章节大纲

  • 常规

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  • 使用真菌

    A ground covered with fallen brown leaves, illustrating organic waste accumulation.

    What would happen if there were no ?
    ::万一没有呢?

    We'd be living in a huge trash pile! All the fallen leaves, grass clippings, dead trees, and other organic waste would just build up. Fungi are important decomposers in the environment. Not only do they get rid of wastes, they make the nutrients in the wastes available to other organisms . This is just one way that fungi are important to us.
    ::我们会生活在一个巨大的垃圾堆中! 所有落叶、剪草、枯树和其他有机废物都会积聚起来。 Fungi是环境中重要的分解者。他们不仅把废物丢弃掉,还把废物中的养分提供给其他生物。这只是一种对我们很重要的方法。

    Fungi Roles
    ::真菌角色

    Fungi are extremely important to the because they are one of the major decomposers of organic material. Decomposing organic material is how fungi acquire energy . But fungi have other roles in addition to being decomposers. How do fungi help people? They are used to help prepare food and beverages, and they have many other uses.
    ::蘑菇对于人类极为重要,因为它们是有机材料的主要分解者之一。分解有机材料是真菌如何获得能量的。但真菌除了作为分解者之外还有其他作用。真菌如何帮助人?真菌用来帮助准备食物和饮料,他们还有其他许多用途。

    Importance of Fungi for Human Use
    ::人用真菌对人使用的重要性

    • Yeasts are crucial for the process that makes beer, wine, and bread. Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen and allows the first step of , glycolysis , to continue. 
      ::酵母对于啤酒、葡萄酒和面包的产生过程至关重要。 发酵在没有氧气的情况下发生,并且允许水解的第一步继续。
    • Some fungi are used in the production of soy sauce and tempeh, a source of protein used in Southeast Asia.
      ::一些真菌被用于生产豆酱和,这是东南亚使用的一种蛋白质来源。
    • Fungi can produce antibiotics , such as penicillin . Antibiotics are important medicines that kill bacteria , and penicillin was the first identified cure against many deadly bacterial species . Antibiotics only treat bacterial diseases; they can not be used to treat viral or fungal diseases.
      ::抗生素是杀死细菌的重要药物,青霉素是针对许多致命细菌的首例治疗方法。 抗生素只治疗细菌疾病,不能用于治疗病毒性或真菌性疾病。
    • Mushrooms are fungi that are eaten by people all over the globe.
      ::蘑菇是真菌 被全世界的人吃掉了

    Microscopic view of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells, important for baking and fermentation.

    Saccharomyces cerevisiae , a single-celled fungus called brewer's or baker's yeast, is used in the baking of bread and in making wine and beer through fermentation.
    ::Saccharoomyces cerevisiae, 一种单细胞的真菌,叫做酿酒者或面包师的酵母,用于面包的烘烤和通过发酵制造葡萄酒和啤酒。

    The video Bread Kills Bacteria at explains Alexander Fleming's famous discovery that lead to the discovery of the antibiotic penicillin. Antibiotics are used to kill harmful bacteria. See Alexander Fleming 1881 - 1955 at for more information about Dr. Fleming. 
    ::亚历山德拉·弗莱明(Alexander Fleming)的著名发现导致发现抗生素青霉素。抗生素被用来杀死有害的细菌。更多信息见亚历山大·弗莱明(Alexander Fleming) 1881-1955。

    Edible and Poisonous Fungi
    ::食用和毒毒性真菌

    Some of the best known types of fungi are mushrooms, which can be edible or poisonous ( Figure ). Many species are grown commercially, but others are harvested from the wild. When you order a pizza with mushrooms or add them to your salad, you are most likely eating Agaricus bisporus , known as white or button mushrooms, the most commonly eaten species. Other mushroom species are gathered from the wild for people to eat or for commercial sale. Many mushroom species are poisonous to humans. Some mushrooms will simply give you a stomachache, while others may kill you. Some mushrooms you can eat when they are cooked but are poisonous when raw. So if you find mushrooms in the wild, don't eat them until you are certain they are safe!
    ::最有名的真菌种类中有些是蘑菇,可以食用,也可以有毒(图)。许多种类的蘑菇是商业上种植的,但有的是从野外收获的。当你订购了带蘑菇的比萨饼或将蘑菇添加到沙拉上时,你最有可能吃最常吃的蘑菇。其他蘑菇种类是从野外收集的,人们可以吃,也可以做商业销售。许多蘑菇种类对人类有毒。有些蘑菇只会让你胃痛,而另一些则会杀了你。有些蘑菇在煮熟时可以吃,生蘑菇是有毒的。所以如果你在野外找到蘑菇,在确定它们安全之前,不要吃这些蘑菇!

    Have you ever eaten blue cheese? Do you know what makes it blue? You guessed it. A fungus. For certain types of cheeses, add fungal spores to milk curds to promote the growth of mold, which makes the cheese blue. Molds used in cheese production are safe for humans to eat.
    ::你吃过蓝奶酪吗?你知道是什么让它变蓝色吗?你猜到了。真菌。对于某些种类的奶酪,在牛奶卷子里添加真菌螺丝,以促进霉菌的生长,使奶酪变成蓝色。奶酪生产中使用的霉菌对于人类来说是安全的。

    Cluster of small orange mushrooms growing on the forest floor.

    Some fungi are poisonous and must be avoided.
    ::有些真菌有毒,必须避免。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Yeast are used for the fermentation process that makes beer, wine, and bread.
      ::酵母用于发酵过程 产生啤酒、葡萄酒和面包
    • Some mushrooms are edible, but others can make you sick or even kill you.
      ::有些蘑菇可以食用, 但其他的可以让你生病 甚至杀了你。

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use the resources below to answer the questions that follow.
    ::利用以下资源回答以下问题。

    Explore More I
    ::探索更多

    • Penicillin at
      ::甲酚
    1. What did Alexander Fleming observe that led to the discovery of penicillin?
      ::亚历山大·弗莱明观察到什么 导致青霉素的发现?
    2. What does penicillin do?
      ::青霉素会做什么?
    3. Where was penicillin isolated from?
      ::青霉素从哪儿分离出来的?

    Explore More II
    ::探索更多情况二

    • Decomposition at (1:57)
      ::分解(1:57)
    1. Do the same species of fungi take care of the entire decomposition process? Explain your answer.
      ::同样的真菌种能处理整个分解过程吗?请解释一下答案。
    2. Do all species of fungi seek the same resources from decaying matter? Explain your answer.
      ::所有真菌物种是否都从衰变物质中寻找同样的资源?解释一下答案。
    3. Why is biodiversity among fungi important?
      ::为什么真菌中的生物多样性很重要?

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What are two human uses of fungi?
      ::人类对真菌的两种用途是什么?
    2. Do you think it is safe to eat a mushroom you find in your yard? Why or why not?
      ::你觉得在院子里找到的蘑菇吃起来安全吗?