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  • 真菌

    A colorful bracket fungus growing on a tree trunk, illustrating fungal characteristics.

    What does this fungus have in common with ?
    ::这些真菌有什么共同点?

    This colorful bracket fungus doesn't look much like mold. But they have a lot in common. They both break down organic matter to obtain nutrients . They both reproduce by spores . They are both eukaryotic, but they are not plants, and they are definitely not animals . They are both fungi.
    ::这种多彩括号的真菌看起来不像模具。 但是它们有很多共同点。 它们都分解有机物质以获取营养素。 它们都是由螺旋状体繁殖的。 它们都是乌龟, 它们不是植物, 它们绝对不是动物。 它们都是真菌。

    What are Fungi?
    ::什么是真菌?

    Ever notice blue-green mold growing on a loaf of bread? Do you like your pizza with mushrooms ? Has a physician ever prescribed an antibiotic for you?
    ::你有没有注意到在面包面包上生长的蓝绿色模子?你喜欢披萨和蘑菇吗?医生给你开过抗生素吗?

    If so, then you have encountered fungi . Fungi are organisms that belong to the Kingdom Fungi ( Figure ). Our environment needs fungi. Fungi help decompose matter to release nutrients and make nutritious food for other organisms. Fungi are all around us and are useful in many ways.
    ::如果是这样,那么你已经遇到了真菌。真菌是属于真菌王国(图)的生物体。我们的环境需要真菌。真菌帮助分解物质以释放营养素并为其他生物提供营养食品。真菌遍布我们周围,在许多方面很有用处。

    Diverse fungi species, showcasing various forms and colors in a natural setting.

    These many different kinds of organisms demonstrate the huge diversity within the Kingdom Fungi.
    ::这些种类繁多的有机体 展示了真菌王国内部的巨大多样性

    Classification of the Fungi
    ::蘑菇分类

    If you had to guess, would you say a fungus is a plant or an animal? Scientists used to debate about which kingdom to place fungi in. Finally they decided that fungi were plants. But they were wrong. Now, scientists know that fungi are not plants at all. Fungi are very different from plants.
    ::如果你非要猜,你会说真菌是植物还是动物吗?科学家们曾经讨论过把真菌放进哪个国家。他们最后决定真菌是植物。但他们错了。现在科学家们知道真菌根本不是植物。真菌与植物大不相同。

    The main difference between plants and fungi is how they obtain energy . Plants are autotrophs , meaning that they make their own "food" using the energy from sunlight. Fungi are heterotrophs , which means that they obtain their "food" from outside of themselves. In other words, they must "eat" their food like animals do. But they don't really eat. Instead, they absorb their nutrients.
    ::植物和真菌的主要区别在于它们是如何获得能源的。植物是自发的,这意味着它们用阳光的能量来制造自己的“食物 ” 。真菌是血化的,这意味着它们从它们自己之外获得“食物 ” 。换句话说,它们必须像动物一样“吃”它们的食物。但是它们并不真正吃。相反,它们吸收它们的养分。

    Yeasts, molds, and mushrooms are all different kinds of fungi. There may be as many as 1.5 million species of fungi ( Figure ). You can easily see bread mold and mushrooms without a , but most fungi you cannot see. Fungi are either too small to be seen without a microscope, or they live where you cannot see them easily—deep in the soil , under decaying logs, or inside plants or animals. Some fungi even live in, or on top of, other fungi.
    ::野兽、霉菌和蘑菇都是不同类型的真菌。可能有多达150万种真菌(图 ) 。 您可以轻松地看到面包霉菌和蘑菇,但没有菌类,但大多数真菌你看不到。 蘑菇要么太小,没有显微镜也看不到,要么就住在你看不到的地方 — — 土壤深处,在腐烂的原木下,或者在植物或动物中。有些真菌甚至生活在其他真菌中,或者在其他真菌之上。

    A wedge of blue cheese with mold, served with crackers on a marble surface.

    The blue in this blue cheese is actually mold, which is a fungus.
    ::蓝奶酪中的蓝色是霉菌,是真菌。

    Fungi are Good Eaters
    ::蘑菇是好食人鱼

    Fungi can grow fast because they are such good eaters. Fungi have lots of surface area, and this large surface area “eats” or absorbs. Surface area is how much exposed area an organism has, compared to their overall volume. Most of a mushroom's surface area is actually underground. If you see a mushroom in your yard, that is just a small part of a larger fungus growing underground.
    ::蘑菇可以快速生长, 因为它们是很好的食人者。 蘑菇有很多表面积, 以及这个大面积的表面积“ 食用” 或吸收。 表面面积是有机体的接触面积, 与其总体积相比。 蘑菇的表面积大部分实际上是地下的。 如果您在院子里看到蘑菇, 那只是地下生长的更大的真菌的一小部分。

    These are the steps involved in fungi "eating":
    ::这些步骤涉及真菌“食用”:

    1. Fungi squirt special enzymes into their environment.
      ::菌喷出特殊的酶进入它们的环境
    2. The enzymes help digest large organic molecules, similar to cutting up your food before you eat.
      ::这些酶有助于消化大型有机分子, 就像在吃饭前切开食物一样。
    3. Cells of the fungi then absorb the broken-down nutrients.
      ::菌细胞吸收断裂的养分

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Fungi are heterotrophs, meaning they obtain food from outside themselves.
      ::菌类是血化症, 意思是他们从外部获取食物。
    • Common fungi include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms.
      ::常见真菌包括酵母、霉菌和蘑菇。

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use the resources below to answer the questions that follow.
    ::利用以下资源回答以下问题。

    Explore More I
    ::探索更多

    • Planet World - Fungi at (3:03)
      ::行星世界 -- -- 真菌(3:03)

     

    1. What are two ways fungi differ from plants?
      ::真菌和植物有什么不同?
    2. How many spores can a fungi disperse per day? What methods of dispersal do they use?
      ::真菌每天能撒撒多少颗粒子?它们用什么方法撒撒?
    3. How do fungi benefit trees?
      ::真菌如何使树木受益?

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. How are fungi different from plants.
      ::真菌和植物有什么不同?
    2. What are three common types of fungi?
      ::什么是三种常见的真菌?
    3. Where might fungi live? Give two habitats.
      ::给两个栖息地
    4. Describe how fungi absorb nutrients.
      ::描述真菌如何吸收养分。