加勒比(1天)

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Student Learning Objectives
::学生学习目标

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The Caribbean's Physical Characteristics
::加勒比的物理特征

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The regions of Middle America and South America, including the Caribbean, follow similar colonial patterns of invasion, dominance, and development by outside European powers. The Caribbean Basin is often divided into the Greater Antilles and the Lesser Antilles (the bigger islands and the smaller islands, respectively). The Greater Antilles includes the four large islands of Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico. The Lesser Antilles are in the eastern and southern region.
::中美和南美地区,包括加勒比地区在内,采取类似的殖民侵略、统治和由外部欧洲大国发展的模式,加勒比盆地往往分为大安的列斯群岛和小安的列斯群岛(分别为较大的岛屿和较小的岛屿),大安的列斯群岛包括古巴、牙买加、伊斯帕尼奥拉和波多黎各四大岛屿,小安的列斯群岛位于东部和南部地区。

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The Bahamas are located in the Atlantic Ocean, not in the Caribbean Sea. They are usually associated with the Caribbean region and are often associated with the Lesser Antilles. Middle America can be divided into two geographic areas according to occupational activities and colonial dynamics. The rimland includes the Caribbean islands and the Caribbean coastal areas of Central America. The mainland includes the interior of Mexico and Central America.
::巴哈马位于大西洋,不是加勒比海,通常与加勒比区域有关,而且往往与小安的列斯群岛有关,根据职业活动和殖民动态,中美可分为两个地理区域,包括加勒比岛屿和中美洲加勒比沿海地区,大陆包括墨西哥和中美洲内陆。

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Many of the Caribbean islands experience the rain shadow effect. Jamaica has as much as a 20-inch difference in rainfall between the north side and south side of the island because most of the rain falls on the north side, where the prevailing winds hit the island. The Blue Mountains on the eastern part of the island provide a rain shadow effect. Puerto Rico has a tropical rain forest on the northeastern part of the island, which receives a large amount of rainfall.
::牙买加岛北侧和南侧降雨量相差20英寸,因为大雨落在北侧,该岛受到风吹,该岛东部的蓝山产生了雨影效应,波多黎各岛东北部有热带雨林,那里降雨量很大。

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The rain shadow effect creates semi-desert conditions on the southwestern side of Puerto Rico because the southwestern side receives little rainfall. Low elevation islands such as the Bahamas do not receive as much rain because they are not high enough to affect the precipitation patterns of rain clouds.
::降雨阴影效应在波多黎各西南端造成了半沙漠状况,因为西南一侧的降雨量很少。 像巴哈马这样的低海拔岛屿没有降雨量,因为它们的降雨量不足以影响雨云的降水模式。

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European Colonialism in the Caribbean
::加勒比的欧洲殖民主义

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The Spanish were not the only Europeans to take advantage of colonial expansion in the Caribbean. The English, French, Dutch, and other Europeans followed. Most of the European colonial countries were located on the west coast of Europe, which had a seafaring heritage. This included smaller countries such as Denmark, Sweden, and Belgium. The Caribbean Basin became an active region for European ships to enter and vie for possession of each island.
::西班牙不是利用加勒比殖民扩张的唯一欧洲人,其次是英语、法语、荷兰语和其他欧洲人,大多数欧洲殖民国家位于具有航海传统的欧洲西海岸,包括丹麦、瑞典和比利时等较小的国家,加勒比盆地成为欧洲船只进入和争夺每个岛屿的活跃地区。

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Many of the Caribbean islands changed hands several times before finally being secured as established colonies (see "Historical Caribbean Colonizers"). The languages, religions, and economic activities of the colonized islands reflected those of the European colonizers rather than those of the native people who had inhabited the islands originally.
::许多加勒比岛屿在最终成为既定殖民地(见“历史上的加勒比殖民地 ” ) 之前多次改变手势。 殖民岛屿的语言、宗教和经济活动反映了欧洲殖民者的语言、宗教和经济活动,而不是原先居住在这些岛屿上的原住民的语言、宗教和经济活动。

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The four main colonial powers in the Caribbean were the Spanish, English, Dutch, and French. Other countries that held possession of various islands at different times were Portugal, Sweden, and Denmark. The United States became a colonial power when they gained Cuba and Puerto Rico as a result of the . The US Virgin Islands were purchased from Denmark in 1918. Sweden controlled the island of St. Barthelemy from 1784 to 1878 before trading it back to the French, who had been the original colonizer. Portugal originally colonized Barbados before abandoning it to the British.
::加勒比的四大殖民国家是西班牙、英国、荷兰和法国,其他在不同时期拥有不同岛屿的国家是葡萄牙、瑞典和丹麦。美国由于获得古巴和波多黎各而成为殖民国家。美属维尔京群岛是1918年从丹麦购买的。瑞典从1784年到1878年控制了圣巴特莱米岛,然后将其卖给了原殖民者——法国人。葡萄牙在将巴巴多斯殖民归英国之前,先将其殖民化。

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Historical Caribbean Colonizers
::历史性的加勒比殖民地化石

播放段落 Colonizer ::溶化剂	播放段落 European colonies ::欧洲殖民地
播放段落 Spain ::西班牙 西班牙 西班牙 西班牙 西班牙 西班牙	播放段落 Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico ::古巴、多米尼加共和国、波多黎各
播放段落 British ::英 英 英	播放段落 Bahamas, Jamaica, Cayman Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands, Antigua, Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Grenada, Barbados, Virgin Islands, Trinidad and Tobago, Montserrat, Anguilla, St. Kitts and Nevis ::巴哈马、牙买加、开曼群岛、特克斯和凯科斯群岛、安提瓜、多米尼克、圣卢西亚、圣文森特、格林纳达、巴巴多斯、维尔京群岛、特立尼达和多巴哥、蒙特塞拉特、安圭拉、圣基茨和尼维斯
播放段落 Dutch ::荷兰语荷兰语Name荷兰语Name	播放段落 Curacao, Bonaire, Aruba, St. Eustatius, Saba and Sint Maarten (south half) ::库拉索、博内尔、阿鲁巴、圣尤斯塔歇斯、萨巴和圣马丁岛(南半)
播放段落 French ::法语 法语 法语	播放段落 Haiti, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Martin (north half), St. Barthelemy ::海地、瓜德罗普、马提尼克、圣马丁(上半)、圣巴塞莱米
播放段落 United States ::美国 美国 美国 美国	播放段落 Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Cuba ::波多黎各、美属维尔京群岛、古巴

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Colonialism drastically altered the ethnic makeup of the Caribbean. Amerindians were almost eliminated after the arrival of Africans, Europeans, and Asians. Those of European descent are at the top of the socio-economic pyramid and control a higher percentage of wealth and power, even though they are a minority of the population. In the Caribbean, the middle class includes mulattos, or people with both African and European heritage. Many mulattos hold positions as managers, businesspeople, and professionals in the world of business.
::殖民主义极大地改变了加勒比地区的种族构成:在非洲人、欧洲人和亚洲人抵达后,美洲印第安人几乎被消灭;欧洲后裔在社会经济金字塔上位居前列,并控制着更高比例的财富和权力,尽管他们是人口中的少数;在加勒比地区,中产阶级包括穆拉托人或拥有非洲和欧洲遗产的人;许多穆拉托人在商业界担任经理、商人和专业人员。

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In some countries, such as Haiti, the minority mulatto segment of the population makes up the power base and holds a political and economic advantage over the rest of the country. The working poor at the bottom of the socio-economic pyramid make up most of the population. In the Caribbean, the lower economic class contains the highest percentage of people of African heritage
::在一些国家,例如海地,人口中的少数民族穆拉托人构成权力基础,在政治和经济上优于该国其他地区,在社会经济金字塔底部工作的穷人占人口的大多数。 在加勒比地区,低经济阶层中非洲遗产人口的比例最高。

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Not only was colonialism what brought many Africans to the Caribbean through the slave trade, but it brought many people from Asia as well. Once slavery became illegal, the colonial powers brought indentured laborers to the Caribbean from their Asian colonies. Cuba was the destination for over 100,000 Chinese workers. The first Chinatown in the Western Hemisphere happened in Havana. Laborers from the British colonies of India and other parts of South Asia arrived by ship in various British colonies in the Caribbean. At the present time, about 40 percent of the population of Trinidad has South Asian heritage, and a large number follow the faith.
::殖民主义不仅使许多非洲人通过奴隶贸易来到加勒比,而且还使许多亚洲人来到加勒比。一旦奴隶制成为非法,殖民国家就从亚洲殖民地将契约劳工带到加勒比。古巴是100 000多名中国工人的目的地。西半球的第一个中国城发生在哈瓦那。印度英属殖民地和南亚其他地区的劳工乘船抵达加勒比各英属殖民地。目前,特立尼达和多巴哥约有40%的人口拥有南亚遗产,许多人信奉这种信仰。

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The Greater Antilles
::大安的列斯群岛

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Cuba
::古巴 古巴 古巴 古巴 古巴

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The largest island in the Greater Antilles is . It was transformed by the power of colonialism, the transition to plantation agriculture, and a socialist revolution. The island country of Cuba is slightly smaller in size than the US state of Pennsylvania. The elongated island has the Sierra Maestra mountains on its eastern end, the Escambray Mountains in the center, and the Western Karst region in the west, near Viñales. Low hills and fertile valleys cover more than half the island. The pristine waters of the Caribbean that surround the island make for some of the most attractive tourist locations in the Caribbean region.
::大安的列斯群岛最大的岛屿是大安的列斯群岛。它被殖民主义的力量、向种植园农业的过渡和社会主义革命所改变。古巴岛国的面积略小于美国宾夕法尼亚州的面积。长岛东端有梅斯特拉山脉,中部有埃斯坎布雷山脉,西部有西卡尔斯特地区,比尼亚莱斯附近有西部,低山和肥沃的山谷覆盖了岛屿一半以上。环绕岛屿的加勒比原始水域为加勒比地区一些最有吸引力的旅游地点提供了条件。

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Approximately 100,000 Amerindians inhabited Cuba when Christopher Columbus first landed on the island in 1492. Except for brief control by the British, the island was a Spanish colony until 1898. Plantation agriculture was established, and slaves provided the labor. History indicates that more than 800,000 African slaves were brought to Cuba between 1800 and 1870. Slave labor was in high demand on the extensive sugar plantations that dominated the island’s economy.
::1492年克里斯托弗·哥伦布首次在古巴登陆时,约有10万美洲印第安人居住在古巴。 除了英国人短暂控制外,该岛直到1898年一直是西班牙殖民地。 种植农业已经建立,奴隶提供了劳动力。 历史表明,1800年至1870年,有80多万非洲奴隶被带往古巴。 奴隶劳动对主导古巴经济的大片食糖种植园的需求很高。

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The African influence can still be witnessed today in the main religion of the island, Santeria, which is an overlay of African-based spirits on top of Catholic saints. At the present time, an estimated 70 percent of Cubans practice some aspect of Santeria.
::今天,在该岛的主要宗教桑泰里亚(Santeria)上仍然可以看到非洲的影响。 桑泰里亚是天主教圣徒之上的非洲精神的包罗万象。 目前,估计70%的古巴人信奉桑泰里亚的某些方面。

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With the defeat of Spain in the Spanish-American War, the United States gained possession of the Spanish possessions of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines, and various other islands. Cuba became independent in 1902, but it remained under US influence for decades.
::随着西班牙在西班牙-美国战争中的失败,美国获得了西班牙拥有的古巴、波多黎各、关岛、菲律宾和其他岛屿的西班牙财产。 1902年,古巴独立,但几十年来一直受到美国的影响。

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Sugar plantations and the sugar industry came to be owned and operated by US interests, and wealthy Americans bought up large haciendas, farmland, and family estates, as well as industrial and business operations. Organized crime syndicates operated many of the nightclubs and casinos in Havana.
::糖种植园和糖业归美国利益集团所有和经营,富人美国人购买了大庄园、农田和家庭庄园,以及工业和商业活动。 有组织的犯罪集团在哈瓦那经营许多夜总会和赌场。

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The Cuban Revolution
::古巴革命

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In January of 1934, with the encouragement of the US government, Fulgencio Batista led a coup that took control of the Cuban government. Fidel Castro, once a prisoner under Batista and having fled to Mexico in exile for a number of years, returned to Cuba to start a revolution. Joining him were his brother Raúl Castro and revolutionaries such as Che Guevara. Starting in the remote and rugged Sierra Maestra in the east, Castro rallied the support of the Cuban people. By the end of 1958, the Cuban Revolution brought down the US-backed Batista government. Castro gained power and had the support of most of the Cuban population.
::1934年1月,在美国政府的鼓励下,Fulgencio Batista领导了一场控制古巴政府的政变。 菲德尔·卡斯特罗曾是巴蒂斯塔的俘虏,流亡到墨西哥多年,后来又回到墨西哥,回到古巴开始一场革命。他的兄弟劳尔·卡斯特罗和革命家,如Che Guevara也加入了他。 从东部偏远和崎岖不平的Sierra Maestra开始,卡斯特罗团结了古巴人民的支持。到1958年底,古巴革命推翻了美国支持的巴蒂斯塔政府。卡斯特罗赢得了政权,并得到了大多数古巴人民的支持。

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Castro worked to recover Cuba for Cubans. The government cleared rampant gambling from the island, forcing organized crime operations to shut down or move back to the United States. Castro nationalized all foreign landholdings and the sugar plantations, as well as all the utilities, port facilities, and other industries.  Foreign ownership of land and businesses in Cuba was forbidden. Large estates, once owned by rich US families were taken over and recovered for Cuban purposes.
::卡斯特罗努力为古巴人收复古巴。 政府清除了岛上猖獗的赌博活动,迫使有组织犯罪行动关闭或迁回美国。 卡斯特罗将所有外国土地所有者和糖种植园以及所有公用事业、港口设施和其他行业国有化。 禁止外国拥有古巴的土地和企业。 一旦富裕的美国家庭拥有大庄园,就为了古巴的目的而接管和收回。

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The United States Embargo Era
::美国禁运时代

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Castro’s policy of seizing and nationalizing businesses and property raised concerns in the United States. As a result, US President Dwight D. Eisenhower severed diplomatic relations with Cuba in 1960. He issued an executive order implementing a partial trade embargo to prohibit the importation of Cuban goods. Later presidents implemented a full-scale embargo, restricting travel and trade with Cuba. In March 1960, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) trained Cuban exiles for an , on the south side of the island. This failed invasion of the Bay of Pigs attempt only resulted in consolidating the Cuban people’s support for Castro and his socialist government.
::卡斯特罗扣押企业和财产并将其国有化的政策在美国引起了人们的关切。 结果,美国总统德怀特·艾森豪威尔于1960年断绝了与古巴的外交关系。他发布了一项行政命令,实施部分贸易禁运,禁止进口古巴货物。后来的总统实施了全面禁运,限制与古巴的旅行和贸易。 1960年3月,中央情报局(CIA)训练古巴流亡者在该岛南岸进行一项活动。 入侵猪湾的失败只能巩固古巴人民对卡斯特罗及其社会主义政府的支持。

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To deter any further US plans of invading or destabilizing Cuba, Castro sought economic and military assistance from the Soviet Union. Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev agreed to secretly send missiles armed with nuclear weapons capable of hitting targets within the United States. In September 1962, US spy planes identified the missile sites. On October 22, 1962, President John F. Kennedy announced a naval blockade of the island and informed Khrushchev that any Soviet ship crossing the blockade would be sunk.
::为了阻止美国进一步入侵或破坏古巴稳定的计划,卡斯特罗寻求苏联的经济和军事援助。 苏联总理赫鲁晓夫同意秘密发送携带核武器、能够打击美国境内目标的导弹。 1962年9月,美国间谍飞机确定了导弹发射地点。 1962年10月22日,肯尼迪总统宣布对该岛实行海上封锁,并通知赫鲁晓夫任何越过封锁的苏联船只将被击沉。

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At the last second, the two leaders resolved this dispute (called the ) before it erupted into a potential nuclear war. Khrushchev recalled the ships and agreed to dismantle the Cuban missile sites. In return, the United States agreed not to invade Cuba and to remove US missiles from sites in Turkey that were aimed at the Soviet Union.
::最后,两位领导人在这场争端爆发成为潜在核战争之前就解决了这一争端(所谓的“争端 ” ) 。 赫鲁晓夫召回了这两艘船,并同意拆除古巴导弹发射场。 作为回报,美国同意不入侵古巴,从土耳其境内针对苏联的导弹发射场撤出美国导弹。

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The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 caused a downturn in Cuba’s economy. With the loss of Soviet aid, the 1990s was a period of transition for Cubans. Castro turned to tourism and foreign investment to shore up his failing economy. Tensions between the United States and Cuba did not improve. In 1996, the United States strengthened the trade embargo with the Helms-Burton Act.
::1991年苏联的崩溃导致了古巴经济的衰退。 随着苏联援助的丧失,1990年代是古巴人转型的时期。 卡斯特罗转向旅游和外国投资来支撑其衰败的经济。 美国和古巴之间的紧张局势并没有改善。 1996年,美国通过《赫尔姆斯-伯顿法案》加强了贸易禁运。

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At the turn of the 21st century, Cuba emerged as the lone Communist state in the Americas. Castro was the longest-governing leader of any country in the world. He never kept his promises of holding free elections. Rather, he cracked down on dissent and suppressed free speech. He turned over power to his brother Raúl in 2006.
::21世纪初,古巴成为美洲唯一的共产主义国家。 卡斯特罗是世界上任何一个国家执政时间最长的领袖,他从未履行过举行自由选举的承诺。 相反,他镇压了不同意见,压制了言论自由。 2006年,他将权力移交给了兄弟劳尔。

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A Post-Castro Cuba
::Castro后古巴

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With Fidel Castro no longer in power, Cuba’s future looks positive, though difficult. The island has natural resources, a great climate, and an excellent location but is also struggling economically. Cuba has standardized health care, though medical supplies are often in short supply. The Cubans who live in dire poverty look to the future for relief. Personal freedoms have been marginal, and reforms are slowly taking place in the post-Fidel era.
::随着菲德尔·卡斯特罗不再掌权,古巴的未来看起来是积极的,尽管困难重重。 该岛拥有自然资源、巨大的气候和极好的地理位置,但也在经济上挣扎。 古巴有标准化的医疗保健,尽管医疗用品往往短缺。 生活在赤贫中的古巴人期待未来获得救济。 个人自由一直处于边缘地位,改革正在菲德尔后时代缓慢进行。

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As the largest island in the Caribbean, Cuba has the potential to become an economic power for the region. There is vast US interest in regaining US dominance of the Cuban economy and corporate colonialists would like to profit from Cuba’s economic potential. Keeping corporate colonialism out is what Fidel’s socialist experiment worked so hard to achieve, even at the expense of depriving the Cuban people of civil rights and economic reforms.
::作为加勒比最大的岛屿,古巴具有成为该地区经济强国的潜力。 美国对重新获得美国在古巴经济中的主导地位有着巨大的兴趣,而公司殖民主义者也希望从古巴的经济潜力中获益。 将企业殖民主义排除在外是菲德尔的社会主义实验所付出的艰苦努力,即使牺牲了古巴人民的公民权利和经济改革。

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Cuba today is in transition from a socialist to a more capitalist economy and relies on outside sources for energy and food. In 2008, the average wage in Cuba was about $20 dollars per month. There was almost total employment, and everyone had equal access to free health care, education, and housing. At the same time, the underground informal economy was thriving and was pushing the formal economy to make changes.
::如今,古巴正从社会主义经济向资本主义经济转型,并依赖外部能源和粮食资源。 2008年,古巴平均工资约为每月20美元。 几乎全部就业,人人都有平等获得免费医疗、教育和住房的机会。 与此同时,地下非正规经济蓬勃发展,推动正规经济进行变革。

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Raúl Castro declared that workers with different skills and occupations could earn wages at varying levels. Cubans are now allowed to have cell phones and computers, though Internet access has been restricted by the Cuban government. More goods and money are being brought in from Cuban family members who live in the United States. The US government grants general licenses to allow a number of categories of people to travel to Cuba. It is only a matter of time before full travel restrictions are lifted.
::劳尔·卡斯特罗宣布,具有不同技能和职业的工人可以赚取不同水平的工资,现在允许古巴人拥有手机和电脑,尽管古巴政府限制人们上网,但古巴人现在可以使用手机和电脑,更多的货物和金钱是从居住在美国的古巴家庭成员那里引进的,美国政府发放一般许可证,允许一些类别的人到古巴旅行,取消全部旅行限制只是时间问题。

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Cuba is counting on tourism for an added economic boost. With some of the finest beaches and the clearest waters in the Caribbean, Cuba is a magnet for tourists and water sports enthusiasts. Its countryside is full of wonders and scenic areas. The beautiful Viñales Valley in western Cuba has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its outstanding karst landscape and traditional agriculture as well as for its architecture, crafts, and music. Karst topography is made up of soluble rock, such as limestone. The karst in the Viñales Valley results in unusual bread loaf–shaped hills that create a scenic landscape attractive for tourism.  This region is also one of Cuba’s best tobacco-growing areas and has great potential for economic development.
::古巴依靠旅游业来增加经济刺激。 由于加勒比一些最好的海滩和最清澈的水域,古巴是游客和水体育爱好者的磁石。 其农村充满奇景和风景。 古巴西部美丽的比尼亚莱斯谷被列为教科文组织世界遗产所在地,以展示其杰出的卡斯特风景和传统农业以及建筑、工艺和音乐。 卡斯特地形由可溶性岩石(如石灰石)组成。 维尼亚莱斯谷的卡斯特造就了不寻常的面包面包 — — 形状的山坡,为旅游业创造了吸引人心的风景。 该地区也是古巴最好的烟草种植区之一,具有巨大的经济发展潜力。

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Cuba is gearing up for an increase in tourism when travel restrictions are lifted by the United States. There is already a focus on improving tourism services to people traveling there from China, Australia, Japan, and other countries. Millions more from the United States are expected to travel to Cuba as well. The Cuban economy is banking on tourism to forge a path to a more prosperous future.
::古巴正在准备在美国取消旅行限制时增加旅游业,古巴已经将重点放在改善对来自中国、澳大利亚、日本和其他国家的游客的旅游服务上,预计美国还将有数百万人前往古巴,古巴经济正在旅游业上投资,以开辟通往更繁荣未来的道路。

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The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
::波多黎各自由邦

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Populated for centuries by Amerindian peoples, the island of was claimed by the Spanish Crown in 1493, following Columbus’s second voyage to the Americas. In 1898, after 400 years of colonial rule, Puerto Rico was ceded to the United States as a result of the Spanish-American War. Puerto Ricans were granted US citizenship in 1917. Popularly elected governors have served since 1948. In 1952, a constitution was enacted providing for internal self-government. In elections held in 1967, 1993, and 1998, Puerto Rican voters chose to retain the commonwealth status, although they were almost evenly split between total independence and becoming a US state.
::在哥伦布第二次前往美洲之后,1493年,西班牙王室将美洲岛称为西班牙王室拥有的美洲岛屿。 1898年,经过400年的殖民统治,波多黎各被割让给美国。 1917年,波多黎各人被授予美国公民身份。 1948年以来,民选总督一直任职。 1952年,颁布了规定内部自治的宪法。 在1967年、1993年和1998年举行的选举中,波多黎各选民选择保留联邦地位,尽管他们几乎在完全独立和成为美国州之间均分。

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Puerto Rico is the smallest of the four islands of the Greater Antilles and is only slightly larger than the US state of Delaware. Puerto Rico’s population is about four million, similar to the population of Oregon. As US citizens, Puerto Ricans have no travel or employment restrictions anywhere in the United States, and about one million Puerto Ricans live in New York City alone. The commonwealth arrangement allows Puerto Ricans to be US citizens without paying federal income taxes, but they cannot vote in US presidential elections. The Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act governs the island and awards it considerable autonomy.
::波多黎各是大安的列斯群岛四个岛屿中最小的波多黎各,仅略高于美国特拉华州。 波多黎各人口约400万,与俄勒冈州人口相似。 作为美国公民,波多黎各人在美国任何地方都没有旅行或就业限制,只有纽约市有大约100万波多黎各人居住。 联邦安排允许波多黎各人成为美国公民而不缴纳联邦所得税,但他们不能在美国总统选举中投票。 《波多黎各联邦关系法》管理该岛屿,并授予它相当大的自治权。

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Puerto Rico has one of the most dynamic economies in the Caribbean Basin. However, about 60 percent of its population lives below the poverty line. A diverse industrial sector has surpassed agriculture as the primary area of economic activity. Encouraged by duty-free access to the United States and by tax incentives, US firms have invested heavily in Puerto Rico since the 1950s.
::波多黎各是加勒比海盆地最具活力的经济体之一,但约60%的人口生活在贫困线以下。 多样化的工业部门已经超越农业作为经济活动的主要领域。 在免税进入美国和税收优惠的鼓励下,美国公司自1950年代以来在波多黎各进行了大量投资。

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Sugar production has lost out to dairy production and other livestock products as the main source of income in the agricultural sector. Tourism has traditionally been an important source of income, with estimated arrivals of more than five million tourists a year. San Juan is the number one port for cruise ships in the Caribbean. The US government also subsidizes Puerto Rico’s economy with financial aid.
::制糖产品损失了作为农业部门主要收入来源的奶制品生产和其他畜牧产品。 旅游业历来是一个重要的收入来源,估计每年有500多万游客抵达。 圣胡安是加勒比游轮头号港口。 美国政府也以财政援助补贴波多黎各经济。

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The future of Puerto Rico as a political unit remains unclear. Some in Puerto Rico want independence, and others would like to become the 51st US state. The commonwealth status is a compromise. Puerto Rico is not an independent country as a result of colonialism. Many of the islands and colonies in the Caribbean Basin have experienced dynamics similar to Puerto Rico in that they are still under the political jurisdiction of a country that colonized them.
::波多黎各作为一个政治单位的未来仍然不明朗。 波多黎各有些人希望独立,其他人则希望成为美国第51个州。 联邦地位是一种妥协。 波多黎各不是殖民主义造成的独立国家。 加勒比海盆地的许多岛屿和殖民地都经历了与波多黎各类似的动态,因为它们仍然处于殖民国家的政治管辖之下。

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The Dominican Republic
::多米尼加共和国 多米尼加共和国

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Sharing the island of Hispaniola are the two countries of the and . The island became a possession of Spain under European colonialism after it was visited by Columbus in 1492 and 1493. The Tiano-Arawak people were nonviolent and welcomed the Europeans, who subjugated and enslaved them. French buccaneers settled on the western portion of Hispaniola and started growing tobacco and agricultural crops. France and Spain finally agreed to divide the island into two colonies. The western side would be French, and the eastern side would be Spanish.
::在哥伦布于1492年和1493年访问后,该岛成为西班牙在欧洲殖民主义统治下拥有的。天诺-阿拉瓦克人非暴力地欢迎征服和奴役他们的欧洲人。法国的布卡内人定居在伊斯帕尼奥拉西部,开始种植烟草和农作物。法国和西班牙最终同意将该岛分为两个殖民地。西边是法国,东边是西班牙。

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The Dominican Republic holds the largest share of Hispaniola. A former Spanish colony, the Dominican Republic has weathered the storms of history to become a relatively stable democratic country. The Dominican Republic has long been viewed primarily as an exporter of sugar, coffee, and tobacco, but in recent years the service sector has overtaken agriculture as the economy’s largest employer.
::多米尼加共和国拥有西班牙前殖民地,多米尼加共和国经历了历史风暴,成为相对稳定的民主国家。 长期以来,多米尼加共和国主要被视为糖、咖啡和烟草出口国,但近年来,服务业已超越农业,成为经济的最大雇主。

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The mountainous interior and the coastal beaches are attractive to the tourism market, and tourism remains the main source of economic income. The economy is highly dependent on the United States, which is the destination for nearly 60 percent of its exports. Remittances from workers in the United States sent back to their families on the island contribute much to the economy.
::山区内地和沿海海滩对旅游市场具有吸引力,旅游业仍然是经济收入的主要来源。 经济高度依赖美国,美国出口近60%的目的地。 美国工人寄回岛上家人的汇款对经济贡献很大。

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The country suffers from marked income inequality. The poorest half of the population receives less than one-fifth of the gross domestic product (GDP), while the richest 10 percent enjoys nearly 40 percent of GDP. High unemployment and underemployment remain an important long-term challenge. The came into play in March 2007, boosting investment and exports and reducing losses to the Asian garment industry. In addition, the global economic downturn has hurt the Dominican Republic.
::国内收入明显不平等,最贫穷的半数人口获得的国内生产总值不到五分之一,而最富有的10%人口获得的国内生产总值近40%,高失业率和就业不足仍然是一个长期的重要挑战。 2007年3月,这一挑战开始增加投资和出口,减少亚洲服装业的损失。 此外,全球经济下滑对多米尼加共和国造成了伤害。

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Plantation agriculture thrived in Haiti during the colonial era, producing sugar, coffee, and other cash crops. The local labor pool was insufficient to expand plantation operations, so French colonists brought in thousands of African slaves to work the plantations. People of African descent soon outnumbered Europeans. Haiti became one of the most profitable French colonies in the world with some of the highest sugar production of the time.
::在殖民时代,种植农业在海地蓬勃发展,生产糖、咖啡和其他经济作物。 当地劳动力储备不足以扩大种植园经营,因此法国殖民者把成千上万的非洲奴隶带到种植园工作。 非洲裔人的数量很快超过了欧洲人。 海地是世界上盈利最丰厚的法国殖民地之一,当时的糖产量最高。

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A slave revolt that began in 1792 finally defeated the French forces, and Haiti became an independent country in 1804. It was the first country ever to be ruled by former slaves. However, the transition to a fully functional free state was difficult. Racked by corruption and political conflicts, few presidents in the first 100 years ever served a full term in office.
::1792年开始的奴隶起义最终击败了法国军队,海地于1804年成为独立的国家。 海地是有史以来第一个由前奴隶统治的国家。 但是,向完全自由的国家过渡是困难的。 腐败和政治冲突使海地总统人数少之又少,在最初100年中,他的任期是满的。

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Haiti
::海地海地海地海地海地,海地,海地,海地,海地,海地,海地,海地,海地,海地,海地,海地,海地,海地,海地,海地,海地,海地,海地海地,海地,海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地海地

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The United States occupied Haiti from 1915 to 1934 in an attempt to instill a US presence and bring some sense of stability. From 1957 to 1986, Dr. François “Papa Doc” Duvalier and then his son Jean-Claude “Baby Doc” Duvalier controlled the government. They created a private army and terrorist death squads known as Tonton Macoutes. Many Haitians fled to the United States or Canada, especially to French-speaking Quebec. After the Duvalier era, a Catholic priest by the name of Jean-Bertrand Aristide won the presidency through democratic elections only to be deposed of by a military coup a few years later. Haiti has had a difficult time finding political and economic stability.
::1915年至1934年,美国占领海地,企图培养美国的存在,并带来某种稳定感。1957年至1986年,弗朗索瓦·“帕帕·多克”杜瓦利埃博士和他的儿子让-克洛德·“巴比·多克”杜瓦利埃控制了政府。他们创建了私人军队和恐怖行刑队,称为通顿·马苏特斯。许多海地人逃往美国或加拿大,特别是讲法语的魁北克。在杜瓦利埃时代之后,一位名叫让·贝特朗·阿里斯蒂德的天主教神父通过民主选举赢得了总统职位,但几年后才被军事政变推翻。海地在寻找政治和经济稳定方面经历了困难的时期。

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Haiti is the poorest nation in the Western Hemisphere, and many Haitians live in dire poverty with few employment opportunities. An elite upper-class minority controls the bulk of the nation’s wealth. Many people in Haiti have sought comfort in Voodou (Voodoo), a religious practice steeped in African beliefs brought over with the slave trade. Often misunderstood by outsiders, Voodou’s main objective is to bring good health and well-being.
::海地是西半球最贫穷的国家,许多海地人生活在赤贫之中,就业机会很少。 精英高阶层少数民族控制着国家大部分财富。 海地许多人在沃杜(Voodoo)寻求安慰。 沃杜(Voodoo)是奴隶贸易带来的非洲信仰中弥漫的宗教习俗。 外人往往误解了沃杜(Voodo)的主要目标,就是带来良好的健康和福祉。

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Haiti’s January 12, 2010 earthquake was a major setback for such a poor country that was already in need of aid and support. The 7.0 magnitude earthquake, with many aftershocks, struck Haiti about 15 miles from Port-Au-Prince, resulting in as many as 200,000 deaths. More than two million were immediately homeless, and about one million more were in need of aid. The lack of building standards in Haiti contributed to the collapse of structures and the devastation. Food and other aid were brought in by many international agencies and other countries to address the situation. Efforts continue to address the needs of the Haitian people to stabilize the situation and provide support and future opportunities.
::2010年1月12日的海地地震对一个已经需要援助和支持的贫穷国家来说是一个重大挫折。 7:0规模的地震,加上许多余震,袭击了离太子港约15英里的海地,造成多达20万人死亡。 200多万人立即无家可归,还有约100万人需要援助。海地缺乏建筑标准,导致结构崩溃和破坏。许多国际机构和其他国家为解决这一问题提供了粮食和其他援助。 海地人民需要稳定局势,提供支持和未来机会。

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 Jamaica
::牙买加 牙买加 牙买加

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The tropical island of is physically smaller than the US state of Connecticut. In 2017, the estimated population was close to 3 million people. Jamaica was settled by the Spanish early in the 16th century. The Taino Indians, who had inhabited Jamaica for centuries, were gradually eradicated and replaced by African slaves. When England seized the island from Spain in 1655, it established a plantation economy based on sugar, cocoa, and coffee.
::热带岛屿的实际规模小于美国康涅狄格州。 2017年,估计人口近300万人。 牙买加在16世纪初由西班牙人定居。 几个世纪以来一直居住在牙买加的泰诺印第安人逐渐被消灭,并被非洲奴隶所取代。 当英国于1655年从西班牙占领该岛时,建立了以糖、可可和咖啡为基础的种植园经济。

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Two hundred years later (1834), the abolition of slavery freed about 250,000 slaves, many of whom became small farmers. Jamaica gradually obtained independence from Britain, with full independence achieved in 1962. Sugar, cocoa, and coffee production continue on the island. The Blue Mountains of eastern Jamaica are known for their Blue Mountain coffee production.
::在二百年后(1834年),废除奴隶制释放了大约250 000名奴隶,其中许多人成为小农,牙买加逐渐脱离英国获得独立,1962年实现了完全独立,岛上继续生产糖、可可和咖啡,牙买加东部蓝山以其蓝山咖啡生产著称。

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Deteriorating economic conditions during the 1970s led to recurrent violence as rival gangs affiliated with the major political parties evolved into powerful organized crime networks. These networks were involved in international drug smuggling and money laundering. Violent crime, drug trafficking, and poverty pose significant challenges to the country. Nonetheless, many rural and resort compounds remain safe and contribute substantially to the tourism sector. The beautiful beaches and lush interior make for an attractive destination for cruise ships and other tourists.
::1970年代经济形势恶化导致暴力复发,因为与主要政党有关联的敌对帮派演变成强大的有组织犯罪网络,这些网络参与国际毒品走私和洗钱活动,暴力犯罪、贩毒和贫穷对我国构成重大挑战,尽管如此,许多农村和度假胜地仍然安全,对旅游部门作出了重大贡献,美丽的海滩和红海内地为游轮和其他游客提供了一个有吸引力的目的地。

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Tourism and Economic Activity in the Rimland
::里姆兰旅游和经济活动

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The physical geography of the Caribbean region makes it a prime location for tourism. Its beautiful coastal waters and warm tropical climate draw in tourists from all over North America and the world. Tourism is the number one means of economic income for many places in the Caribbean Basin, and the tourist industry has experienced enormous growth in the last few decades.
::加勒比地区的实际地理使它成为旅游的主要地点,其美丽的沿海水域和温暖的热带气候吸引了来自北美和全世界的游客,旅游业是加勒比海盆地许多地方经济收入的首要手段,旅游业在过去几十年中经历了巨大的增长。

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Tourism is a powerful force to achieve economic development for the people on the islands of the Lesser Antilles. In the last decade, there has been strong growth in the number of cruise ships operating in the Caribbean. Cruise ships from the southern coasts of the United States sail around the islands and coastal regions. San Juan receives the largest number of cruise ship travelers. Other areas well known to tourists include the Bahamas, St. Martin, and the Virgin Islands. Even the poorest country in the Caribbean, Haiti, has tried to attract cruise ships to its ports. The main restriction on cruise ship travel is the hurricane season, from June to November.
::旅游业是实现小安的列斯群岛人民经济发展的强大力量,过去十年来,在加勒比经营的游轮数量大幅增长,美国南部海岸游轮绕岛屿和沿海地区航行,圣胡安的游轮旅行者人数最多,游客最熟悉的其他地区包括巴哈马、圣马丁和维尔京群岛,即使是加勒比最贫穷的国家海地也试图吸引游轮到其港口,对游轮旅行的主要限制是6月至11月的飓风季节。

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One might reasonably think that the economic benefits of tourism would be entirely positive. Even though tourism has become a vital economic component of the Caribbean Basin, in the long term, tourism creates many problems. Large cruise ships and pleasure crafts can overtax the environment. There have been occasions where there were actually more tourists than citizens on an island. An increase in tourist activity brings with it an increase in environmental pollution.
::人们可以合理地认为,旅游业的经济效益是完全积极的。尽管旅游业已成为加勒比海盆地一个至关重要的经济组成部分,但从长远来看,旅游业仍会产生许多问题:大型游轮和游乐手工艺可以对环境过度征税;有时岛上的游客实际上多于公民;旅游活动的增加导致环境污染的增加。

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Most people in the Caribbean Basin live below the poverty line. The investment in tourism infrastructure, such as exclusive hotels and five-star resorts, takes away resources that could be allocated to schools, roads, medical clinics, and housing. However, without the income from tourism, there would be no money for infrastructure. Tourism attracts people who can afford to travel. Most of the jobs in hotels, ports, and restaurants where wealthy tourists visit employ people from poorer communities at low wages.
::加勒比海盆地的大多数人生活在贫困线以下,对旅游基础设施的投资,如独家旅馆和五星级度假胜地,占用了可用于学校、道路、诊所和住房的资源,然而,没有旅游业的收入,基础设施就没有钱,旅游业吸引了能够旅行的人,富有游客访问的旅馆、港口和餐馆的大部分工作雇用了来自较贫穷社区的人,工资低。

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The disparity between the tourists and the workers creates strong centrifugal cultural dynamics. The gap between the level of affluence and the level of poverty is wide in the Caribbean. In the model of how countries gain wealth, tourism is a mixed-profit situation. Local businesses in the Caribbean do gain income from tourists who spend their money there. However, the big money is in the cruise ship lines and the resort hotels, which are mainly owned by international corporations or the local wealthy elite.
::游客和工人之间的差别造成了强烈的离岸文化动态。富裕程度和贫穷程度之间的差距在加勒比地区是很大的。在各国如何获得财富的模型中,旅游业是一种混合盈利的情况。加勒比地方企业确实从在那里花钱的游客那里获得收入。然而,大钱在游轮和度假旅馆,主要由国际公司或当地富人精英拥有。

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There is little activity in the Caribbean Basin in the manufacturing sector. Although US firms have invested in Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic has experienced growth in light industries and information technologies, the remaining islands have had little industrial growth. Unless an island state has natural resources such as oil or minerals, as is the case with Trinidad and Tobago, there are few opportunities other than tourism to bolster the economy.
::加勒比盆地的制造业活动很少。 尽管美国公司在波多黎各投资,多米尼加共和国在轻工业和信息技术领域也有增长,但剩下的岛屿几乎没有工业增长。 除非一个岛国拥有石油或矿产等自然资源,特立尼达和多巴哥的情况就是如此,否则除了旅游业之外,支持经济的机会也很少。

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Agricultural products have been traditionally a large part of the economic activity of the islands of the Lesser Antilles. is known for its nutmeg and other spices. Bananas, sugar, and other fruit and food crops have also been exported products. The problem has been that the profit margins on the products are low and prices are subject to international markets, which fluctuate widely. With an increasing population and few opportunities or advantages, countries such as Haiti suffer from poverty and unemployment. Being an island, there are few methods of expanding the economy. People often try to migrate to another county in search of employment and a more hopeful future.
::农产品历来是小安的列斯群岛经济活动的很大一部分,以坚果和其他香料著称,香蕉、糖和其他水果和粮食作物也是出口产品,问题是产品的利润幅度低,价格受国际市场的影响,国际市场波动很大,人口增加,机会或优势很少,海地等国家遭受贫穷和失业,作为一个岛屿,经济扩张的方法很少,人们往往试图移徙到另一个国家寻找就业和更有希望的未来。

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Offshore Banking
::离岸银行业务

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Other methods of gaining wealth in the Caribbean include offshore banking and financial services. Various islands have established themselves as banking centers where one can set up financial accounts that are outside the jurisdiction of other countries. These offshore accounts provide tax havens for individuals or corporations that wish to evade taxes in their home countries. Many of these island banking centers do not share account information with tax agencies or government offices of other countries. Places such as the have a worldwide reputation for professional financial services for offshore banking. As a result, the people of the Cayman Islands have a high standard of living with much national wealth.
::加勒比获得财富的其他方法包括海外银行和金融服务,各岛屿已建立银行中心,可以设立其他国家管辖范围以外的金融账户,这些海外账户为希望在本国避税的个人或公司提供避税地,许多这些岛屿银行中心不与其他国家的税务机构或政府机关分享账户信息,诸如海外银行业务专业金融服务等具有世界声誉的地方,因此开曼群岛人民拥有高水平的国民财富。

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The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos have also established offshore financial centers. Other Caribbean Islands are working to increase their visibility with similar services. All are hoping to gain income from this low-impact and high-income enterprise. The United States and other countries have made attempts to pressure these islands to share the financial account information of people evading taxes. If successful, there may be less of an incentive for individuals and businesses to use offshore accounts to shelter income from taxes or for those involved in illegal money-laundering schemes to hide money in the Caribbean.
::巴哈马和特克斯和凯科斯也建立了境外金融中心,其他加勒比群岛也在努力通过类似服务提高其知名度,它们都希望从这一低影响高收入企业获得收入,美国和其他国家都试图迫使这些岛屿分享逃避税收者的财务账户信息,如果成功,个人和企业利用境外账户保护税收收入或参与非法洗钱计划者在加勒比藏匿资金的动机可能就更少了。

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The wide level of diversity in the Caribbean has not made it easy for outside groups to provide support and assistance for common economic goals. The is an organization with 15 Caribbean members established to promote economic integration and cooperation in the region. It hopes to coordinate foreign policy for the region and ensure that the benefits of integration are equitably shared. CARICOM is an attempt to compete with other trade organizations such as and .
::加勒比的多样化程度之广,使外部团体难以为共同的经济目标提供支助和援助,这个组织有15个加勒比成员,旨在促进该区域的经济一体化和合作,希望协调该区域的外交政策,确保平等分享一体化的好处,加共体试图与其他贸易组织竞争,例如和......。

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Caribbean Music
::加勒比音乐

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The Caribbean culture includes many varieties of music that have developed on several islands. The region is a breeding ground for innovative music and rhythms that emulate the cultural traditions and attitudes of the people. Every island has its own traditional festivals that include parades, music, and dance. The music scene reveals the uniqueness of the Caribbean. Listening to the different sounds coming from the different islands showcases the cultural backgrounds found in the Caribbean.
::加勒比文化包括若干岛屿上发展的许多音乐品种,该区域是仿效人民文化传统和态度的创新音乐和节奏的温床,每个岛屿都有自己的传统节日,包括游行、音乐和舞蹈。音乐场景显示了加勒比的独特性。聆听来自不同岛屿的不同声音展示了加勒比的文化背景。

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The Caribbean is full of local musical variations, and many types of music are found only on a single island or two. For example, the Dominican Republic has meringue music, Dominica has bouyon, and Haiti has its festive rara music.
::加勒比充满了当地的音乐变异,许多类型的音乐只存在于一两个岛上。 比如,多米尼加共和国有美铃音乐,多米尼克有波音,海地有喜剧兰拉音乐。

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The Cuban influence on music is evident in the salsa tunes from the Caribbean over the years. African and Spanish cultural influences have helped shape the salsa music that has evolved from Cuba and neighboring islands of Puerto Rico and the Greater Antilles. With a strong percussion component, brass additions, and guitar sections, salsa has become popular throughout many parts of Latin America. Other genres of music coming out of Cuba include rumba, habanera, son, and timba, to name a few.
::多年来,古巴对音乐的影响表现在加勒比的萨尔萨音乐中,非洲和西班牙的文化影响帮助塑造了从古巴和邻近的波多黎各和大安的列斯群岛和波多黎各及大安的列斯群岛演化的萨尔萨音乐。 萨尔萨音乐具有很强的震撼力、黄铜加料和吉他部分,在拉丁美洲许多地区变得很受欢迎。 由古巴产生的其他音乐形式包括伦巴、哈班纳、儿子和廷巴。

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Calypso music comes from a mix of African influences on the island of Trinidad. Calypso began taking shape at the beginning of the 20th century and gained popularity through Carnival and other Caribbean festivals. It has evolved to incorporate the steel pan and other musical instruments. A commercial version of calypso became popular with Harry Belafonte’s version of the Jamaican folk tune of “Day-O,” known as the “Banana Boat Song." Mento is a more folksy rural style of acoustical music that influenced other forms of music such as reggae in Jamaica.
::卡利普索音乐来自非洲对特立尼达岛的多种影响。 卡利普索音乐始于20世纪初,通过嘉年华和其他加勒比节日开始成形,并通过嘉年华和其他加勒比节日赢得了流行。 它已经演化为包括钢筋和其他乐器。 卡利普索音乐的商业版本随着哈利·贝拉丰特的牙买加民间曲“Day-O ” ( Day-O ) ( “ Banana Boat Song ” ) ( Banana Boat Song ) ( Day-O ) ( Day-O) ( Day-O) ( Day-O) ( Day-O) ( Day-O) ( Day-O) ( Day-O) ( Dayfonte) ( Dayfonte) ( Day-O) (Day-O) ) 的流行。 Mento(Mento)是一个更加民俗的乡村音乐风格的乡村音乐风格,它影响了牙买加的音乐(regagaegme of )的音乐(Reggae of e of mus of mus of mus of musion of mus of mus of musion of musinal mus of mus of musinal musional mus of musinal musional mus in mus in mus in in Jus in in in in in in in in in Jate in Jate in Jol in in in in in in in in in in in inago inja in in injalyago in injalyabe in injalyabe in in in in inabe in in in inabe in in in in in in in in in inago in in in inabe inabe inabe inabe inabeabe inabe inabe in in inagoabe inabe inagoago in 牙买加。

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The steel pan is the national instrument of Trinidad and Tobago, where it was created. The pan was originally made from 55-gallon oil drums. The bottom is cut off at various levels to provide different sounds. The top is then shaped into a chromatically pitched percussion instrument. It is struck with a pair of straight sticks. An entire family of pans has been developed and can be assembled into a steel pan orchestra. The instrument has become popular outside the Caribbean as well.
::钢板是特里尼达和多巴哥制造的国家工具,最初由55加仑的油桶制成,底部在不同级别被切断,以提供不同的声音。然后,顶部形成一个染色色色的敲击工具。用一对直棍敲击钢板。一个整组的锅已经开发出来,可以组成一个钢锅管弦。这个工具在加勒比以外也越来越受欢迎。

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Reggae music started coming out of Jamaica in the 1960s with the music of such artists as Bob Marley and the Wailers, which featured Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer. The rhythmic style with offbeat accents evolved from earlier genres to become a standard of Jamaican music. Musicians from the Beatles to Eric Clapton have used reggae rhythms. Outside Jamaica, reggae has hit the charts thanks to groups such as UB40. Reggae music has often been associated with the .
::Regae音乐于1960年代开始出牙买加,由Bob Marley和Wailers等艺术家的音乐(Peter Tosh和Bunny Wailler是主角)和Wailers的音乐(Peter Tosh和Bunny Wailler)从1960年代开始出牙买加。带节奏口音的节奏风格从早期的流派演变成牙买加音乐的标准。从披头士到Eric Clapton的音乐家都使用了雷鬼节奏。在牙买加以外,Reggae由于UB40等团体而触动了图表。 Reggae音乐经常与该音乐相关。

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Tropical Hurricanes (Cyclones) in Middle America
::中东热带飓风(Cyclones)

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Vocabulary Terms
::词汇术语术语

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Interactive Notebook ActivitiesApplying Knowledge
::互动说明手册活动

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1. Describe how the physical environment has affected human activity in the region.
   ::说明自然环境如何影响该区域的人类活动。
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2. Summarize in a few sentences the various ways in which colonialism has impacted the islands.
   ::在几句话中总结了殖民主义以各种方式影响群岛的情况。
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3. Explain why the United States has an economic embargo against the socialist country of Cuba.
   ::解释美国为何对古巴社会主义国家古巴实行经济封锁。
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4. Explain how tourism has become the main means of economic development for most of the Caribbean.
   ::说明旅游业如何成为加勒比大部分地区经济发展的主要手段。
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5. Identify and list the main music genres that have emerged from the Caribbean.
   ::确定并列出加勒比出现的主要音乐流派。
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6. Describe how and why hurricanes form. 
   ::描述飓风如何和为何形成。
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7. Explain why hurricanes mainly occur in the tropics.
   ::解释为什么飓风主要发生在热带地区。
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8. Summarize briefly why hurricanes have the potential to be so dangerous.
   ::简要总结一下为什么飓风有可能如此危险。

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Discussion and Study Questions
::讨论和研究问题

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1. Which islands make up the Greater Antilles? Where are the Lesser Antilles?
   ::哪些岛屿构成大安的列斯群岛?
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2. Which European countries were the main colonizers of the Caribbean?
   ::哪些欧洲国家是加勒比的主要殖民者?
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3. How is Cuba a good example of a rimland country?
   ::古巴如何成为林地国家的良好范例?
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4. Why does the United States still have an economic embargo against Cuba?
   ::为什么美国仍然对古巴实行经济封锁?
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5. How is the political system in Cuba different from that of the United States?
   ::古巴的政治制度与美国的政治制度有何不同?
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6. Why is Puerto Rico a commonwealth of the United States?
   ::为什么波多黎各是美国的联邦?
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7. How is Haiti different from its neighbor, the Dominican Republic?
   ::海地与邻国多米尼加共和国有何不同?
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8. What are the positive and negative perspectives on the Caribbean tourism industry?
   ::加勒比旅游业的积极和消极前景如何?
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9. Besides tourism, what other methods do people in the Caribbean islands use to generate wealth?
   ::除了旅游业之外,加勒比群岛人民还利用哪些其他方法来创造财富?
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10. How do differences in musical styles tell a story of Caribbean culture?
    ::音乐风格的差异如何讲述加勒比文化的故事?

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Real-World Geography Exercise
::现实世界地理演习

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Using , locate the places below. Using the Internet, research to find a picture and a fact about each place. To which region would you like to travel? Why? Be prepared to share your answers.
::使用 , 定位下面的位置 。 使用 互联网 , 研究 寻找每个地方的图片和事实 。 您想要前往哪个地区 ? 为什么 ? 准备分享您的答案 。

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• The Bahamas
  ::巴哈马
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• Blue Mountains
  ::蓝山
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• Greater Antilles
  ::大安的列斯群岛
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• Lesser Antilles
  ::更小的安的列斯群岛
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• Sierra Maestra
  ::塞拉·马埃斯特拉
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• Viñales Valley
  ::维尼亚莱斯谷

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Mapping E xercise
::绘图绘制作业

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Videos for Geography Enrichment
::地理丰富视频

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Helpful Websites for the Study of Geography
::地理研究有用网站

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is an encyclopedia funded by the Canadian government covering all branches of knowledge.  Their scholarly collection includes interactive materials.
::该百科全书由加拿大政府资助,涵盖所有知识分支,其学术收藏包括交互式材料。

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provides information on the people, history, government, economy, energy, geography, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues for the world's entities.
::向世界各实体提供关于人民、历史、政府、经济、能源、地理、通信、运输、军事和跨国问题的资料。

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is a US government website where you can find federal legislation, past and present, as well as information about the US legal system.
::是一个美国政府的网站,您可以在此找到过去和现在的联邦立法以及关于美国法律制度的信息。

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is a government agency website that provides current news, resources, topics of interest, information about drugs, careers in the DEA, and a tip hotline.
::是一个政府机构网站,提供最新消息、资源、感兴趣的话题、毒品信息、在缉毒局的职业以及一条小费热线。

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is the largest library in the world and provides manuscripts, files, information, pictures, and videos.
::图书馆是世界上最大的图书馆,提供手稿、文件、信息、图片和录像。

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  is a US government agency website that allows users to search for and retrieve satellite images of Earth. 
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,用户可以搜索和检索地球的卫星图像。

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is a US government website that provides historical documents, photos, records, publications, and educator resources.
::这是一个美国政府网站,提供历史文件、照片、记录、出版物和教育资源。

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is a US government agency website that provides weather-related information and ocean research.
::是一个提供气象信息和海洋研究的美国政府机构网站。

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  is a website by the United States Geological Survey and other federal, state, and local agencies that deliver topographic information for the United States.
::这是美国地质调查局和其他联邦、州和地方机构为美国提供地形信息的网站。

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  is a massive central data source and a handy way to graphically compare nations.  
::是一个庞大的中央数据源,是用图形比较国家的一种方便方式。

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is a website that measures most locations in the world for air pollution in real time.
::是一个实时测量世界上大多数空气污染地点的网站。

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  is a unique statistical database, which allows you to research and compare a multitude of different data on US states. 
::这是一个独特的统计数据库, 使你能够研究和比较关于美国各州的多种不同数据。

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is an international organization founded in 1945 and made up of 193 member states. The UN maintains international peace and security, protects human rights, delivers humanitarian aid, promotes sustainable development, and upholds international law.
::联合国是一个国际组织,成立于1945年,由193个成员国组成。 联合国维护国际和平与安全,保护人权,提供人道主义援助,促进可持续发展,维护国际法。

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 is a US government agency that provides a population clock, data, surveys, statistics, a library with information and infographics, news about the economy, and much more. 
::这是一个美国政府机构,它提供人口钟、数据、调查、统计、一个拥有信息和信息资料的图书馆、关于经济的新闻,以及更多。

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is a US government agency website that provides scientific information about the natural hazards that threaten lives, the natural resources we rely on, the health of our ecosystems and environment, and the impacts of climate and land-use change.
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,提供科学信息,说明威胁生命的自然危害、我们赖以生存的自然资源、生态系统和环境的健康以及气候和土地使用变化的影响。

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is a US government website that provides the latest presidential news, information about the budget, policy, defense, and many more topics.
::提供最新总统新闻、预算、政策、国防等资讯, 以及更多议题。

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is under the United Nations and provides leadership on matters critical to health, shapes the research agenda on health, and monitors the health situation and assessing health trends around the world. Their website provides information on the state of health around the world, outbreaks, current health news, and more.
::网站提供世界各地卫生状况、疫情爆发、最新卫生新闻等信息。

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is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The website provides information on the history of the multilateral trading system, featured videos, news and events, trade topics, and more.
::该网站提供关于多边贸易体系历史的信息、视频、新闻和事件、贸易专题等等。