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  • 真菌结构

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    What, exactly, is a mushroom ?
    ::蘑菇到底是什么?

    Mushrooms aren't around just so you can put them on your pizza. The mushroom is part of a large that lives underground. The mushroom develops above the ground when the fungus is ready to reproduce.
    ::蘑菇不在周围,你可以把它们放在披萨上。蘑菇是地下大型蘑菇的一部分。当真菌准备繁殖时,蘑菇在地面上生长。

    Body Parts of Fungi
    ::蘑菇肉体部位

    The most important body parts of fungi include:
    ::真菌最重要的身体部分包括:

    1. Cell wall : A layer around the of fungi cells made largely of chitin and other polysaccharides . It is similar to that found in plant cells, though the plant cell wall contains the polysaccharide cellulose .
      ::细胞壁:主要由和其他聚沙酸盐制成的真菌细胞周围的一层,与植物细胞中发现的类似,尽管植物细胞壁中含有聚沙酸脂纤维素。
    2. Hyphae : These are thread-like strands which interconnect and bunch up into a mycelium ( Figure  ). Ever see on a damp wall or on old bread? The things that you are seeing are really mycelia. The hyphae and mycelia help the fungi absorb nutrients from other organisms . Most of the mycelium is hidden from view deep within the fungal food source, such as rotting matter in the soil , leaf litter, rotting wood, or dead animals . Fungi produce enzymes to digest cellulose and various other materials found in rotting matter, helping with the decaying process.
      ::Hyphae:这些线状的线条相互连接,并聚集到一个菌类中(Figure) 。在潮湿的墙上或旧面包上见过吗? 你看到的东西其实是神秘的。 和帮助真菌吸收其他生物的养分。 大部分的菌类隐藏在真菌食物源的深处, 例如土壤中的腐烂物质、叶子、腐烂的木头或死动物。 蘑菇生产酶来消化纤维素和腐烂物质中发现的多种其他物质, 帮助腐烂过程。
    3. Specialized structures for : One example is a fruiting body . Just like a fruit is involved in the reproduction of a fruiting plant, a fruiting body is involved in the reproduction of a fungus. A mushroom is a fruiting body , which is the part of the fungus that produces spores ( Figure  ). The spores are the basic reproductive units of fungi. The mycelium remains hidden until it develops one or more fruiting bodies.
      ::专门结构 : 举例来说, 水果是水果体。 就像水果是水果植物的繁殖, 水果体是真菌的繁殖。 蘑菇是水果体, 是生产螺旋的真菌的一部分(图)。 是真菌的基本生殖单位。 是隐藏起来的,直到它发展出一种或多种果实。

    The fruiting bodies are usually produced at the surface of the food source, rather than hidden within it. This allows the reproductive spores to be easily shed and carried away by the wind, water, or animals. The fruiting bodies are usually the only indication that a fungus is present. Like icebergs, the fruiting bodies represent only a tiny fraction of the whole fungus, with most of the fungus hidden from view.
    ::果体通常是在食物来源表面生产的,而不是隐藏在食物中。这样,繁殖的颗粒就可以很容易地被风、水或动物吹走和带走。 果体通常是存在真菌的唯一迹象。 像冰山一样,果体只占整个真菌的一小部分,大部分真菌都隐藏在视线之外。

    Hyphae of a penicillium mold
    Hyphae of a Penicillium mold. The little “threads” are specialized hyphae on which spores are produced.
    A mushroom is a fruiting body
    A mushroom is a fruiting body.

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Fungi have a cell wall.
      ::真菌有一个细胞墙。
    • The fungal body consists of thread-like structures called hyphae, which can bunch up into a mycelium.
      ::真菌体由类似线状的结构组成 叫做hyphae, 它可以集中成一个菌类。
    • Fungi often make specialized reproductive structures, such as a mushroom.
      ::菌类往往制造专门的生殖结构,如蘑菇。

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use the resources below to answer the questions that follow.
    ::利用以下资源回答以下问题。

    Explore More I
    ::探索更多

    • Structure of Fungi at
      ::成菌结构结构
    1. What is the fungal body made up of?
      ::真菌体是由什么组成的?
    2. Why is the fungal mycelium usually hidden from view?
      ::为什么真菌菌菌通常隐藏在视线之外?
    3. What part of a fungus is usually most visible?
      ::菌类的哪个部分通常最明显?

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What makes up the main "body" of the fungus?
      ::菌类的主要"身体"是什么构成的?
    2. What is the purpose of a mushroom?
      ::蘑菇的目的是什么?
    3. What are hyphae? How do they relate to the mycelium?
      ::是什么?它们和有什么关系?