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  • 阿尔恰亚

    Colorful hot springs in Yellowstone, showcasing microbial mats and geothermal features.

    What organisms can grow in the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park?
    ::在黄石公园的温泉里能生长出什么生物?

    In the 1970s, a new group of organisms was identified. Unlike other organisms, these organisms could thrive in temperatures near 100ºC, the boiling point of water! This new group of organisms was named archaea.
    ::1970年代,发现了一个新的生物群。 与其他生物体不同,这些生物体可以在温度接近100摄氏度(水沸点)的温度下生长!这组新的生物体被命名为考古。

    What are Archaea?
    ::阿尔凯亚是什么?

    For many years, archaea were classified as bacteria . Like the bacteria, archaea lacked a and membrane-bound and, therefore, were prokaryotic cells . However, when scientists compared the of the two prokaryotes , they found that there were distinct differences. They concluded that there must be two distinct types of prokaryotes, which they named archaea and bacteria.
    ::多年来,古代被归类为细菌,像细菌一样,古代缺乏一种和膜,因此是血清细胞。然而,当科学家比较了两种直肠细胞时,他们发现存在明显差异。他们的结论是,必须有两种不同的直肠和细菌,它们称为直肠和细菌。

    Even though the two groups might seem similar, archaea have many features that distinguish them from bacteria:
    ::尽管这两类人可能看起来相似,但古代有许多特征,将它们与细菌区别开来:

    1. The cell walls of archaea are distinct from those of bacteria. While bacteria have cell walls made up of the polymer peptidoglycan , most archaea do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
      ::虽然细菌的细胞壁由聚合物百头蛇管组成,但大多数考古学家的细胞墙中没有百头蛇管。
    2. The plasma membranes of the archaea are also made up of lipids that are distinct from those in bacteria.
      ::古代的等离子膜也由不同于细菌的脂质组成。
    3. The ribosomal proteins of the archaea are similar to those in eukaryotic cells , not those in bacteria.
      ::古代的血清蛋白质 与古代细胞的血清蛋白类似 而不是细菌的蛋白蛋白

    Although archaea and bacteria share some fundamental differences, they are still similar in many ways:
    ::虽然古老和细菌有着一些基本差异,但它们在许多方面仍然相似:

    1. They both are single-celled, microscopic organisms that can come in a variety of shapes ( Figure ).
      ::它们都是单细胞微生物,可以以多种形状出现(图)。
    2. Both archaea and bacteria have a single circular chromosome of DNA and lack membrane-bound organelles.
      ::考古和细菌都有单一的DNA圆形染色体,并且缺乏含有膜的有机体。
    3. Like bacteria, archaea can have flagella to assist with movement.
      ::像细菌一样,考古可以有 国旗协助移动。

    Micrograph showing various bacilli shapes of archaea, illustrating their diverse morphology.

    Archaea shapes can vary widely, but some are bacilli (rod-shaped).
    ::Archaea形状可能大不相同,但有些是bacilli(正形)。

    Obtaining Food and Energy
    ::获得粮食和能源

    Most archaea are chemotrophs and derive their energy and nutrients from breaking down molecules in their environment. A few species of archaea are photosynthetic and capture the energy of sunlight. Unlike bacteria, which can be parasites and are known to cause a variety of diseases, there are no known archaea that act as parasites. Some archaea do live within other organisms. But these archea form mutualistic relationships with their host , where both the archaea and the host benefit. In other words, they assist the host in some way, for example by helping to digest food.
    ::多数古老的古代是化学化学,其能量和养分来自其环境中的分裂分子。少数几类古代是光合和捕捉阳光的能量。与细菌不同,细菌可以是寄生虫,已知可造成多种疾病,没有已知的古代可以作为寄生虫。有些古代的确生活在其他生物中。但这些古代与宿主形成了相互的关系,既包括古代,也包括宿主的利益。换句话说,它们以某种方式帮助宿主,例如帮助消化食物。

    Reproduction
    ::复制复制

    Like bacteria, in archaea is asexual. Archaea can reproduce through binary fission , where a parent cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells . Archaea can also reproduce asexually through budding and fragmentation , where pieces of the cell break off and form a new cell, also producing genetically identical organisms.
    ::像细菌一样,在古代中,古代是非性。 Archaea可以通过二进制裂变繁殖,在二进制裂变中,母细胞分裂成两个基因相同的女儿细胞。 Archaea也可以通过胚胎和破碎而性繁殖,细胞碎片断裂并形成一个新的细胞,同时产生基因相同的生物体。

    Further Reading
    ::继续阅读

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Archaea are prokaryotes, but they differ from bacteria in their DNA and biochemistry.
      ::Archaea是原虫, 但它们在DNA和生物化学中与细菌不同。
    • Most archaea are chemotrophs, but some are photosynthetic or form mutualistic relationships.
      ::多数古代是化肥类,但有些是光合或形成相互关系。
    • Archaea reproduce asexually through binary fission, fragmentation, or budding.
      ::Archaea通过二进制裂变、破碎或萌芽,性繁殖。

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow.
    ::利用以下资源回答以下问题。

    • Introduction to the Archaea at .
      ::Archaea Achaea的介绍
    1. What are the three domains of life?
      ::生活的三个领域是什么?
    2. Why was the name Archaeabacteria misleading?
      ::为什么Archaeabaceria这个名字会误导人?
    3. What is bacteriorhodopsin? What is the role of bacteriorhodopsin in ATP production?
      ::什么是细菌多普辛?细菌多普辛在ATP生产中的作用是什么?

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Describe two ways archaea are different from bacteria?
      ::描述老古董和细菌有两种不同吗?
    2. How can archaea reproduction be distinct from bacterial reproduction?
      ::古代生殖与细菌生殖有何区别?
    3. How do most archaea obtain energy?
      ::大多数考古学家如何获得能源?