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  • General

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  • 菌菌复制

    Mature puffball fungus in grass, releasing clouds of brown spore dust.

    What's this brown powder coming out of the ?
    ::棕色粉是什么 出来?

    This is a "puffball" fungus. At maturity, clouds of a brown dust-like power escape when they are touched. This powdery substance is made up of spores , the reproductive structure of the fungus.
    ::这是“泡泡球”真菌。 成熟时, 被触碰时, 褐色灰尘般的能量解冻的云层。 这种粉状物质由组成, 是真菌的生殖结构。

    Reproduction in Fungi
    ::蘑菇复制

    Different fungi reproduce in different ways. Many fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually. However, some reproduce only sexually and some only asexually. Asexual reproduction involves just one parent and sexual reproduction involves two parents.
    ::不同的真菌繁殖方式不同,许多真菌的生殖方式既包括性生殖,也包括性生殖,但有些只进行性生殖,有些只进行性生殖,有些只进行性生殖,性生殖只涉及单亲父母,性生殖涉及双亲。

    Asexual Reproduction
    ::性生殖

    Through asexual reproduction , new organisms are produced that are genetically identical to the parent. That is, they have exactly the same . Fungi reproduce asexually through three methods:
    ::通过性生殖,产生与父母在遗传上完全相同的新生物。也就是说,它们有着完全相同的基因。

    1. Spores : Spores are formed by the fungi and released to create new fungi. This is the powdery substance released by puffballs. Spores are haploid reproductive cells found in some bacteria , plants, , fungi, and . Theoretically, spores can reproduce asexually to produce countless offspring . Obviously this does not happen. If it did, the world would be covered by genetically identical fungi.
      ::Spories: Spories 是由真菌组成, 并释放出来以创造新的真菌。 这是泡泡释放的粉末物质。 Spories 是某些细菌、 植物、 菌类和 。 理论上, 怪菌可以性繁殖, 产生无数后代。 显然这不会发生。 如果发生了, 世界将会被基因相同的真菌覆盖。
    2. Budding: The fungus grows a new part of its body, which eventually breaks off. The broken-off piece becomes a “new” organism ( Figure ).
      ::发芽:真菌会生长出新的身体部分,最终会断裂。 断裂的碎片变成了“新的”有机体(图 ) 。
    3. Fragmentation : In this method, a piece of the mycelium , the body of the fungus, splits off. The resulting fragment can eventually produce a new colony of fungi.
      ::碎片:在这个方法中, 菌体的菌类的一块菌类, 菌类的身体, 分裂了。 由此产生的碎片最终会产生新的菌类聚居。

    Yeast cells reproducing by budding, showcasing asexual reproduction in fungi.

    Yeast reproduce asexually by budding.
    ::Yeast通过萌芽性繁殖。

    Asexual reproduction is faster and produces more fungi than sexual reproduction. This form of is controlled by many different factors. Outside conditions, such as the availability of food, determine when a fungus undergoes asexual reproduction.
    ::与性生殖相比,性生殖更快,产生更多的真菌,这种形式受到许多不同因素的控制,外部条件,如食物供应,决定真菌何时进行性生殖。

    Sexual Reproduction
    ::性生殖

    Almost all fungi can reproduce sexually. But why reproduce sexually when asexual reproduction is much quicker? Sexual reproduction brings together traits from the two parents. This increases the genetic diversity of the species . In plants and animals , sexual reproduction occurs when and egg from two parents join to make a new individual. In fungi, however, two haploid hyphae meet together and their fuse. Instead of calling a hyphae male or female, they have different mating types, such as (+) and (-) ( Figure ).
    ::几乎所有的真菌都可以在性方面繁殖。但是为什么性生殖速度要快得多呢?性生殖将父母的特征汇集在一起,这增加了物种的遗传多样性。在动植物中,性生殖发生于父母两人为了创造新人而结合时和鸡蛋。但在真菌中,两只黑发合在一起并结合了它们。它们没有叫一个男的或女的,而是有不同的交配类型,例如(+)和(-)(图 )。

    Sexual reproduction in fungi showing sporangia, spores, and hyphae growth.

    The common mushroom, a fruiting body, results after sexual reproduction when two hyphae, one (+) and one (-), mate, forming a mycelium with sporangia. Notice, when the sporangia burst, the spores are released from the fruiting body.
    ::普通蘑菇,一种果实体,经性繁殖后产生的结果是,两头脊椎膜,一头(+)和一头(-),交配,形成一种有螺旋状状菌的菌类。 请注意,当螺旋状菌爆发时,螺旋状菌从果体中释放出来。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Fungi can reproduce asexually by spores, budding, or fragmentation.
      ::菌菌可以性繁殖 由螺旋、芽或破碎产生
    • Fungi can reproduce sexually to create a zygospore.
      ::蘑菇可以性繁殖 来制造一个zygospore。

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use the resources below to answer the questions that follow.
    ::利用以下资源回答以下问题。

    Explore More I
    ::探索更多

    • Reproduction in Fungi at (2:06)
      :sad2:06)在真菌复制
    1. Where are spores made in a fungi?
      ::菌类中的螺旋子在哪里?
    2. When does fertilization occur in fungi?
      ::授精何时在真菌中发生?
    3. When does meiosis occur during the reproduction cycle of a fungus?
      ::在真菌的生殖周期中,何时发生梅毒病?
    4. What disperses the fungal spores?
      ::是什么驱散了真菌怪?
    5. What happens to the spores in favorable conditions?
      ::在有利的条件下 螺旋子会怎么样?

    Explore More II
    ::探索更多情况二

    • Sexual and Asexual Reproduction in Fungi at (2:33)
      :sad2:33)在真菌的性与性生殖(2:33)
    1. When is asexual reproduction advantageous to fungi?
      ::性生殖何时对真菌有利?
    2. When is sexual reproduction advantageous to fungi?
      ::性生殖何时对真菌有利?
    3. How does the ability to reproduce sexually or asexually make fungi adaptive to a wider range of environments?
      ::性繁殖或性繁殖的能力如何使真菌适应更广泛的环境?

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. How do fungi reproduce asexually?
      ::真菌如何性繁殖呢?
    2. What is the advantage of sexual reproduction?
      ::性生殖的好处是什么?
    3. What is a spore?
      ::什么是花言巧语?
    4. What are the two "sexes" of fungi?
      ::真菌的两个"性"是什么?