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  • 原体特征

    Four diverse protists displayed: amoeba, flagellate, ciliate, and green algae-like forms.

    Animal ? Bacteria ? Plant? ? What do these figures represent?
    ::动物 细菌 植物 这些数字代表什么

    None of the above! These organisms may be single-celled like bacteria, and they may look like a fungus. They also may hunt for food like an animal or photosynthesize like a plant. And, yet, they do not fit into any of these groups. These organisms are protists!
    ::上面没有一种生物,这些生物象细菌一样,是单细胞的,可以像真菌一样。它们也可以像动物一样捕食食物,也可以像植物一样捕食光合形的食物。它们并不属于其中任何一种。这些生物是先天的。

    What are Protists?
    ::什么是原生主义者?

    Protists are eukaryotes , which means their cells have a and other membrane-bound . Most, but not all, protists are single-celled. Other than these features, they have very little in common. You can think about protists as all eukaryotic organisms that are neither animals, nor plants, nor fungi.
    ::蛋白质是蛋白质,这意味着它们的细胞有一个和其他膜。大多数,但不是全部,蛋白质都是单细胞。除了这些特征之外,它们几乎没有什么共同点。你可以把蛋白质作为既不是动物,也不是植物,也不是真菌的所有蛋白质生物体来思考。

    Although Ernst Haeckel set up the Kingdom Protista in 1866, this kingdom was not accepted by the scientific world until the 1960s. These unique organisms can be so different from each other that sometimes Protista is called the “junk drawer" kingdom. Just like a junk drawer, which contains items that don't fit into any other category, this kingdom contains the eukaryotes that cannot be put into any other kingdom. Therefore, protists can seem very different from one another.
    ::尽管1866年安永斯特·海克尔建立了普罗蒂斯塔王国,但这一王国直到1960年代才被科学界所接受。这些独特的生物体彼此可能非常不同,有时被称为“抽屉”的普罗蒂斯塔王国。 就像一个垃圾抽屉,里面的物品不属于任何其他类别,而这个王国却包含了无法投入任何其他王国的eukaryotes。 因此,原生主义者可能看起来非常不同。

    Unicellular or Multicellular?
    ::单细胞还是多细胞?

    Most protists are so small that they can be seen only with a . Protists are mostly unicellular (one-celled) eukaryotes. A few protists are multicellular (many-celled) and surprisingly large. For example, kelp is a multicellular protist that can grow to be over 100-meters long ( Figure ). Multicellular protists, however, do not show cellular specialization or differentiation into tissues . That means their cells all look the same and, for the most part, function the same. On the other hand, your cells often are much different from each other and have special jobs.
    ::多数原生者都很小, 只能用一个 。 原生者大多是单细胞( 单细胞) eukaryotes 。 少数原生者是多细胞( 多细胞) , 并且大得惊人。 例如, 藻类是多细胞( 多细胞) 的原生者, 长可以长到100 公尺以上( Figure ) 。 但是, 多细胞原生者并不表现出细胞专业化或组织分化。 这意味着他们的细胞看起来都是一样的, 并且大部分功能都是一样的。 另一方面, 您的细胞往往彼此差异很大, 并且有特殊的工作 。

    Kelp forest in ocean water, illustrating multicellular protists in their natural habitat.

    Kelp is an example of a muticellular protist.
    ::Kelp是诱导性蛋白质主义者的一个例子。

    Characteristics of Protists
    ::原生学家的特征

    A few characteristics are common between protists.
    ::一些特征在原生主义者之间很常见。

    1. They are eukaryotic, which means they have a nucleus.
      ::它们是自闭症,这意味着他们有一个核。
    2. Most have mitochondria .
      ::多数有中分分数。
    3. They can be parasites .
      ::它们可以是寄生虫。
    4. They all prefer or moist environments.
      ::他们都喜欢潮湿的环境

    Classification of Protists
    ::原生者分类

    For , the protists are divided into three groups:
    ::原造人分为三组:

    1. Animal-like protists, which are heterotrophs and have the ability to move.
      ::象动物一样的先天主义者,他们是血化症患者,有能力移动。
    2. Plant-like protists, which are autotrophs that photosynthesize.
      ::类似植物的原生学家, 它们是光合合成的自发性。
    3. Fungi-like protists, which are heterotrophs, and they have cells with cell walls and reproduce by forming spores .
      ::象真菌一样的原生主义者, 它们是血清营养学家, 他们有细胞,有细胞壁, 并且通过形成螺旋而繁殖。

    But remember, protists are not animals, nor plants, nor fungi ( Figure ).
    ::但请记住,原生者不是动物,也不是植物,也不是真菌。

    Various protists showcasing different shapes and structures, illustrating diversity in the classification.

    Protists come in many different shapes. Some are very simple, similar to prokaryotes, and some are more complex. These simple, single-celled protists were probably the first eukaryotes to evolve.
    ::原生者以多种不同形状出现。 有些非常简单,类似于原生虫,有些则更为复杂。 这些简单、单细胞原生者可能是第一个进化的尤卡亚特人。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Protists are a diverse kingdom, including all eukaryotic organisms that are neither animals, nor plants, nor fungi.
      ::原生者是一个多种多样的王国,包括所有既不是动物,也不是植物,也不是真菌的食道生物。
    • For classification, the protists are divided into three groups: animal-like protists, plant-like protists, and fungi-like protists.
      ::在分类方面,原生者分为三类:动物类原生者、植物类原生者、真菌类原生者。

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow.
    ::利用以下资源回答以下问题。

    • Protists at (5:07)
      ::原生者(5:07)
    1. What defines the Kingdom Protista?
      ::普罗蒂斯塔王国是什么定义?
    2. Are relationships between protists clearly defined? Why or why not?
      ::原生主义者之间的关系是否明确界定?为什么或为什么没有?
    3. What are phototrophs? How do they obtain their food? Give an example.
      ::什么是光效?他们如何获得食物?举个例子。
    4. What are organotrophs?
      ::什么是有机体?
    5. Do all protists reproduce in the same manner? Explain.
      ::所有原生者都以同样的方式繁殖吗?

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What do all protists tend to have in common?
      ::所有的原生主义者都有哪些共同点?
    2. How are protists generally classified?
      ::原生者一般如何分类?
    3. What can generally be said about the environments of protists?
      ::对于原生者的环境,一般可以说些什么呢?
    4. Why is the Kingdom Protista referred to as the "junk drawer" kingdom?
      ::为什么普罗蒂斯塔王国被称为"垃圾抽屉"王国?