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  • General

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  • 重组DNA

    Colorful representation of a DNA double helix, illustrating genetic structure.

    Can we alter ?
    ::我们可以改变吗?

    You might think that DNA is stable and unchangeable. For the most part you are right. However, there are new technologies that allow us to alter the DNA of humans and other organisms .
    ::你也许认为DNA是稳定的,不可改变的。你大部分是对的。然而,有新技术可以让我们改变人类和其他生物的DNA。

    Recombinant DNA
    ::重组DNA

    Recombinant DNA is the combination of DNA from two different sources. For example, it is possible to place a human gene into bacterial DNA. Recombinant DNA technology is useful in gene and in identifying the function of a gene.
    ::重组DNA是来自两个不同来源的DNA的组合,例如,有可能将人类基因置于细菌DNA中,重组DNA技术在基因和识别基因功能方面非常有用。

    Recombinant DNA technology can also be used to produce useful proteins , such as insulin . To treat , many people need insulin. Previously, insulin had been taken from animals . Through recombinant DNA technology, bacteria were created that carry the human gene which codes for the production of insulin. These bacteria become tiny factories that produce this protein. Recombinant DNA technology helps create insulin so it can be used by humans.
    ::重组DNA技术也可以用来生产有用的蛋白质,如胰岛素。为了治疗,许多人需要胰岛素。以前,胰岛素是从动物身上提取的。通过重组DNA技术,创造了含有人类基因的细菌,这些基因是胰岛素生产编码。这些细菌成为生产这种蛋白的小型工厂。重组DNA技术有助于创造胰岛素,以便人类能够使用。

    Recombinant DNA technology is used in gene cloning. A clone is an exact genetic copy. Genes are cloned for many reasons, including use in medicine and in .
    ::基因克隆使用了重组DNA技术,克隆是一种精确的基因复制,基因由于多种原因被克隆,包括在医学和医学中使用。

    Below are the steps used to copy, or clone, a gene:
    ::以下是复制或克隆基因所用的步骤:

    1. A gene or piece of DNA is put in a vector , or carrier molecule , producing a recombinant DNA molecule.
      ::DNA的基因或片段被放入矢量或载体分子中,产生重组DNA分子。
    2. The vector is placed into a host cell , such as a bacterium.
      ::病媒被放入宿主细胞,如细菌。
    3. The gene is copied (or cloned) inside of the bacterium. As the bacterial DNA is copied, so is the vector DNA. As the bacteria divide, the recombinant DNA molecules are divided between the new cells. Over a 12- to 24-hour period, millions of copies of the cloned DNA are made.
      ::基因在细菌内部复制( 或克隆) 。 随着细菌DNA复制, 病媒DNA也复制。 随着细菌分裂, 重组的DNA分子在新细胞之间被分离。 在12到24小时的时间内, 复制的DNA复制数以百万计。
    4. The cloned DNA can produce a protein (like insulin) that can be used in medicine or in research.
      ::克隆DNA可产生蛋白质(如胰岛素),可用于医学或研究。

    Plasmids
    ::等离子体

    Bacteria have small rings of DNA in the cytoplasm , called plasmids ( Figure ). A plasmid is not part of the bacterial chromosome , but an additional pieced of DNA. When putting foreign DNA into a bacterium, the plasmids are often used as a vector. can also be used as vectors. The manipulation of the plasmid DNA, and then the insertion of the recombinant plasmid into a bacterium, is an invaluable tool in scientific research.
    ::细菌在细胞图拉斯姆有小的DNA环,称为“示意图 ” 。 粒子不是细菌染色体的一部分,而是另外的DNA片段。 当将外国DNA注入细菌时, 粒子通常被用作媒介。 也可以用作媒介。 操纵粒子DNA,然后将复位素浸入细菌,是科学研究的宝贵工具。

    A plasmid showing segments for antibiotic resistance and origin of replication.

    This image shows a drawing of a plasmid. The plasmid has two large segments and one small segment depicted. The two large segments (green and blue) indicate antibiotic resistances usually used in a screening procedure. The antibiotic resistance segments ensure only bacteria with the plasmid will grow. The small segment (red) indicates an origin of replication. The origin of replication is where DNA replication starts, copying the plasmid.
    ::此图示显示一个图案的图案。 该图案有两个大片段和一个小片段的图案。 两个大片段( 绿色和蓝色) 显示的是通常在筛选程序中使用的抗生素抗药性。 抗生素抗药性片段将只确保使用此图案的细菌生长。 小片段( 红色) 表示的是复制的来源。 复制的来源是DNA复制的开始, 复制图案。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Recombinant DNA is the combination of DNA from two different sources.
      ::重组DNA是来自两个不同来源的DNA的组合。
    • Gene cloning is making an exact copy of a gene.
      ::基因克隆正在复制基因

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is recombinant DNA technology?
      ::什么是重组DNA技术?
    2. Explain the process of gene cloning.
      ::解释基因克隆的过程。