade disputes.
::北美自由贸易协定是北美历史上最重要的经济事件之一。 对加拿大来说,该协议意味着更安全、更稳定地进入美国和墨西哥市场。 该协议取消了许多关税;在农业、能源、纺织品和汽车贸易中开放了以前受保护的部门;并为金融、运输和电信等服务贸易制定了具体规则。 也许最重要的是,该协议为加拿大规定了解决贸易争端的规则。

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The United States exerts a powerful influence on Canada in a variety of ways. Because of the geographical proximity of the two countries and the mostly shared language of English and cultural values, American trends tend to be adopted by Canadians. Nonetheless, Canadians differentiate themselves from Americans on legale issues, laws, and health care. For example, Canada has a governmet funded health care system that provides free services to its citizens. Canadians often point to this difference as one of the defining elements of their country.
::美国以各种方式对加拿大施加了强大的影响,由于两国地理位置相近,英语和文化价值观大多为共同语言,美国的趋势往往被加拿大人所采纳,然而,加拿大人却在法律问题、法律和保健方面与美国人有所区别,例如,加拿大有一个政府资助的医疗保健系统,向其公民提供免费服务,加拿大人经常指出这种差异是他们国家的一个决定性因素。

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Canada is a great consumer of American popular culture. Canadians listen to, watch, and read tremendous quantities of American music, television and movies, news, books, and other literature. Some Canadians believe that Canadian culture is in danger of being extinguished. In response to these concerns, a law was passed and a watchdog agency created so that a certain percentage of all radio and television programs being broadcasted from Canadian radio and television stations had to originate in Canada or have significant Canadian content.
::加拿大是美国大众文化的伟大消费者。 加拿大人聆听、观看和阅读大量的美国音乐、电视和电影、新闻、书籍和其他文学作品。 一些加拿大人认为加拿大文化面临被消灭的危险。 针对这些关切,通过了一项法律,并建立了一个监督机构,这样加拿大电台和电视台播放的所有电台和电视节目中一定比例的节目必须来自加拿大或者有相当数量的加拿大内容。

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Others were less worried about the impact of American pop culture on Canadian culture. This segment of the Canadian population felt that Canadians have long identified themselves in contrast to Americans. Therefore, consuming American books, newspapers, television shows, and movies would only give Canadians a better foundation of comparison, thus strengthening the Canadian identity and perception of Canadian culture.
::其他人对美国流行文化对加拿大文化的影响不那么担心。 这部分加拿大人认为加拿大人早已与美国人形成鲜明对比。 因此,消费美国书籍、报纸、电视节目和电影只会给加拿大人提供更好的比较基础,从而强化加拿大对加拿大文化的认同和认识。

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Vocabulary Terms
::词汇术语术语

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Applying Knowledge
::应用知识

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Interactive Notebook Activities
::互动笔记活动

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1. Identify where in the country most Canadians live and why.
   ::查明大多数加拿大人在该国居住的地方和原因。
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2. Identify the dominant physical features of Canada.
   ::查明加拿大的主要物理特征。
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3. Describe the relationship between the French-speaking and English-speaking areas of Canada. 
   ::说明加拿大法语区和英语区之间的关系。
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4. Explain the key activities used in an effort to promote French culture in Canada.
   ::解释在加拿大促进法国文化的主要活动。
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5. Name the characteristics of some of the minority ethnic groups in Canada.
   ::说明加拿大一些少数民族群体的特点。
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6. Describe which economic sectors are at the core of the Canadian economy.
   ::说明哪些经济部门是加拿大经济的核心。
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7. Describe how the Canadian and US economies are connected.
   ::说明加拿大和美国的经济是如何相互联系的。

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Discussion and Study Guide Questions
::讨论和研究指南问题

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1. Where do most of the people live in Canada? Why do they live where they do?
   ::大多数加拿大人住在哪里?为什么他们住在哪里?
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2. What is Canada’s capital city? What is Canada’s largest city?
   ::加拿大的首都是哪里?加拿大最大的城市是哪里?
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3. What is the difference in farming operations between the two main agricultural areas in Canada?
   ::加拿大两个主要农业地区之间在耕作作业上有什么区别?
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4. Where are large deposits of fossil fuels found in Canada? What are tar sands?
   ::在加拿大发现的大量矿物燃料储藏在哪里?什么是焦油沙?
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5. Where is the highest precipitation found in Canada? Where is the least amount of precipitation found in Canada? Explain this precipitation pattern.
   ::加拿大降水量最高的地方在哪里?加拿大降水量最少的地方在哪里?解释这种降水模式。
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6. Who were Canada’s main colonizers? How does the history of colonialism impact Canada today?
   ::加拿大的主要殖民者是谁? 殖民主义的历史今天对加拿大有何影响?
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7. Where have devolutionary forces been active but not totally successful? Where have devolutionary activities already taken place in Canada?
   ::权力移交部队在哪些地方积极活动,但并非完全成功?加拿大在哪些地方已经开展了权力移交活动?
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8. What problems might Quebec experience if it were to secede from the rest of Canada?
   ::如果魁北克脱离加拿大其他地区,会遇到什么问题?
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9. Where is Nunavut? Why is it a separate territory? Why do you think its capital city in located on the eastern coast of the territory?
   ::努纳武特在哪里?为什么它是单独的领土?你为什么认为其首都城位于该领土的东海岸?
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10. How are current Canadian immigrants impacting the cultural and ethnic makeup of the country?
    ::目前加拿大移民对国家的文化和族裔构成有何影响?

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Real-World Geography Exercises
::现实世界地理演习

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1. Using , locate each place on the bulleted list below.
   ::使用,在下面的子弹清单上 找到每个地方
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2. Using , determine the latitude and longitude for each location on the bulleted list below.
   ::使用,确定以下子弹列表中每个位置的纬度和经度。
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3. Be prepared to share and discuss your answers.
   ::准备分享和讨论你的答案

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Provinces and Territories
::省和领土

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• Alberta
  ::艾伯塔省
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• British Columbia
  ::不列颠哥伦比亚省
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• Manitoba
  ::马尼托巴省
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• New Brunswick
  ::新不伦瑞克省
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• Newfoundland
  ::纽芬兰
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• Northwest Territories
  ::西北领土
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• Nova Scotia
  ::新斯科舍省
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• Nunavut
  ::努纳武特
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• Ontario
  ::安大略省
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• Prince Edward Island
  ::爱德华王子岛
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• Quebec
  ::魁北克省
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• Saskatchewan
  ::萨斯喀彻温省
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• Yukon Territory
  ::育空地区

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Cities
::城市城市城市

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• Calgary
  ::卡尔数
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• Charlottetown
  ::夏洛特镇
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• Edmonton
  ::埃德蒙顿
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• Fredericton
  ::弗雷德里克顿
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• Halifax
  ::哈利法克斯
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• Iqaluit
  ::Iqaluit 光滑
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• Montreal
  ::蒙特利尔蒙特利尔
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• Ottawa
  ::渥太华
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• Quebec City
  ::魁北克市
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• Regina
  ::瑞金纳
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• Johns
  ::约翰
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• Toronto
  ::多伦多
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• Vancouver
  ::温哥华
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• Victoria
  ::维多利亚州
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• Whitehorse
  ::白马
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• Winnipeg
  ::温尼伯
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• Yellowknife
  ::黄刀

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Locations and Features
::地点和特点

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• Arctic Ocean
  ::北冰洋
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• Baffin Island
  ::巴芬岛
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• Canadian Shield
  ::加拿大盾牌公司
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• Coastal Ranges
  ::沿海区域
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• Elsmere Island
  ::埃尔斯米尔岛
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• Hudson Bay
  ::赫德森湾
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• Labrador
  ::拉布拉多
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• Rocky Mountains
  ::落岩山脉
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• Lawrence River
  ::劳伦斯河

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Mapping Exercise
::绘图绘制作业

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Videos for Geography Enrichment
::地理丰富视频

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Helpful Websites for the Study of Geography
::地理研究有用网站

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is an encyclopedia funded by the Canadian government covering all branches of knowledge.  Their scholarly collection includes interactive materials.
::该百科全书由加拿大政府资助,涵盖所有知识分支,其学术收藏包括交互式材料。

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provides information on the people, history, government, economy, energy, geography, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues for the world's entities.
::向世界各实体提供关于人民、历史、政府、经济、能源、地理、通信、运输、军事和跨国问题的资料。

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is a US government website where you can find federal legislation, past and present, as well as information about the US legal system.
::是一个美国政府的网站,您可以在此找到过去和现在的联邦立法以及关于美国法律制度的信息。

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is a government agency website that provides current news, resources, topics of interest, information about drugs, careers in the DEA, and a tip hotline.
::是一个政府机构网站,提供最新消息、资源、感兴趣的话题、毒品信息、在缉毒局的职业以及一条小费热线。

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is the largest library in the world and provides manuscripts, files, information, pictures, and videos.
::图书馆是世界上最大的图书馆,提供手稿、文件、信息、图片和录像。

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  is a US government agency website that allows users to search for and retrieve satellite images of Earth. 
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,用户可以搜索和检索地球的卫星图像。

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is a US government website that provides historical documents, photos, records, publications, and educator resources.
::这是一个美国政府网站,提供历史文件、照片、记录、出版物和教育资源。

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is a US government agency website that provides weather-related information and ocean research.
::是一个提供气象信息和海洋研究的美国政府机构网站。

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  is a website by the United States Geological Survey and other federal, state, and local agencies that deliver topographic information for the United States.
::这是美国地质调查局和其他联邦、州和地方机构为美国提供地形信息的网站。

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  is a massive central data source and a handy way to graphically compare nations.  
::是一个庞大的中央数据源,是用图形比较国家的一种方便方式。

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is a website that measures most locations in the world for air pollution in real time.
::是一个实时测量世界上大多数空气污染地点的网站。

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  is a unique statistical database, which allows you to research and compare a multitude of different data on US states. 
::这是一个独特的统计数据库, 使你能够研究和比较关于美国各州的多种不同数据。

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is an international organization founded in 1945 and made up of 193 member states. The UN maintains international peace and security, protects human rights, delivers humanitarian aid, promotes sustainable development, and upholds international law.
::联合国是一个国际组织,成立于1945年,由193个成员国组成。 联合国维护国际和平与安全,保护人权,提供人道主义援助,促进可持续发展,维护国际法。

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 is a US government agency that provides a population clock, data, surveys, statistics, a library with information and infographics, news about the economy, and much more. 
::这是一个美国政府机构,它提供人口钟、数据、调查、统计、一个拥有信息和信息资料的图书馆、关于经济的新闻,以及更多。

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is a US government agency website that provides scientific information about the natural hazards that threaten lives, the natural resources we rely on, the health of our ecosystems and environment, and the impacts of climate and land-use change.
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,提供科学信息,说明威胁生命的自然危害、我们赖以生存的自然资源、生态系统和环境的健康以及气候和土地使用变化的影响。

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is a US government website that provides the latest presidential news, information about the budget, policy, defense, and many more topics.
::提供最新总统新闻、预算、政策、国防等资讯, 以及更多议题。

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is under the United Nations and provides leadership on matters critical to health, shapes the research agenda on health, and monitors the health situation and assessing health trends around the world. Their website provides information on the state of health around the world, outbreaks, current health news, and more.
::网站提供世界各地卫生状况、疫情爆发、最新卫生新闻等信息。

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is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The website provides information on the history of the multilateral trading system, featured videos, news and events, trade topics, and more.
::该网站提供关于多边贸易体系历史的信息、视频、新闻和事件、贸易专题等等。

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References
::参考参考资料

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